
1920’s
Warren Harding
Herbert Hoover
American President Herbert
Hoover in a color
engraving.The Granger
Collection, New York
Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge
Presidential candidate
Harding and vicepresidential candidate
Coolidge portrayed with
American flags in a 1920
campaign poster. Library of
Congress
The postwar decade is often called the
Jazz Age.
 It was the roaring twenties, the heyday of
the flappers and the flivvers.
 It was the period of Republican prosperity,
conservatism, and isolation.
 It was the period of Hemingway,
Fitzgerald, movie stars, and radio.

THE TWENTIES
Lucky Strike ad
The image of a young,
attractive in this Lucky
Strike ad from the 1920s is
much more prominent than
the product she is
promoting. How does the ad
make the connection
between cigarettes and
femminine beauty? What is
the underying message of
the command to “reach for a
Lucky—instead of a sweet?”
La Creole Ad
Virtually all ads during this
period, except those aimed
explicitly at African
Americans, avoided any
ethnic or racial references.
“La Creole” ads are
exceptions. The product
name itself referred to a
specific Community of
people in Louisiana,
descendants of French
settlers. But the term was
also used to refer to
individuals of mixed racial
background. How does the
“La Creole” ad deal with
this? What does that
suggest for how you might
interpret the other ads?
Advertisement for Madame Walker's Beauty Preparations
This ad for a line of hair
products created and
manufactured by Madame
C.J. Walker, one of the first
African-American
millionaires. The ad
promises “fascinating
beauty” to users of its
product.
The Jazz Age- name given for the music
of the period
 Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellingtonfamous jazz musicians

1920’S THE JAZZ AGE

jazz
Louis Armstrong
Impact of Automobile- made other
industries like oil, gasoline, rubber, glass,
paint, steel, etc. boom; had
 a dramatic impact on the landscape with
red lights, parking lots, stop signs, gas
stations, etc.
 Assembly line- allowed goods to be
produced faster and therefore, cheaper

THE CAR REVOLUTIONIZED THE
ECONOMY
Toward a Modern America: The 1920s
"More than a car. FORD, a
National Institution" poster,
1923.
Ford Model T
A Ford automobile assembly line with several unfinished
automobile frames. Library of Congress
1920 Chevrolet
Harlem Renaissance- rebirth of art and
literature in the black community; center
of this rebirth was Harlem, NY
 The Lost Generation- group of artists and
writers that were disillusioned with
society; they were disgusted with the
materialism and were disillusioned from
the war

HARLEM RENAISSANCE
Ford Model T
A Ford automobile assembly line with several unfinished
automobile frames. Library of Congress
Scopes Monkey Trial
Clarrence Darrow stands behind a cluttered table in a crowded
courtroom during the trial of John Scopes in Dayton, Tennessee in
1925. Library of Congress
Map 24-1 Population Shifts, 1920–1930
Rural Americans fled to the cities during the 1920s, escaping a
declining agricultural economy to search for new opportunities.
African Americans in particular left the rural South for eastern and
midwestern cities, but the urban population also jumped in the
West and in the South itself.

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
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
44. During the 1920’s, which ethnic
group caused a demographic
shift called the “Great Migration”
from the south to the north
in search of jobs?
A. Italian immigrants
B. Single women
C. Asian immigrants
D. African Americans
GEE Practice #44





45. Which of the following
developments was NOT influenced by
the automobile?
A. introduction of new appliances
B. family & community changes
C. people moved to suburbs
D. oil, rubber & steel industries boomed
GEE Practice #45

TVstar
Greta Garbo

TV star
Charlie Chaplin
Flappers- symbolized the revolution in
morals and manners; women who drank,
smoked, cursed, cut their hair short, wore
short sleeveless dresses, danced the
Charleston…
 Popularity of radio (first stations hit the
air) , movies (first talking movie was The
Jazz Singer) , and Sports (Babe Ruth,
Jack Dempsey, Red Grange); all were
huge forms of entertainment

