Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT A-LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Leadership Qualities
•
Integrity
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Courage
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Management
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Unselfishness
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Loyalty
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Enthusiasm
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Plan
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Knowledge
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Tact
_______________________________________________________________________
Components of the Program
•
__________________________________________________
Provides opportunities to explore interests, gain work experiences, and keep records
•
__________________________________________________
Studying and learning subject matter in the classroom.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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__________________________________________________
Learning by demonstration and practice in shops, greenhouses, nurseries, and other settings.
•
__________________________________________________
The organization that develops leadership, citizenship skills, and student ability in parliamentary law.
-Includes ________________________________________________________
-Communication skills are developed through speaking and CDEs such as public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, agricultural sales, and oral reasons.
Other Agricultural Agencies
•
__________________________________________________
Educational agency of the USDA and part of the university system
-Sponsors 4-H clubs to enhance personal development and provide skill development for agricultural youth.
Objective 1.02 Use public speaking techniques to deliver a speech.
Types of Speeches
•
Informative
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Persuasive
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Integrate
_______________________________________________________________________
Methods of Presentations
•
_____________________________________
The speech is written and learned.
•
_____________________________________
Little or no formal preparation
Variables to consider...
•
_____________________________________
Why are you giving the speech?
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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_____________________________________
What group is hearing the speech?
•
_____________________________________
What is the event?
•
_____________________________________
What is the speech?
•
_____________________________________
How is the speech written or organized?
Variables in Oral Delivery
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Voice
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Stage presence
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Power of expression
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Response to questions
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
General effect o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________
Speech Outline
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Introduction o ________________________________________________________________ o o
___
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
___
•
Body o ________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________ o
___
•
Conclusion o ________________________________________________________________ o
___
________________________________________________________________
___
Choosing a Topic
•
Should be of interest to the _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Takes into consideration the __________________ of the audience and the
_______________ the speech should be important to the audience.
Objective 1.03 Use Robert’s Rules of Order to conduct an orderly transaction of business .
What is Parliamentary Procedure?
•
Parliamentary procedure is _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
•
Parliamentary procedure is governed by _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Parliamentary Law
•
Robert’s Rule of Order
–
Rules for _______________________________________________________________
–
Assures that all sides are __________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Main Objective:
–
_________________________________________________________
–
_________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
_________________________________________________________
–
_________________________________________________________
Methods of Voting
•
_____________________________
Aye (pronounced “I”) or No
•
_____________________________
Standing or show of hands
•
_____________________________
Often used for elections or nominations
•
_____________________________
Each member is asked to state vote
Voting
•
Single majority
–
___________________________________________ of the votes cast
•
Two-thirds majority
–
_______________________________________ must be for the motion
– usually used when the ____________________________________________________
•
Quorum
–
_______________________________________________________________________
Gavel
•
__________________________________________________
•
Meaning of the taps
–
1 tap means ______________________________________________
–
2 taps means _____________________________________________
–
3 taps means _____________________________________________
–
Series of taps
•
____________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Rank of Motions
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Most motions are made when _______________________________________________
•
Motions must be higher ranking or arise out of a motion to be made when a motion is on the floor
Motions
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Main Motion
•
Used to get group approval for a _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________
•
Wording: ____ ___________________ NOT “I make a motion”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Amendments
•
Used to _____________________________________
•
3 ways to amend: _____________________________________
•
Wording: “I move to amend the motion”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Adjourn
•
Used to _____________________________________
•
Wording: “I move to adjourn”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Appeal
•
____________________________________________________________
•
Wording: “I appeal the decision of the chair”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Point of Order
•
Used when one believes a _____________________________________
•
Wording: “I rise to a point of order”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Division of the House
•
_____________________________________
•
Wordin g: “I call for a division of the house.”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Lay on the table
•
_______________________________________________________________
•
Motion must be _____________________________________at the next meeting to be
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris discussed
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Wording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Previous question
•
Used to _____________________________________
•
Wording: “I move to previous question”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Refer to committee
•
Used to ________________________________________________________
•
Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next meeting.”
