ENGLISH DIALECTS AND ACCENTS
Hughes A., Trudgill P., English Accents and Dialects
(An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of
English in the British Isles), Fourth Edition; Hodder
Arnold: 2005
http://sounds.bl.uk/Sound-Maps/UK-Soundmap/full-screen
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
• historical
• regional
• social
•stylistic
variability of
lexis, grammar, pronunciation…
DIALECT or ACCENT ?
dialect – common lexical, grammatical, phonetic features
accent – common phonetic features
Regional vs. social variability:
standard
S
O
C
I
O
L
E
C
T
S
regional variation
REGIONAL DIALECTS
Example: h-dropping in West Yorkshire:
Upper-middle class: 12%
Lower-middle class: 28%
Upper working class: 67%
Middle working class: 89%
Lower working class: 93%
The lower the social class, the stronger the traits of the
regional accent
Variability within Standard English:
STANDARD
ENGLISH
English
(England,
Wales)
BRITISH
AMERICAN
Irish
Scottish
REGIONAL VARIETIES OF BRITISH ENGLISH
Social prestige of regional dialects depends
on the relative social/economic/political power of their speakers
RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century
(Queen’s English, BBC English): only 3-5 % of speakers today
Estuary English – perhaps the most prestigious regional accent today,
but the popularity of individual accents may be affected by
the entertainment business (movies, pop culture etc.)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2266574/Shut-UP-The-Essex-accent-revealed-worst-Britain-women7-admit-swooning-soft-Irish-twang.html
GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS
GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS
Nouns
-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:
a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)
GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS
Nouns
-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:
a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)
Pronouns
us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland)
GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS
Nouns
-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:
a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)
Pronouns
us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland)
Give us a kiss…
historical forms for the 2nd person singular still in use:
thou, thee, thy, thine (north of England, rural south-west)
thou, thee = tha (north of England)
tha cast = ‘you can’ (cast – the “old” form for the 2nd p. sg. < canst)
Some varieties (South-West England: Devon, Somerset)
contrast strong and weak pronouns (accented : unaccented)
rather than common case and objective case forms of pronouns
strong
you
he
she
we
they
weak
ee
er (subject), ‘n (object)
er
us
‘m
We wouldn’t do it, would us?
Give ‘n to she.
Mass nouns may be referred as it, countable nouns as he, er, ‘n
Pass me the bread. It’s on the table.
Pass me the loaf. He’s on the table.
Reflexive pronouns
(in many non-standard dialects):
myself
herself
yourself
itself
hisself
ourselves
theirselves
Note: Initially, all reflexive pronouns consisted of the personal
pronoun and self. The combination of possessives and self is of a
later date, as is the plural marking of selves (self used to be an
adjective and not a noun). In SE, the substitution of new forms has
not spread to the 3rd person, in regional varieties it has.
Demonstratives
north of England, Scotland: three-way demonstratives
close to the speaker:
close to the addressee:
distant from both:
this
that
yon
these (NE)
them
yon
thir (Sc)
they, thae
yon, thon
Relative pronouns
That was the man what done it. (particularly common)
That was the man which done it.
That was the man as done it.
That was the man at done it.
That was the man done it.
That is the man what his son done it.
Comparison of adjectives:
She’s more rougher than he is.
He’ s the most toughest bloke I’ve met.
You ought to be carefuller in future.
Note: Double comparative/superlative marking common in Shakespeare.
Adverbs
He ran slow.
She spoke very clever.
They done it very nice.
Note: The original adverbial suffix was –e, which was dropped in Middle English
and later replaced with –ly.
Verbs
Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs
Verbs
Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs
(The process started in Middle English, but was “interrupted” in the 18th
century, when English got its standard form with the first dictionaries and
grammar books).
see – seen – seen or see – see – seen
give – give – give
come – come – come
go – went – went
write – writ – writ
draw – drawed - drawed
Present Tense forms: the ending –s either missing or generalized:
He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean)
He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean)
We goes home. (north of England, south-west, South Wales)
Scotland, Northern Ireland – present : historical present
I go home every day.
I goes down the street. I sees this man.
Negation
• multiple negation = negative concord
in most parts of the British Isles:
I didn’t have no dinner.
• ain’t [eɪnt, ɛnt, ɪnt]
very common, but not throughout Britain
= am not, is not, are not, have/has not < amn’t
I ain’t coming. I ain’t done it.
no, nae, na for not (Scotland):
He’s no coming.