FLAPPERS & RADIO

THE FLAPPERS
Flappers






46. Which statement is MOST correct
when describing the Flappers?
A. They were a result of the passage
of the 19th Amendment.
B. They were a “Lost Generation.”
C. They were a sign of social stability
and women embracing traditional roles.
D. They were a vivid illustration of
how women wanted to break with
traditional roles.
GEE PRACTICE #46

KDKA
Radio
Prohibition and 18th amendment- made
alcohol illegal
 21st amendment- repealed prohibition
(made it legal again)
 speakeasies- illegal bars where alcohol
was sold

PROHIBITION
Prohibition
Prohibition & 18TH AMENDMENT
Al Capone- king of the mob; made his
fortune on gambling, prostitution, and
illegal alcohol
 Volstead Act- enforced prohibition

AL CAPONE
Al Capone
MAFIA
Babe Ruth
Lou Gehrig
Red Grange
The Galloping Ghost
Gertrude Ederle
First Woman to Swim the
English Channel & Charles
Lindbergh- flew the Spirit of St.
Louis from NY to Paris non-stop;
became a hero overnight
Flag Pole Sitting



18TH AMENDMENT
VOLSTEAD ACT
19TH AMENDMENT
THE TWENTIES
RED
 SCARE

A. Mitchell Palmer
The 1920’s: 1920-1929
 A. Mitchell Palmer and the Red ScareAttorney General who accused innocent
people of being communist and
 created the mass hysteria when people
worried that communists were going to
take over the US

THE PALMER RAIDS
Sacco and Vanzetti- two Italian
immigrants who were falsely accused and
executed of murder and robbery;
 Example of intolerance of the period
 Teapot Dome Scandal- oil scandal that
occurred while Harding was president; the
scandal was not known until he died; Sec.
Of the Interior Albert Fall had leased govt
lands to private oil companies and
pocketed the money

SCANDAL IN THE 1920’S

RACISM
Sacco-Vanzetti





47. This case illustrated how
Americans during the 1920’s were
Nativists and strongly aligned with
xenophobia:
A. Schenck v. United States
B. Sacco and Vanzetti
C. Scottsboro Boys
D. Roe v. Wade
GEE Practice #47
Ku Klux Klan- first formed after the Civil
War (1860s) and was revived during this
period of intolerance; KKKpersecuted AfAm, Jews, Catholics, alcoholics,
adulterers, immigrants
 Marcus Garvey- led the Black Nationalists
movement; promoted black pride in their
culture; encouraged Af-Am to start their
own businesses; started a back-to-Africa
movement; he embezzled $ from his
followers and was sentenced to prison

THE GARVEY MOVEMENT





48. What major event sparked the
Red Scare in the United States?
A. World War I
B. Russian Revolution
C. Forming of the League of Nations
D. The Great Depression
GEE PRACTICE #48
Warren Harding
Teapot Dome
OIL
 SCANDAL

Teapot Dome
Albert Fall
Secretary of the Interior

CUBING WRITING PRACTICE
 Discuss
three examples of
why the 1920s have been
called the “Roaring Twenties”.
STUDENT ESSAY PRACTICE
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The Roaring TwentiesFlappers- drastic changes in women
Automobile- changes that took place in
industries, families, travel
Prohibition- speakeasies, Al Capone,
bootlegging, breaking the law
Revival of the KKK- membership reached
5 million, example of intolerance and
prejudice of the period
1920’S ANSWER KEY