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
•
_____________________________________
Essential Standard 2.00 Develop career objectives by implementing a Supervised Agricultural
Experience program.
Objective 2.01 Explore types of SAE programs.
Factors in selecting a career
•
Standard of living-________________________________________________________
•
Personal contacts-________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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_______________________________________________________________________
•
_______________________________________________________________________
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Location of employment
•
Your interest, likes, and dislikes
•
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Working hours and time for leisure
•
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Your health & happiness
Steps in selecting a career
•
Consider your ___________________________________________________________
•
Narrow the search
•
Study the _______________________________________________________________
•
Plan for an alternative occupation
•
Prepare a career plan
•
Be willing to pay the price for success o
Education o
Dedication
•
Get work experience o
_________________________ o
_________________________ o
_________________________
School-to-work Plan
•
For a school-to-work plan to be effective it must be ______________________________
Objective 2.02 Use an appropriate SAE record system to substantiate SAE activities.
Elements of a Financial (Net Worth) Statement
•
Current Assets o Items quickly converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
•
Non-current Assets o Items that have a useful life or more than one year
▪
___________________________________________
▪
___________________________________________
•
Total assets=_____________________________+__________________________________
•
Current Liabilities o Accounts and notes payable, this year’s part of non-current liabilities
▪ ________________________________________________________________
▪ ________________________________________________________________
▪ ________________________________________________________________
•
Non-Current Liabilities o ________________________________________________________________________
•
Total liabilities=_______________________________+_______________________________
•
Net Worth or owner’s equity=_______________________________________________
•
_________________________________________=total assets/net worth o Used by banks and lending institutions to decide whether or not to lend money to specific people or businesses
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT B- THE SMALL ANIMAL CARE INDUSTRY
Essential Standard 3.00 Discuss the importance of the small animal industry.
Objective 3.01 Discuss careers and skills needed for employment in the small animal care industry.
Benefits of Small Animals
•
Economic
•
___________________________ to national economy
•
Companions to ____________________ of American Families
•
Children learn responsibility
•
Improves quality of life for elderly
•
Product testing
•
Develop
________________________________________________________
•
___________________________________________________
_____
•
Pet therapy
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Relieve ________________________________________________
•
Reduces _______________________________________________
•
Watch dogs, police dogs, seeing eye dogs
•
__________________________________
•
Low in cholesterol, sodium and fat
•
Fur and wool
•
Exhibition
•
Rabbits provide multiple benefits
•
Pets
•
Food
•
Clothing
•
Research
Economics
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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Retail pet stores
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Biomedical research
•
Supported by
____________________________________________________
•
___________________________________________________ small animals
•
Education
•
6 million used for ___________________________________________
•
4 million small animals used in the LD50 test
•
Americans spending on pets
•
__________________________________________________
•
Veterinary expenses
•
_________________________________ annually
•
______________________________________________$9.3 billion
•
______________________________________________$2.7 billion
•
Dogs require twice as much for
____________________________________________
•
Pet food manufacturers produce ______________________ in sales (2006).
General Pet Ownership
•
________________________more cats than dogs (___________________________)
•
Each owner averages ____________________________________________
•
More households have __________________________________________________
•
Fish, birds, and rabbits rank third, fourth, and fifth respectively.