I’ve nae got it.
I cannae go.
We do na have one.
•never as past tense negative:
In most parts of British Isles
AUXLIARIES
•
have
stative : dynamic use
SE: I haven’t any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast.
AE: I don’t have any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast,
ScE: I haven’t any money. I hadn’t coffee with my breakfast.
American, British English: have > have got (informal)
Younger speakers > no distinction between stative and dynamic have:
Have you got any money? (informal)
Have you any money?
(formal, older speakers)
Do you have any money? (younger speakers)
• do
Full verb, auxiliary function
SE:
do
did
Most non-standard d’s:
do
do
did
done
done
done
(auxiliary)
(full verb)
You done lots of work, didn’t you? I did. I done it last night.
• be
North-eastern England: is for all persons: I is...
Parts of West-Midland: am for all persons: You am...
South-western England: be for all persons
• woz for all persons; You woz...
• modal auxiliaries
must
SE, southern English:
a) deontic:
He must do it.
He has to do it. He doesn’t have to do it.
He’s got to do it. He hasn’t got to do it.
He mustn’t do it.
b) epistemic:
He can’t have seen it.
He must have seen it.
Northern English epistemic: He mustn’t be in.
Younger speakers: ought (to), used (to) with do
They didn’t used to go. (= They used not to go).
He doesn’t ought to go. (= He ought not to go)
QUESTION TAGS:
• north-eastern Scotland: same polarity tags:
It’ s a fine day, is it?
• the use of innit as a general tag (marked as slang)
Contracted forms:
South of England:
I haven’t got it.
She won’t go.
Doesn’t she like it?
North of England:
I’ve not got it.
She’ll not go.
Does she not like it?
word order
SE:
She gave the man a book.
She gave him it.
She gave him the book.
She gave the book to the man.
She gave it to him.
South of England:
to – prefered if DO is a pronoun
North of England:
She gave it him (acceptable in the south)
She gave it the man (not found in the south)
PRONUNCIATION
VARIABILITY: within RP, regional
RP:
older speakers : younger speakers
social classes
acquisition of RP
Conservative RP
General RP
Advanced RP
Adoptive RP...
Regional variability:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8mzWkuOxz8
Main division:
Southern: (foot-strut split)
RP, Cockney, Estuary, Kentish, Sussex, Essex...
South-West (rhotic, no trap-bath split)
East Anglian, South Midland (no H-dropping, complete yod-dropping)
Northern, Midland, southern Irish:
Geordie, Cumbrian,
Yorkshire, Lancashirian
Scouse, Brummie,
Dublin, Cork
Scotland, north of Ireland:
Glaswegian, Highland, Scots, Ulster English
Wales: southern, northern
CONSONANTS
• Post-alveolar approximant /r/
rhotic – non-rhotic accents
rhotic accents – non-prevocalic [ɹ]
18th c. : NE /r/ > ∅ / _ {C, #}
rhotic:
General American, Scotland, Ireland, south-western
England
non-rhotic:
England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, southern USA,
New York, New England,South Africa, Caribbean...
rhotic and non-rhotic accents in England:
1950s
end of 20th c.
rhotic and non-rhotic accents in England:
1950s
end of 20th c.
many variants of /r/ :
alveolar tap [ɾ] (Scotland, Wales, northern England)
retloflex approximant [ɻ] (Highland, Ireland)
alveolar trill [r] (Scotland, but rare),
uvular fricative [ʁ] (rural north-east)
labio-dental [ʋ] in younger speakers in the south of Englands
• Glottal stop
•RP speakers:
- Before word-initial vowels
- before consonants in syllable-final environment:
six [sɪʔks] - glottalization
- instead of the linking r
- instead of word-final or morpheme-final plosives,
especially if the next consonant has the same place of articulation: -
get down [geʔ’daʊn]
Scotland [‘skɒʔlənd]
back garden [bæʔ’gɑ:dn]
• More common in regional varieties:
- as allophone of medial and final /t/:
most frequent
least frequent
word finally before a C
before a syllabic n
word finally before a V
before syllabic l
medially before a V
that man
button
that apple
bottle
better
Increasing use of [ʔ] instead of [t] in younger speakers in all regions
Exceptions: parts of Wales, northern Scotland
North-eastern England, East Anglia, Northern Ireland, north-eastern Scotland:
glottalization of /p, t, k/ [‘flɪpʔə]
•H-dropping
•H-dropping
In many RP speakers /h/ is mute in initial position in unstressed
pronouns and auxiliaries:
[‘stɒpɪm] stop (h)im
H-dropping much more common
in other varieties:
NO H-dropping in Scottish and Irish
accents.