Sacco and Vanzetti- example of xenophobia and
intolerance, two Italian immigrants were
executed for robbery and murder even though
they had alibis and didn’t do it (we now believe)
Harlem Renaissance- rebirth of art, music,
literature etc. in the African American
community; Langston Hughes was a well known
Harlem Renaissance writer
Jazz Age- dances like the Charleston were the
rage; musicians included Louis Armstrong and
Duke Ellington
1920’S ANSWER KEY
Scopes Trial- fundamentalism was
challenged when Scopes taught evolution
in school; it fueled the controversy of
whether schools should teach religion
(evolution vs. creationism)
 Sports figures like Babe Ruth, Gertrude
Ederle, Jack Dempsey, Red Grange…
 Charles Lindberg and the Spirit of St.
Louis- first to fly non-stop across the
Atlantic from NY to Paris

1920’S ANSWER KEY
Scopes Trial
The packed courtroom for the Scopes Trial in 1925 illustrates the
intense interest that Americans have persistently taken in
conflicts stemming from differing cultural values and ethical
visions.Getty Images Inc.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
AND THE NEW DEAL
DISASTER AND RECOVERY



Causes:
stock speculation- buying stock when the price
is low and selling it when the price rises in
hopes of making a quick profit; many Americans
were stuck with worthless stock when the
market crashed
buying on the margin- Americans were able to
purchase stock by putting down as little as 10%
of the stock’s value; Americans then borrowed
money from the bank to pay for the rest of the
stock; when the market crashed, Americans had
to pay the loan back to the bank even though
the stock was worthless
THE GREAT DEPRESSION

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

overproduction- various industries kept up
production even though there was not a
demand from the market
(ex. Automobiles, crops, construction);
supply exceeded demand which made prices
fall
stock market crash- this was the spark that
began the depression; 16 million shares of
stock were traded******
individual debt- Americans were in debt due
to the installment buying of the 20’s
THE GREAT DEPRESSION




stock market crash- this was the spark that
began the depression; 16 million shares of
stock were traded
individual debt- Americans were in debt due
to the installment buying of the 20’s
international debt- the US was in debt due to
WWI; we practically financed the entire war
for the Allies inevitability of depressionsdepressions are a natural part of the
business cycle; they will happen eventually
unequal distribution of income- “the rich got
richer and the poor got poorer”; salaries of
the wealthiest percent of Americans
increased while wages of the poorest percent
of Americans decreased
THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED





49. Which was an important factor
contributing to the Great Depression
of 1929?
A. unsound expansion of credit
B. government restrictions of
business activities
C. increased importation of foreign
goods
D. large military expenditures
THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED

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
50. An important factor that
influenced Franklin Roosevelt’s
victory over Herbert Hoover in
the Presidential election of 1932 was
the —
A end of World War I.
B beginning of World War II.
C passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act.
D continuation of the Great Depression.
HERBERT HOOVER

HERBERT HOOVER US PRESIDENT
WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SAY
ABOUT HOOVER?


Herbert Hoover- elected in 1928 by promising a “chicken
in every pot, a car in every garage”; was blamed for
the depression even though it was not his fault; he was in
the wrong place at the wrong time (White House)

Hoovervilles, Hoover flags, etc.- names given to common
objects that showed Americans blamed Hoover

“Brother can you spare a dime”- lyrics to a famous song of
the depression

Bonus Army- group of WWI vets who marched in
Washington, DC ; they wanted the govt to pay them then
the bonus that they had been promised for fighting in
WWI; they did not receive it during the depression

HERBERT NOOVER’S POOR
RESPONSE

The Scottsboro Case- involved 9 African-American
teenaged boys who were accused of raping 2 white girls
on a train; was an ex. of the intolerance of the period;
they were later all freed and charges were dropped

Dust Bowl- natural disaster that occurred out west where
a severe drought and heavy winds blew the dry
topsoil east; poor farming practices intensified the
situation (lack of crop rotations); many moved to
California and were nicknamed Okies (most moved from
Oklahoma)



25% unemployment- highest average unemployment
during the depression; in 1933
DIASTER IMPACTS CULTURE