Job Types in the Small Animal Industry
•
Care and management industry
•
Pets
•
Lab animals
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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Zoo animals
•
Health
•
Training
•
Biological Sciences
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Food and equipment supply
•
Pharmaceutical and biotechnology research
•
Hospitals
•
Universities
•
Diagnostic Labs
•
Private firms
•
Exhibitors
•
Operates animals acts
● Carnivals
● Circus
● Fairs (Cleveland County Fair)
● Zoo
● Marine mammal displays
Care and Management Jobs
•
Pet care worker
•
Boarding kennels
•
Animal hospitals
•
Shelters
•
Pet stores
•
Training schools
•
Pet grooming parlors
•
Kennel attendants
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Cleans
•
Animal groomers
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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Bathes, brushes & trims hair and nails
•
Dog trainers
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Teaches the dog to
_______________________________________________
•
Small Animal Breeders
•
Raises & markets
________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
•
Usually specialized for one breed
•
Pet shop owners and managers
•
Dealers
•
Sell lab animals
● Research
● education
•
Veterinarians (DVM)
● Control animal injuries and disease
●
●
Disease prevention
Inspection o ___________________________________________________
______
●
●
●
Surgery
Establish diets
Prescribe medications
•
Vet. Technicians
•
Assist veterinarians and other staff
•
Skills needed:
➢
Previous experience as a keeper
➢
Part-time volunteer work
▪ Shelters
▪ Pet shops
▪ clinics
Objective 3.02 Discuss medical terminology used by those working in the veterinarian phase of the small animal care industry.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Medical Terminology
•
Components of medical terminology
•
Prefix
● Beginning of the word indicating:
●
●
Number
Location
Time ●
● Status
•
Root words
● Word part that gives the fundamental meaning of a word
•
Suffixes
•
Word part at the end of a word indicating:
● Procedure
● Condition
● Disease
● Disorder
Medical Prefixes
• a-, an-
________________________________________________________________
●
• anti-
Anemia- without blood
_________________________________________________________________
●
• bi-
Antiseptic- against infection
___________________________________________________________________
●
• dys-
Bilateral- two sides
_________________________________________________________________
●
• pre-
Dysentery- abnormal infection of the colon
__________________________________________________________________
● Preoperative- before surgery
• carp
•
__________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
_____
● carpel- pertaining to the wrist
• cardi
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
● cardiology- study of the heart
• dors
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
● dorsal- relating to the back
• dent, odont
● __________________________________________________________
_____
●
•
Gastr
● dentist- person who works with teeth
__________________________________________________________
_____
● gastronomy- surgical opening of the stomach
•
Gingiv
● __________________________________________________________
_____
● gingivitis- inflammation of the gums
• phleb, ven
● __________________________________________________________
_____
● phlebotomist- person who obtains blood from veins
Medical Suffixes
• algia
● __________________________________________________________
_____
● arthralgia- painful joints
• centesis
● __________________________________________________________
_____
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
• itis
●
_____
Cytocentesis- removing fluid from the bladder
__________________________________________________________
●
• rrhea
●
_____ bronchitis
__________________________________________________________
● diarrhea
Positional Terminology
•
Ventral___________________________________________________________
_____
•
Cranial___________________________________________________________
_____
•
Anterior__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Posterior_________________________________________________________
_____
•
Dorsal___________________________________________________________
_____
•
Caudal___________________________________________________________
_____
•
Dorsal (frontal) plane
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Transversal plane
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
General Terminology (Write a definition for each of the following terms.)
•
Antisepsis
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Biopsy
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Catheterization
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Clutch
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Colostrum
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Contact transmission
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Endogenous
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Exogenous
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Incubation
____________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Infectious disease
______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Pocket pets
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Preventative health care programs
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Quarantine
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Spaying
______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Zoonoses
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Neutering
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Essential Standard 4.00 Explore social issues related to working with small animals.
Objective 4.01 Summarize animal rights and animal welfare.
Animal Rights
● Not the same as animal welfare.
● Media may wrongly use the two terms interchangeably.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Modern Animal Rights Movement
● _______________________________animal rights groups exist today.
● Came into prominence in the
______________________________________________
● Initially made up of _______________________________________________, many of whom were ____________________________________.
Animal Rights Beliefs
● Animals have same rights as humans
(______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________)
● Use of animals for human purpose is wrong and suggests that
___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
● Animals should not be used for:
●
●
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
●
●
●
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
● ____________________________________ is often used to prevent people from using animals.