Lateral /l/
clear/light [l] – before vowels and /j/: like
dark [ɫ] – before a consonant and syllabically: bottle
Voiceless [Ị] – after /p/ and /k/: plate, clap
NE: L-vocalization: early process
all, folk, calf, Holmes, chalk...
Some RP speakers use a vowel instead of the dark /l/: milk, well
especially common in: Cockney, Estuary English, Manchester,
Bristol...
Semi-vowel /j/
yod-coalescence = merger of /j/ with preceding alveolar plosives to form affricates
dune = June
What you need [wɒʧʊ’ni:d]
Would you…[wʊʤʊ]
R! :
NE [s] + [j] > [ʃ]
NE [z] + [j] > [ʒ]
NE [t] + [j] > [ʧ]
NE [d] + [j] > [ʤ]
Russia
precision
nature
soldier AFTER ACCENTED SYLLABLES
yod-dropping = loss of /j/
In early NE after [r] in most RP (younger) speakers today also after /l/ and /s/
rude, Luke, allude, super, suit, suitable…
London (northern parts), American E.: after all alveolars: news, duty, student…
North of England: after [θ]: enthusiastic
Eastern England: after all consonants before [u:]: music, human, beauty
[ƞ] (“g-dropping”)
Most RP speakers have [n] in –ing.
Western central England (Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham):
singing [sɪƞgɪƞg]
VOWELS
[ʌ] : [ʊ] : [u:]
The strut-foot split
VOWELS
[ʌ] : [ʊ] : [u:]
In western parts [ʌ] realized as [ə].
one, none, tong [ɒ]: much of the north of England
[ʊ] : [u:] [ʊ] favoured in the East, [u:] in the west: book, room
[æ] : [ɑ:]
The trap-bath split
[æ] : [ɑ:]
[æ] is [a] in younger RP speakers (lowering of vowels – chain shift)
RP:
• [æ] / [a]:
pat, cap, land
• [ɑ:]
a) Before voiceless fricatives:
path, laugh, grass but: maths, daffodil, gas, ass, mass…
southern accents
Northern accents, Scottish, Northern Irish [a]
b) before n/m + consonant
dance, grant, demand, example but: romance, pant, band, camp
Welsh, Irish, Australian have [æ], although [ɑ:] in path
c) before non-prevocalic /r/
part, bar
not in rhotic accents
d) before former l + labial, some other lexical items
palm, half, banana, tomato...
b) before n/m + consonant
dance, grant, demand, example but: romance, pant, band, camp
Welsh, Irish, Australian have [æ], although [ɑ:] in path
c) before non-prevocalic /r/
part, bar
not in rhotic accents
d) before former l + labial, some other lexical items
palm, half, banana, tomato...
Diphthongs
• centring diphthongs:
[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents
Diphthongs
• centring diphthongs:
[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents
strong smoothing tendency
Many speakers [ɔ:] instead of [ʊə]
• closing diphthongs:
[aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, əʊ, aʊ]
southern accents > wider first element
northern accents > narrower first element
far south-west E, far north E, Scotland, Wales, Ireland: monophthongs
gate: [gæɪt, gɛɪt, geɪt, ge:t]
boat: [bʌʉt, bɔʊt, bo:t]
Diphthongs
• centring diphthongs:
[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents
strong smoothing tendency
Many speakers [ɔ:] instead of [ʊə]
• closing diphthongs:
[aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, əʊ, aʊ]
southern accents > wider first element
northern accents > narrower first element
far south-west E, far north E, Scotland, Wales, Ireland: monophthongs
COCKNEY
< coken ey ‘a misshapen egg without a yolk, as if laid by a cock’
(Piers Plowman, 1364)
‘a milksop’ (Chaucer)
16th century: extended to people brought up in cities, ignorant of real
life:
“This cockneys […] may abide no sorrow when they come to age. In
this great cities as London, York, the children be so nycely and
wantonly brought up that commonly they can little good”
(Robert Whittinton, Vulgaria, 1520)
“Two different modes of pronunciation prevail, by which the
inhabitants of one part of the town are distinguished from
those of the other. One is current in the City, and is called the
cockney. The other at the court end, and is called the polite
pronunciation”.