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
51. During the 1930s, many
Americans moved out of the Great
Plains states to —
A escape the Dust Bowl.
B work in railroad construction.
C avoid Native American uprisings.
D acquire free land in California.
THE GREAT PLAINS
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
52. Why were the “Dust Bowl”
conditions of the 1930s so significant in
United States
history?
A They occurred at the same time as the
Great Depression.
B They included most of the farming regions
of the Northwest.
C They increased farm production by nearly
thirty percent.
D They provided increased opportunities for
government jobs.
THE DUST BOWL

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
53. What was a significant result of
the Great Depression?
A. elimination of the business cycle
B. failure of the Republican Party to
win the Presidency
C. a major increase in the amount of
farmers in the United States
D. a federal government that
provided a “safety net” for the people
THE GREAT DEPRESSION





54. How did Herbert Hoover try to
deal with the Great Depression?
A By giving emergency loans to large
businesses
B By distributing food and clothing to the
needy
C By giving grants to local communities
D By increasing government spending
HERBERT HOOVER





55. Identify which statement (s) below
is true.
A. Wages had failed to keep pace with
production in the United States during the
1920’s.
B. The wealth of the United States had
become evenly dispersed.
C. Inventions were scarce. There were
not enough goods being produced to meet
the needs of the people.
D. Very few people within the United
States had invested in the Stock Market.
The Great Depression





56. The severity of the Great
Depression became worse when the
people:
A. decided to re-elect Hoover as
President in 1932.
B. begin to buy up more goods than
the nation’s industries could produce.
C. begin to seek agricultural jobs in
larger numbers.
D. began to panic, withdrawing their
money from banks and avoiding spending.
The Great Depression





57. Racism and discrimination was
evident during the 1930’s with the
example of:
A. Sacco and Vanzetti
B. Hoover and the Bonus Army
C. The Scottsboro Boys
D. The Scopes Trial
THE 1930’S


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

Election of 32 and 36- FDR won both
Franklin Roosevelt- promised Americans a “New
Deal” and began social programs that helped ease
the
depression
New Deal Agencies: CCC (worked outdoors doing
conservation projects); CWA, PWA, WPA (all gave
jobs building roads, bridges, and dams; WPA also
helped writers and artists); TVA (built dams that
created hydroElectricity); FDIC (insured bank deposits); SSI
(pension plan for elderly and disabled); AAA (told
Farmers not to farm ¼ to ½ of land in an effort to
raise farm prices)
FDR OFFERS A NEW DEAL AND
HOPE!
New York Politico to WWI Ass’t
Secretary of Navy
1920 Vice Presidential Candidate
Polio
The Press and Polio
FDR’s Popularity
The New Deal:
A Revolution?
Relief (the “dole”):
The Origins of the Welfare State
 Recovery:
Ending the Depression
Banking, Industry and Agriculture
 Reform:
FDIC, Social Security, Labor Laws,
Stock Market Regulations,
Farm Subsidies


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
FDR declared a Bank Holiday during the
first 100 days. What was the purpose of
this holiday?
A. to give employees a much needed
vacation
B. to demonstrate control over the
banking industry
C. to investigate and eliminate the use of
cash
D. to inspect the banks to make sure
that they are sound before reopening
A Bank Holiday????
Court packing plan or Judiciary
Reorganization Bill- when FDR tried to get
Congress to allow him to add new
 justices to the Sup Ct for every justice
over 70; he was mad b/c they ruled many
agencies
 unconstitutional
 Dorothea Lange- photographer during the
Depression whose photos help bring govt
aid to farmers out west

FDR FACES SUPREME COURT

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
59. On February 5, 1937, President Franklin
Roosevelt submitted to Congress a plan for
reorganizing the federal judiciary. His proposal
included an increase in
membership on the Supreme Court, and additional
judges at all levels of the federal judiciary.
Which of the following caused Roosevelt to submit
his proposals?
A Most Supreme Court justices were young and
inexperienced.
B Most Supreme Court justices were retiring soon.
C Roosevelt received bad advice from his presidential
advisors.
D The Supreme Court declared many of his New Deal
programs unconstitutional.
THE COURT PACKING PLAN