PETA
● ________________________________________________________________
_____
● Largest animal rights group in the world with over
______________________________
● Since 1980, it has been dedicated to establishing and protecting rights of animals.
Animal Welfare
● Animal domestication dates back to
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
● Early U.S. used animals for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and horsepower.
Animal Welfare (Religious)
● ______________________________________ that God gave man dominion over animals including use and care
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
● Genesis 1:26
Various religions use animal sacrifice and detail how to humanely slaughter the animal.
Animal Welfare (Legal)
● Animal welfare influenced early laws
● Laws protecting animals were present before
_________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Animal Welfare Beliefs
● Humane treatment of animals
● Proper
_______________________________________________________________
● Proper care for
_________________________________________________________ done in and treatment for injuries
● ______________________________________________________ should be a humane way
Objective 4.02 Demonstrate safe work habits and techniques used when working with small animals.
Zoonoses
•
A disease that can be transmitted from
______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Example: Rabies
Rabies
•
A viral disease
•
Affects the nervous system
•
Contracted by:
•
_______________________________________________
•
_______________________________________________
•
_______________________________________________
•
_______________________________________________________ is recommended when in doubt
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
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93% of reported bites were from wild animals
•
Children five to nine receive the most animals bites
•
Most domestic animals are not infected if vaccinated regularly
Toxoplasmosis
•
Disease from Toxoplasma gondii parasite
•
Usually carried by cats
•
Infected by ingesting
______________________________________________
•
Spread by:
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Contaminated
___________________________________________________
•
Affects those with suppressed immune system
•
Concern for pregnant women
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Prevention:
•
Disposable gloves when cleaning litter box
•
Thoroughly washing hands
Ringworm
•
Fungal disease
•
Skin lesion:
● __________________________________________________________
_____
● __________________________________________________________
_____
● __________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
_____
•
Spread by
_____________________________________________________________
•
Indirectly by equipment
•
Treatment:
● Iodine soap or antifungal drugs
Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)
•
Contracted by caged birds of the Psittacosis family
•
Transmitted through
_____________________________________________________
•
Bacteria
•
Prevention:
•
Wear dust mask
•
Eliminating mites and lice
•
Spraying disinfectants
Cat-scratch fever
•
Non-serious
•
Cat bites and scratches
•
Symptoms:
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Treated with antibiotics
•
Affected area may be slow to heal
Samonellosis
•
Caused by the Salmonella bacteria
•
Children and elderly most at risk
•
Symptoms appear 12-72hrs after infection:
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
__________________________________________________________
_____
•
Pet
__________________________________________________________________
•
Most likely to infect humans
Streptococcal
•
Bacteria
•
Results in sore throat
•
Can be
_______________________________________________________________
•
Treated with penicillin
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
•
Cause
_______________________________________________________________
•
Fever
•
Headaches
•
Nausea & Vomiting
•
Skin rash
•
Death if not treated
•
Primarily passed by the American dog tick
•
6 other species can carry the disease
Lyme Disease
•
First case in 1969 in Wisconsin
•
Named in 1977
•
Lyme Connecticut
•
Children developed
______________________________________________
•
Bacterial disease ( Borrelia burgdurferi )
•
Distinctive
____________________________________________________________
•
Flu like symptoms
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Painful joints
•
Fatigue may last for months
•
Can damage internal organs without antibiotics used as treatment
•
Vaccines can be administered
Parasites
•
Gain subsistence from a host organism
•
Can be ________________________ or _____________________________
•
Children are most at risk because
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Ticks
•
Seven species carry Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
•
Five species carry Lyme disease
Roundworms
•
Ascarids (Toxocara species) & Hookworms
•
Affect dogs and cats
•
May be passed to humans
•
Fever
•
Headache
•
______________________________________________________________ most effective preventative method
Tapeworm
● Occasionally carried by dogs and cats
•
Alveolar Hydatid Disease (AHD)
● Rare
●
●
Potentially fatal (50-70%)
__________________________________________________________
_____
●
● May go unnoticed for years
Avoid hand to mouth contact
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Working with Animals Safely
●
Frequently wash hands and use protective clothing to
__________________________ ______________________________________.
●
Separate sick animals and treat in separate areas.
