01/10/2014
Focus Lesson
 Grab
desk.

a new focus lesson from the front
Don’t forget our other procedures!
 Find
your pencil box
 Clear your desk
 Have your id out for me to check
Life is tough, but so are
you.
Table Review:
Answer on Page 35 (5 minutes)
What kind of cell division is required for
sexual reproduction?
In which organs does this division occur?
(Specify for male AND female)
Explain the importance of chromosome
count in this process (using bio- specific
vocabulary like haploid and diploid)
Essential Question
Why
is the sequence of nucleotides in
DNA molecules so important?
Daily Objectives:
 SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the
production of proteins.

SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand
of DNA and a codon chart.
How will we get there?
Before the Break
Notes: Sexual
Reproduction (Pg 33)
 Development during
Trimesters: Baby Book
(Pg 34)
 Winter Packet

This Class

Review Reproduction


Notes: Protein Synthesis


Complete Page 35
Page 37
Diagram the Central
Dogma

Page 36
White board Practice
 Post-it exit Slip

In the top margin of Page 37
Answer the following questions:
What is the monomer of a
protein?
Which elements come
together to build this
molecule?
Protein
Synthesis
Transcription, Translation
We are in pursuit of the answer to
the following question:
Why
are we all so gosh darn
good looking?
 Hint:
Proteins!
We need to know 3 steps
1.
Make RNA


2.
De-code RNA

3.
What is it?
Transcription
Translation
Make Protein

Synthesis
Prepare your Notes: Right
Hand Side of your Notebook
Page 37
You should have answered 2 questions here, from a previous slide
Protein Synthesis
This is the title of your
notes! This should be
what you put in the
Table of Contents
Step 1: Need RNA
 Ribonucleic



Acid
Single stranded
Made in the Nucleus
Monomer: Nucleotides sugar


(ribose), phosphate, nitrogen base:
A-U, G-C
U= Uracil
What qualitative observations do you notice
about the nitrogen bases found in RNA?
Always remember…
RNA
loves
U
Page 36- top half
Compare and Contrast
DNA
Both
RNA
Answers!- Check your work
DNA
 double
Both
stranded-both are
 A=T
 uses
the sugar
deoxyribose
 cannot leave
the nucleus
 used in DNA
Replication
used in
transcription
-made up of
phosphates,
sugars and
nitrogen
bases
-contain
genetic
information
-use G, C
and A
RNA
 single
stranded
 A=U
 uses
the sugar
ribose
 Can leave the
nucleus
 used in
translation
Why is RNA single stranded?
 DNA
cannot leave the nucleus, so in order
to make proteins, mRNA must be made.
Step 1 Continued: Transcription
1.
2.
DNA unzips- How?
mRNA is made from the DNA template


This happens in the nucleus.
Following base pair rules
(DNAmRNA)
Draw a Picture of Transcription:
Transcription
1 DNA
1 mRNA
Practice with Transcription
 Let’s
practice transcription! I’ll give you one
strand of DNA, and you complete the
complementary strand of RNA. (Remember, in
RNA replace T with U).
 DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT
 RNA strand: UAA UCC G
 DNA
strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA
 RNA strand:
Check your work!
Practice with Transcription
 Let’s
practice transcription! I’ll give you one strand
of DNA, and you complete the complementary
strand of RNA. (Remember, in RNA replace T with
U).
 DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT
 RNA strand:UAA UCC GGC CUA AUC GGA UAA
 DNA
strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA
 RNA strand: UAA CGU AAU AGC UAA UAG GAU
On page 36- UPPER MARGIN
 Use
the following decoder to decipher the
following code: UGCGACUACUGA
 GAC
= State
 UGA = Awesome
 CAC = teacher
 GCU = Awful
 UAC = Is
 UCC = Ed
GGG = Your
AAG = White
CGA = School
UGC = Florida
CCA = Biology
ACC = High
Step 2: Decode RNA
Translation- changing the language
 From mRNA nucleotides into amino acids
 In the ribosome (rRNA)
 In order to make the amino acid chain in
translation, the mRNA is “read” with each set of 3
nucleotides acting like a word.


Each of these 3 letter words is called a codon, and
different codons code for different amino acids.
Ex: AUG=amino acid methionine
GCA=amino acid alanine
(3 nucleotides=1 codon=1 amino acid)
Step 2: Decode RNA
continued
 tRNA
brings in amino acids according to
the codon
 These attach at the ribosome
Step 3: Building the protein
 Synthesis