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


60. The MAIN reason FDR asked
Congress to increase the number of
Supreme Court justices was:
A. there was simply to much work for 9
justices
B. he felt that all justices over the age of
70 were to old and inconsistent with the
changing times
C. he felt that 15 judges would represent
the diversity in the United States
D. the Supreme Court had declared
several laws and agencies unconstitutional
SUPREME COURT PROBLEMS
 WHAT
WERE THE CAUSES OF
THE GREAT DEPRESSION?
STUDENT WRITING PRACTICE



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

Causes of Great Depression
Consumer Debt- caused by installment buying; people
overextended themselves; they bought too much and could not
make the payments
Overproduction/Under consumption- Farmers and industries
were producing too many crops/goods; the demand was low
which made prices fall
Stock market speculation- buying and selling stock quickly in
order to make a quick profit; this made the market unstable
Bank failures- over 5,000 banks closed when there was a “run on
the banks”; people withdrew their savings and banks ran out of
money and were forced to close
Unequal distribution of wealth- “the rich got richer and the poor
got poorer”; the incomes of the wealthy increased while incomes
of the poor decreased; there was a huge gap between the two
groups
WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT
DEPRESSION?
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
61. How did New Deal programs and policies
change the role of the federal government
in domestic affairs?
A States were given the exclusive power to
implement relief programs for
unemployment.
B The federal government expanded its role by
providing for the welfare of its citizens.
C The federal government implemented new security
procedures by interning suspected
traitors and spies.
D States were granted authority to regulate
businesses within their boundaries.
THE NEW DEAL



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
62. The creation of the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) BEST
illustrates the New
Deal's commitment to —
A financial reform.
B agricultural relief.
C rural electrification.
D industrial recovery.
Lasting effects of New Deal





63. Which New Deal program
continues to provide for the welfare
of retired workers?
A Social Security Administration
B Works Progress Administration
C Civilian Conservation Corps
D Resettlement Administration
THE NEW DEAL




The
The
The
The
Regulatory State
Welfare State
Warfare State
New Deal Coalition
Farmers
Workers
Minorities
Urbanites
Middle Class
Senior Citizens
The Poor
Bosses
BIG GOVERNMENT
64. Critics of the New Deal stated:
 A. it weakened the power of the chief
executive
 B. it failed to address the labor needs in
America
C. allowed laissez-faire principles to
dictate legislation
 D. created a federal bureaucracy that
was to powerful

NEW DEAL CRITICS





65. The New Deal can BEST be
described as:
A. democratic socialism
B. bold, persistent experimentation
C. laissez-faire government
D. minimal government intervention
THE NEW DEAL





66. The economic depression of the
1930s was ended by the —
A demand for manufactured goods caused
by World War II.
B effects of the New Deal on the United
States economy.
C removal of federal regulations on the
stock market.
D “baby boom” and the resulting rise of
suburbs.
What ended the Great Depression?
WHAT WERE THE LAST
EFFECTS OF THE NEW
DEAL?
STUDENT WRITING PRACTICE

Social Security- provides a monthly pension to Americans over
the age of 65, disabled, handicapped, unemployed, etc; FDR
began SS because many elderly Americans had lost their savings
due to the depression and were not able to find work to provide
for themselves

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- FDIC insures bank
deposits up to $100,000 today and $2,500 back then. Banks
were forced to close when there was a “run on the banks” (when
Americans rushed to withdraw their savings). FDIC promises us
that we will never have to worry again about losing our money if
it is in a bank. It is insured by the US Government.

Tennessee Valley Authority- The TVA built a series of dams in TN
and surrounding Southeastern states that provided hydroelectric
power. Many of these states did not have electricity. The dams
also helped with flood control. Ultimately, the TVA provided
much need jobs and provided electricity in the end.
WHAT WAS THE LASTING IMPACT
OF THE NEW DEAL?