●
●
●
Do not eat, drink, or store food and drink in treatment areas.
Never wash lab coats and protective clothing with regular clothes.
Protective Clothing
•
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ should be worn when handling chemicals or applying pesticides.
•
Leather gloves help to protect from
___________________________________
•
______________________________________________________ offer some protection from bites and scratches.
•
________________________________________ should be worn when there is a danger of inhaling toxic dust and other substances.
Chemical Safety
●
Use chemicals according to label instructions
●
●
Store chemicals in the original container
Avoiding over-mixing and storing chemicals, but if they must be stored make sure they are in a locked location and clearly labeled.
●
Dispose of all chemicals and their containers according to label instructions.
●
Frequently wash hands and exposed area after using chemicals.
Proper Handling Techniques
●
Prevent injury to the animal and the handler.
●
●
●
Keep a first-aid kit available for workers who do suffer bites or scratches.
Briefly restrain animals when needed for examination or treatment.
To work around the head of a cat, wrap the animal in a blanket and place it into a
__________________________________________________ so the handler can grasp the back of the head and hold the head between the thumb and fingers.
●
Dogs are restrained by placing one arm under
________________________________ with the forearm holding the head while the
26

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris other arm is placed ____________________
______________________________________________ to pull it close to the handler.
●
Dog muzzles can be created by
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
●
Rabbits can be picked up by grabbing the
____________________________________ and placing a hand under the rump for support.
●
To hold them, simply move the hand from the
_________________________________
_________________________________________
●
●
Rabbits seldom bite, but can cause injury by kicking with their back legs.
They may be injured if placed on a
_________________________________________
•
Foot pads are covered with fur.
•
Can result in
___________________________________________________________
●
Rats and mice that are used to being held may be picked up by grasping the tail close to the body and then using the other hand to grasp the loose skin in the neck and shoulder area.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT C
Essential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.
Objective 5.01 Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.
Basic Anatomy Terminology
•
Cheek-
_____________________________________________________________________
•
Dewlap-
_____________________________________________________________________
•
Elbow- upper joint of the
________________________________________________________
•
Flank- fleshy part of the side between
_____________________________________________
•
Foot pad- part that the animal walks on
•
Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur
_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
•
Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the
__________________________________________________
•
Muzzle- projecting jaw
_________________________________________________________
•
Nose pad o ________________________________________________________________ o Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects o Called the _________________________________________________ in cats
•
Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup)
•
Shoulder- above the elbow of
____________________________________________________
•
Stifle- joint above the
__________________________________________________________
•
Thigh- area between the
________________________________________________________
•
Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds
•
Crown-
______________________________________________________________________
•
Ear covert-feathers covering the ears
•
Nape-
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Orbital ring-ring around the eye
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
•
Brille-transparent layer
_________________________________________________________ o Eyelid for snakes
•
Fins-Web of skin supported with
__________________________________________________ o Enables fish to move through water
•
Gills-Major organ of the respiratory system o Breath without lungs
•
Scales-Modified portion of the
___________________________________________________ o Provides protection o Fish and reptiles
•
Scutes-Epidermal scales found on
________________________________________________
Skeletal System
•
Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the body o Skull protects brain o _____________________________________ protect lungs and internal organs o Spinal column or backbone protects the ________________________________ and provides _____________________________________________________
•
Axial skeleton o ____________________________________________________ o ____________________________________________________
29

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris o ____________________________________________________ o ____________________________________________________
•
Pectoral limb o front limbs o ____________________________________________________ o scapula _____________________________________________ o humerus _____________________________________________ o radius and ulna _______________________________________ o carpals, metacarpals and phalanges _______________________
•
Pelvic limb o rear legs and pelvic bones o hooks o pin bones o femur _______________________________________________ o tibia and fibula ________________________________________ o Tarsals ______________________________________________ o Metatarsals ___________________________________________ o Phalanges ____________________________________________