The amino acids link together to form a
protein polymer
What is another biological term for protein?
1 mRNA
Amino Acid chain = Protein
DNA ---- mRNA ------ Amino Acid
Chain (Polypeptide Chain) = Protein
 You
can use a chart to figure out what 3
nucleotides code for each of the 20 amino acids
that make up proteins:
2nd
Nucleotide
1st
Nucleotide
3rd
Nucleotide
Translation Practice
 Let’s
practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA
strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes
for.
 (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
 You will need a text book PAGE 244.
mRNA strand: AUG CCC
UUU
GAG AAG
amino acid chain: methionine-proline
CGU
Check your work!
Translation Practice
• -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand,
and you figure out what amino acids it codes for.
(Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG CCC UUU
GAG
AAG CGU UAA
amino acid chain: MET–PRO–PHE–GLU- LYS-ARG-STOP
Practice Continued
mRNA strand:
AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA
amino acid chain:
Check your work!
Translation Practice
• -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand,
and you figure out what amino acids it codes for.
(Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA
amino acid chain: MET-GLY-TRY-ARG-VAL-STOP
Practice continued
mRNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA
amino acid chain:
Check your work!
Translation Practice
• -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand,
and you figure out what amino acids it codes for.
(Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA
amino acid chain: met ser asp pro stop
Types of RNA
 Messenger

Carries the message/ code from the
nucleus to the ribosome
 Transfer

tRNA
transfers the amino acids to the ribosome
 Ribosomal

RNA- mRNA
RNA- rRNA
Makes up the ribosome
Exit Slip: Sticky note
In
your own words explain
how DNA is used to make
proteins?
01/13/2014
Focus Lesson
 Grab

your focus lesson from the front.
Don’t forget our other procedures!
 Find
your pencil box
 Clear your desk
 Have your id out for me to check
Complete the diagram
(middle) column.
Essential Question
Why
is the sequence of nucleotides in
DNA molecules so important?
Daily Objectives:
 SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the
production of proteins.

SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand
of DNA and a codon chart.
How will we get there?
Last Class

Review Reproduction


Notes: Protein Synthesis



Page 37
Compare and Contrast
DNA and RNA


Complete Page 35
Page 36
exit Slip
Winter packet past
due
This Class
 Complete
transcription and
translation notes
pg. 37
 Hands on practice
 Process chart pg 38
 Independent
practice pg 39
Hands on practice
 Open
your envelope
 Separate pieces by colors
 What do you observe?
 Can you infer what we will be reviewing?
Let’s build DNA
 Using
your red pieces build the following
DNA strand: Use the pieces with a flat top
AGG AAC CTT
 Where would we find this in the eukaryotic
cell?


Find the name of this location in your pieces
and place it above your DNA.
Answer: Nucleus
 DNA
is universal. (What does this mean?)
Remember DNA is double
stranded!
 Using
the same color (red) build the
complementary DNA strand.
Remember: DNA is where its AT!
 Your complement should look like this:
 TCC TTG GAA
 Do you remember which bonds hold the
two strands of nucleotides together?

Hydrogen bonds
This is DNA


Double stranded
4 different nitrogenous bases:





Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Do you remember the monomers of DNA?

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous
base)
The Process of DNA replication

Why replicate DNA?




To make more for daughter cells/ offspring
Remember cell division?
Standard: Explain how and why the genetic
code is universal and common to all organisms
When in the cell cycle does DNA replication
occur?

Interphase, Synthesis (S)- Before cell division
How does replication occur?
1.
2.
Double helix separates- do this!
Free floating DNA nucleotides (BLUE) in
the nucleus pair up

Rules of base pairing:


A with T
C with G
Results of replication
2
double stranded DNA molecules
 Both DNA molecules are identical

Semi conservative replication
 One
original strand (red) paired with one new
strand (blue)
 Give
an example of an organism that
DNA replication occurs in.

Answer: ALL organisms because DNA is
universal!
Reset your original DNA strand
 It
should be Red with Red
AGG
AAC CTT
The process of Transcription
 Where

Nucleus- because the DNA is there!
 Why


transcription?
To make a complementary RNA strand from
an original DNA template
 You

does this occur?
might be asking yourself:
“Why is mRNA needed?”
DNA is double stranded RNA is single
stranded!
Take out your green pieces
 Let’s
make some mRNA!
 What’s different about these pieces in
comparison to the DNA?

U- uracil, NO T- thymine
Steps of Transcription
1.
2.
3.
In the nucleus DNA unzips (separates)
One strand of DNA will be used (top)
Create a complementary mRNA strand


4.
5.
Use the green cutouts
A pairs with U, G pairs with C
mRNA unzips from the DNA to go to the
ribosome
DNA zips back
Transcription results
 What
did we just do?
 Made mRNA from the DNA template
 What should your mRNA strand look
like?
 UCC UUG GAA
 What happens next to the mRNA?
Translation
The process of
 Where
does this occur?
 Ribosome- organelle that makes
 Why
 To
?
make
from codons of mRNA
CODONS are as
easy as 1,2,3!
A
codon is a 3 nucleotide sequence of
mRNA
 Example:

AUG
What does
AUG code
for?
Steps of Translation
1.
A single strand of mRNA/ codons attaches
to the ribosome

Find ribosome in your envelope
(


) brings in an
Use the codon chart and the sticky note to
identify the amino acids
Attach your amino acid to the
chain elongates
is made- leaves ribosome
Let’s recap- Draw this on pg 38
 Your
proteins are what we see of you
(phenotype). They are made from your
DNA!
Independent practice, pg 39
 You
CAN do this!
 Volume level- 0
 This is your time to assess what you know.
 If you need help raise your hand.
 You
will have a quiz next class!