(The General Dictionary of the English Language, 1780)
19th century – “coarse, ugly”, the speech of the working class
Eastenders
traditinally: within the
earshot of the sound of the
Bow-Bells
St Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside,
City of London
How does Cockney sound?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fRY6J6lD7k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svuPbOHWF-M
How does Cockney sound?
southern accent:
-
strut-foot split✓ : [ʌ] more as [a̝]
trap-bath split✓ : [æ] as [ɛ̝] or even [ɛɪ]
diphthongs more open✓ : [eɪ>æɪ, əʊ > ʌʉ, aɪ > ɑɪ, aʊ > æə]
the final vowel in city [i:]
- non-rhotic✓
- /h/ absent, but also ‘hypercorrection (Did you hever see…)✓
- glottal stop for the intervocalic and final t: bu‘er, wha’?✓
- vocalization of dark /l/✓
- [f/v/d] for <th> (The Muvver Tongue by Robert Barltrop, 1980)
- -ing > [ɪn] or [ɪƞk]: nuffink for nothing
- heavy aspiration of plosives, almost affrication of [t] to [ts]
- /r/ is more [ʋ] than [ɹ]
Non-standard double negation: There ain’t nuffink like it.
Past participle instead of simple past tense form:
I done it yesterday, I just seen ‘er.
ain’t, innit
Rhyming Slang:
loaf (of bread) = head
minces (minced pies) = eyes
plates (of meat) = feet
apples (and pears) = stairs
dog (and bone) = telephone
trouble (and strife) = wife
butchers (hook) = look
rabbit (and pork) = talk
auntie (Ella) = umbrella
raspberry (tart) = fart
Bristol (cities) = titties
Would you Adam an’ Eve it? = Would you believe it?
They had a bit of a bull and a cow = They had a row
Gregory Peck = neck, cheque
Britney (Spears) = beer
Tony (Blair) = flairs
Barney (Rubble) = trouble
Estuary English
South-eastern England, parts of London, northern Kent, south Essex
• non-rhotic, but intrusive r
• the trap-bath split - [ɑ:] in bath
• glottal stop for non-initial t
• yod-coalescence: [ʧ] in Tuesday, [ʤ] in dune
• yod-dropping in suitable, consume,presume
• l-vocalisation
•[əʊ] becomes [ɒʊ] before dark l goat : goal
Unlike Cockney, no h-dropping, double negation or [ʋ] for [ ɹ]
frequent use of tags don’t I?, isn’t it?
Cheers for ‘thank-you’ or ‘good-bye’
frequent use of American patterns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc8dThmo5T8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkxm5UTe-Xg&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-nH3DN-ubE
YORKSHIRE
HISTORY:
House of York
House of Lancaster (both Plantagenets)
War of the Roses
Celtic tribes Brigantes and Parisi
Roman rule since AD 71
5th c. – 7th c. independent kingdom
Henry (Tudor) VII and Elisabeth of York
Northumbria
Kingdom of Jorvik - 866 AD > Danelaw
Norwegian rule
10th c. Wessex > England
Norman Conquest
YORKSHIRE DIALECT/ACCENT
Northern dialect
-Old English and Old Norse roots
-Mercian, partly Northumbrian
-Bradford, York, Leeds, Sheffield
Phonemic features:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScELaXMCVis
Phonemic features:
-[a] in dance, daft > no trap-bath split
-[ʊ] /[ə] in put and putt, but [ɒ] in one, once, nothing…
-[i] in city is more open [ɪ], almost [ɛ] in Sheffield
-[eɪ] in plate is [e:], but in eight it is [ɛɪ]
-[əʊ] is [o:] in boat but [ɔʊ] in know
-[aɪ] and [aʊ] may become [ɑ:]
-nurse, hear , word = square [eɛ]
-mostly non-rhotic, except those bordering on Lancashire
-devoicing of voiced plosives before voiceless plosives
- glottal stop for final t, in some speakers also for k
- ɪn] in –ing, but [ƞg] in Sheffield
-H-dropping
-loss of final t, d, f and th in function words
Grammar:
-reduction of the definite article: t’ for the
-the use of thou (tha’) and thee
-relative clauses with what (instead of who, which, that)
-negatives more contracted – int for isn’t, woun’t for wouldn’t
- owt and nowt for anything and nothing [aʊ] or [ɔʊ]
-Right ‘really’
-Nah then – as a greeting
-Bloody – very common swear word
-Give, gives > giz, take > tek, make > mek
-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7LgPvTYbw8
Other northern dialects:
Geordie, Northumbrian,
Cumbrian, Mancunian,
Scouse...