Skeletal System-Birds
•
Have some unique bones unlike mammals
•
Most have a skull bone that
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
•
Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility
Internal Anatomy
•
Heart o major organ in the circulatory system o 3 muscle layers
▪ Circulatory System
▪ ________________________________________
● second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart
▪ ________________________________________
● thin layer inside myocardium
▪ ________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
● thin cover over the myocardium o Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood o Circulatory System- Functions
▪ Transports
● _______________________________________________
● _______________________________________________
● _______________________________________________
▪ Protects against microbes and injury
•
Kidneys and Bladder o Part of the excretory system o rids the body of waste o Maintain chemical composition
▪ __________________________________________________________ o regulates tissue fluid
•
Stomach and Intestines o Major part of digestive system o breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body o Nutrients are _____________________________________________________
•
Lungs o Part of the respiratory system o oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then _____________
________________________________________________________________
•
Nervous System o Brains, spinal cord, and nerves o Coordinator of ____________________________________________________ o Regulates other systems o Controls _________________________________________________________
•
Reproductive system o Ovaries and testes
▪ ________________________________
▪ ________________________________ o Help produce new individuals of the same species
•
Muscular System o Muscles o Movement o Posture o Support
31

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris o Produces heat
Digestive System
•
Single-stomached o ________________________________________________________________ o includes all of the small animals
▪ Cats
▪ Dogs
▪ Rabbits
▪ Birds
•
Rabbits o Non-ruminant herbivores o Consumes large amounts of roughage o Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines
▪ contains bacteria o Rabbits eat _______________________________________________________
▪ __________________________________________________________
▪ Usually occurs late night or early morning
▪ Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum
•
Birds o ______________________________________________________ o Saliva is added to aid in swallowing o Very little breakdown in the mouth o Gizzard
▪ Largest digestive organ
▪ Grinds and crushes
•
Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants o Food is broken down in mouth (except birds) o Passes to the stomach o Small Intestine
▪ __________________________________________________________ o Large Intestine
▪ Absorption of Water
▪ Addition of mucus
•
Digestive Process o Food is broken down in the mouth (except birds), stomach (gizzard), and then
32

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris passed into the small intestine.
▪ Primary site for digestion
▪ Absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
o Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine
▪ Absorption of water
▪ Addition of mucus to aid in waste passage
•
Fish Digestive System o Systems vary o Type of feed determines ____________________________________________
▪ Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up
•
Reproduction in Small Animals o Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal.
o Two parents required:
▪ Male furnishes sperm
▪ Female supplies egg or ovum
•
Sexual Terminology o Conception-Creation of new life by ____________________________________
▪ Union of egg and sperm o Estrus-___________________________________________________________
▪ Female is receptive to breeding
▪ Stand for mating o Gestation-Period of ________________________________________________
▪ Begins at conception ends at parturition o Ovulation-Release of egg o Parturition-Process of ______________________________________________
•
Female Reproductive Anatomy o Ovary
▪ Primary reproductive organ
▪ Produces the female gamete __________________________________ o Gamete
▪ Sex cell that unites with other sex cells o Embryo
▪ Developing young
▪ Mammals
● Enters uterus after ____________________________________ o Uterus
▪ Place of embryo growth and development
33

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris o Cervix
▪ Part of uterus that ___________________________________________
▪ Cervical mucus
● ___________________________________________________ o Vagina
▪ Reproductive passageway
▪ Urine excretion o Vulva
▪ External opening of reproductive tract
•
Male Reproductive Anatomy o Testicle
▪ Primary organ
▪ Produces male gametes
▪ Externally held in scrotum
● ___________________________________________________ o Sheath
▪ Fold of skin
▪ Protective covering
Objective 12.02-Use principals of reproductive physiology to determine gestation characteristics in small animals
Gestation o Time from conception to parturition (birth) o Varies for each species
General Characteristics o Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite o Restlessness
▪ __________________________________________________________
End of Gestation o Pocket pets and rabbits
▪ __________________________________________________________
▪ Wood shavings
▪ Straw
▪ Paper o Dogs and cats
▪ Birthing box
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Species
Cats
Dogs
Rabbits
Hamsters
Gerbils
Rats
Mice
Guinea Pig
Ferrets
▪ __________________________________________________________
▪ Helps them to get comfortable with the setting
Period (days)
Essential Standard 6.00-Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.
Objective 6.01-Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency symptoms and functions.
Nutrition o Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
Nutrients o Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow o Single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life o There are six basic nutrients
▪ Water
● More important nutrient than any other nutrient
● makes up ___________________________ of an animal’s body
● Aides in ____________________________________________
● Dissolves and transports nutrients
● Regulates body ______________________________________
● Carries waste from the body
● Supports ____________________________________________
▪ Proteins
● Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
● Develop and repairing body organs and tissues
35

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris o muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers
● Production of ________________________________________
● Reproduction process of the developing fetus
● Developing the young
● Transmitting _________________________________________
▪ Carbohydrates
● Converting of ________________________________________
● Made up of chemical elements o ____________________________________________ o ____________________________________________ o ____________________________________________
● Supports breathing and digesting
● Production of heat for body warmth
● Stores fat
● Types of carbohydrates o _____________________________________________ o _____________________________________________ o _____________________________________________ o Fats
▪ Chemical elements of
● Carbon
● Hydrogen
● Oxygen
▪ Same elements as __________________________________________ but different combinations
▪ Fats contain _____________________________________ more energy
▪ Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
● ___________________________________________________
▪ Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet o Vitamins
▪ Organic substances needed for specific biochemical reactions
▪ A,B, C, D, E and K
▪ Needed in small amounts
▪ Regulation of body glands
● ___________________________________________________
● ___________________________________________________
● ___________________________________________________ o The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized. o Minerals
▪ Supply the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones
▪ Divided into 2 groups
● Macro
● Micro
▪ Macro vs. Micro
● Macro o Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration
● Micro o Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts
▪ Macro-minerals
● ____________________________________________
● Calcium
● Potassium
● ____________________________________________
● Sulfur
● Magnesium
▪ Micro-minerals
● Iron
● ____________________________________________
● Copper
● Cobalt
● ____________________________________________
● Zinc
● Molybdenum
● ____________________________________________
● Fluorine
Nutrient Deficiencies o Slow growth
▪ __________________________________________________________ o Water deficiency
▪ Overheating
▪ slowdown in normal body functions occurs o Carbohydrates
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
▪ lack of energy
▪ Lack of ___________________________________________________
▪ loss of ____________________________________________________ o Proteins
▪ Normal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers
▪ Protein deficiency may result
● Anorexia
● Anemia
● Edema
● Slow growth rate
● Low birth weight of young
● Lower milk production
● Decreased feed efficiency o Fats
▪ Provides energy
▪ aids in absorption of _________________________________________ o Vitamins
▪ various body functions will suffer when vitamins are lacking
▪ Depends on the vitamins in question o Mineral deficiency
▪ __________________________________________________________
▪ poor feed efficiency
▪ decreased _________________________________________________
▪ decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production
Objective 6.02-Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.