OE Northumbrian dialect
Irish, Scottish and Norse
influence
similar phonemic and grammatical features as in Yorkshire
Northumbrian OE: many sound changes preserved in RP
not completed or different in the north:
OE hām > /he:m/ hame
no strut-foot split, no trap-bath split, smoothing of diphthongs
Celtic influence:
Cumbric dialect of Brythonic Celtic:
Sheep-counting numerals (fell farming, knitting) Yan Tan Tethera
Yan ‘one’ in general use in Cumbria
Northern subject rule: They sing. The birds sings. It is you that sings.
Norse influence:
Norwegians from Ireland via Isle of Man in 10th century to Cumbria,
Danes mostly to East Riding (Yorkshire)
Norse still spoken in 12th c.
beck ‘stream’
laik ‘play’
lowp ‘jump
fell ‘mountain’
dale ‘valley’
Scottish influence:
bairn ‘child’
canny ‘pleasant’
howay , howee ‘hurry up, come on’
Grammar:
• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s
• levelling of was/were.
GEORDIE
“within spitting of theTyne”
Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed
by George Stevenson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I
-non-rhotic
-yod-coalescence
- t–glottalization
-[ɪƞ] > [ən]
-no strut-foot split
-[aʊ] > [u:], [eʉ]
-[aɪ] > [eɪ]
--er [a] instead of [ə]
Grammar:
• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s
• levelling of was/were.
GEORDIE
“within spitting of theTyne”
Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed
by George Stevenson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I
Grammar:
• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s
• levelling of was/were.
GEORDIE
“within spitting of theTyne”
Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed
by George Stevenson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I
-non-rhotic
-yod-coalescence
- t–glottalization
-[ɪƞ] > [ən]
-no strut-foot split
-[aʊ] > [u:], [eʉ]
-[aɪ] > [eɪ]
--er [a] instead of [ə]
Cumbrian
Cumbric - Celtic, Cumbrian – English
•
•
•
•
•
in some parts the cluster /cl-/ becomes /tl-/ > clean [tli:n]
in the north, the vowel in house [u:]
epenthesis of [ə] before l, r: feel, fool [fiəl], [fuəl] - like in Scottish
/k/ and /g/ dropped in final position
/r/ is /ɾ/, mostly non-rhotic
• you‘s for plural reference
• the contracted to t‘ and often attached to the preceding word:
wherest = where is the...
SCOUSE
Liverpudlian
different from the rest of Lancastrian accents,
Scandinavian and Irish influence (sailors and traders)
until 1950‘s confined to Liverpool
slum clearances > neigbouring counties
scouse < meat stew, of Scandinavian origin
• very distinctive intonation
• /k/ often becomes /kx/ or /x/
• /θ/, /ð/ > /f/, /v/, /d/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIhFwLjsQug
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu9q_vedO7w
SCOTTISH ENGLISH
linguistic continuum:
Standard Scottish English ⇔ Broad (Braid) Scots (Doric)
Highland, Lowlands, Aberdeen – Edinburg – Glasgow
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Caledonia , Caledonians – indigenous inhabitants of Scotland in Iron Age
and Roman era (Picts and fugitive Brythons) – north of Hadrian’s wall
Scotland < Scoti, a Celtic tribe in Ireland
5th century from Ireland to Argyll and west Pictland (Caledonia)
Dal Riata, Dalriade
Argyll, Inner Hebrides, Antrim
5th – 9th century
golden age until 608, then
defeated by Picts
from 900 united with Pictish land
in the Kingdom of Alba (Albion)
12th century: David I of Scotland
exiled to England, influenced by Anglo-Norman culture
Davidian revolution – foundation of burghs, Gregorian reforms,
monasteries, Norman type of feudalism
linguistic map of Scotland in early
12th and 14th centuries:
(blue – Gaelic,
purple/orange - Norse,
lilac – English
yellow Scots
In burghs: Scots
1603 – James VI of Scotland > James I of England
(the Union of the Crowns)
Common features of Scottish dialects:
•
•
•
•
•
•
rhotic (alveolar tap or trill)
witch and which are not homophones
no h-dropping
/x/ common in names borrowings from Gaelic or Scots
/p/, /t/, /k/ are not aspirated
no voicing of fricatives in unaccented position (with)
• vowel length the same, but Scottish Vowel Length Rule: pause : paws
• no trap-bath split
• strut-foot split, but no fool-full distinction
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAAOqjQCo0U
-/ei/ = /e/: bay, pair, gate
-/ou/ = /o/ boat;
Grammar:
Had you good time?
I’m needing a cup of tea
Did you buy it yet?; He is here yet.
aye - yes,
bairn – child
bonnie - pretty
brae - hill,
bramble - blackberry,
burn - stream,
dram - drink,
dreich - dull,
folk - people,
greet - weep
loch - lake,
kirk -church
mind - remember,
muckle - big
provost - mayor,
wee - small,
lass - girl,
lad – boy…
• heavy influence of the conservative Doric accent of Scots
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rhotic, /r/ is an approximant, a tap or a trill, uvular common in some speakers
vocalisation of /l/
glottal stop common in younger speakers
/ʍ/ realized as [f] or [Φ]: /fu:/ who, /fɪt/ what, [faɹ] where...
fir, fur, fern have different vowels: /fɪɹ/, /fʌɹ/, /fɛɹn/
• <nch> : /nʃ/ branch
• /gn/ gnaw, /kn/ know
• /d/ dropped after /l/ or /n/: child, elder, find...
• /w/ often /v/ in initial wr• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDNN6NigGNM
Edinburg and Glasgow
closer to Standard Scottish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FSWlfcg6oA
IRELAND
Bronze and Iron Age – several waves of Celtic immigration, the last to arrive
were Gaels (800-100 BC)
Greco-Roman geographers: micra Bretania, later Iwernia, Latinized Hibernia,
Scotia
From 700 AD, the institution of “the High King of Ireland”, residing at Tara
early 5th century: conversion to Christianity – St Patrick, patron saint
of Ireland
9th century – Viking raids – 840 Dublin (< Dubh Linn ‘black pool’)
Baile Átha Cliath, Áth Cliath ‘town of the hurdled ford’
11th century – invasions of Norman and Welsh knights,
Henry II accepted by many Irish kings as their overlord
support of Pope Alexander II’s
the Norman–Irish feudal system replaced the Brehon Law
14th century – Black Death, Norman settlements in decline,
Norman rule Gaelicised – Hiberno-Norman culture emerged
Statutes of Kilkenny (1367)
the Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485)
the House of Lancaster : the House of York (Henry VII – Richard III)
the Irish supported the losing side (House of York)
Henry VIII – proclaimed King of Ireland
Reformation – strongly resisted
English – the symbol of Protestantism
the Tudor conquest of Ireland, enforcement of the English Law
nine-year war (1594-1603) ended with the victory of the English
The Flight of the Earls – 1607
Tyrconnell (O’Donnells)
Tyrone (O’Neills)
Ulster Plantation
English speaking,
Protestant colonists from
England and Scotland
1921 – the independence
of Republic of Ireland
Gaeltacht
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlF4MTibBKQ
three varieties of “Irish English”:
Anglo-Irish: derived from the 17th century plantators’ English (West Midland)
Hiberno-English: Gaelic ancestry
Ulster Scots
Hiberno English – Gaelic influence the strongest
Educated middle class IE: similar to Scottish English:
/e:/ instead of /eɪ/ in gate
/ɛi/ instead of /aɪ/ in buy
/o:/ instead of /əʊ/ in boat
/æu/ instead of /aʊ/ in house
/ɔɪ/ is almost /ai/ in oil
/r/ is as in AmE; wh- and w- are distinctive.
Northern Irish: similar to Scottish English
- distinctive rising intonation
- /a/ - more back before /f, s/, but /æ/ before /g, k, ƞ/: daft, class – back, bang
Dublin Irish: closer to West Midland (Bristol)
- trap-bath split
- no strut-foot split
- /ai/ more like /ɔɪ/
- <th> often pronounced as dental stops
- /p, t, k/ strongly aspirated
Grammar:
reduplication: at all at all
I am, he is not for yes, no
to be after doing sth – recent past
I have my breakfast eaten
He does be working every day.
Lexicon:
banshee
bog
brat (cloak)
colleen (young woman)
galore (< ga lor = till plenty)
hooligan (< O‘Houlihan)
lough (loch)
phoney
slogan (< battle cry used by Gaelic)
whisky (< uisce „water of life“)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlF4MTibBKQ