Nutrient Use o Maintenance
▪ keeping constant
▪ no gain or loss of weight
▪ usually high in ______________________________________________ o Growth
▪ increase in body size
▪ rations high in ______________________________________________ o Reproduction
▪ Failures are a major result from poor nutrition
▪ Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins
▪ Improper nutrition can affect ___________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
__________________________________________________________
▪ Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation o Lactation
▪ Time during which females are _________________________________
▪ Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk production
▪ Diet high in ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
▪ The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female o Work and activity
▪ Increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed
▪ Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game
Feeding Terminology
•
Diet-Feed and water that an animal uses o Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon:
▪ Animal Needs
▪ Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in feed
•
Palatability- digestible and appeals to the animal o A good nutritious feed is only good ____________________________________
•
Feed classifications o Roughages (or forages)
▪ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ o Concentrates
▪ recommended for small animals as a regular part of their diet
▪ High ________________________________
● Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
▪ High ________________________________
● Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal o Supplements
▪ contains a specific nutrient o Ration
▪ feed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients
39

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Specific Diets o Dogs and Cats
▪ Commercial feed is the best
▪ Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity
▪ Cats need _________________________________________________
▪ 10% of their diet should be ____________________________________ o Rabbits
▪ Pellet type of commercial feed is best
▪ Avoid feeding too much ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________ o Pocket Pets
▪ Best to use pellet type commercial feed
▪ If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food
▪ Gerbils
● Need ______________________________________________ in diet
▪ Rats
● Can have __________________________________ substituted
▪ Ferrets
● Can eat ____________________________________________
▪ Mice
● Will not _____________________________________________
▪ Guinea pigs
● Need solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of
___________________________________________________ o Amphibians & Reptiles
▪ Prefer to eat animals if large enough
▪ Tadpoles
● eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
▪ Turtles
● Pieces of
___________________________________________________
● Strawberries and other fruits
▪ Snakes (in captivity)
● Full grown can learn to eat ______________________________
● Variety of insects
● Baby rodents
40

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
● Frogs and toads
▪ Lizards
● Most eat insects o Birds
▪ Diet mostly consists of seeds
▪ Including __________________________________________________
▪ Fruit and nectar birds
● Oranges
● Grapes
● Apple slices o Fish
▪ Diet is affected by ___________________________________________
▪ Higher temperature
● Increased food intake
▪ Variety of food should be given to _______________________________
__________________________________________________________
▪ Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid
__________________________________________________________
▪ Smaller fish
● Flaked food
▪ Larger Fish
● ______________________________________
● ______________________________________
● ______________________________________
41

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT C
Essential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.
Objective 5.02 Discuss the ways that disease processes affect major body systems.
Infectious Diseases of Dogs
•
Group of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms
– Canine distemper
– Canine parvovirus infection
– Kennel cough
– Rabies
– Canine brucellosis
– Salmonellosis
Canine Distemper
•
Caused by the inhalation of the airborne virus.
•
Symptoms:
– Early-
___________________________________________________________
– Later-
___________________________________________________________
Canine Parvovirus Infection
•
Caused by viral contact of materials contaminated with
_________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Affects mostly
_________________________________________________________
•
Symptoms:
– Vomiting
– Bloody diarrhea
– Refusal to eat
Kennel Cough (Tracheobronchitis)
•
__________________________________________________ contracted in confinement (pet shops, dog shows, kennels, etc.)
•
Symptom:
– Cough
Rabies
•
Viral disease that attacks the central nervous system.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
All _________________________________________________________ can transmit rabies.
•
Symptoms
--Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite. Severe can be within 10 days.
– Furious rabies-animal may act strange then wander off, attack and bite anything in its path, often frothing at the mouth
– Dumb rabies-no wandering, but paralysis of lower jaw followed by body paralysis and death
Canine Brucellosis
•
Bacterial disease spread through breeding
•
Females
– __________________________________________________________
_____
– __________________________________________________________
_____
–
•
Males
–
Enlargement of lymph nodes
Swelling of
______________________________________________________
Salmonellosis
•
Bacterial disease spread by ingestion of food contaminated by feces.
Basic Noninfectious Diseases of Dogs
Heart Disease
•
2 types
– ____________________________________________________
– ____________________________________________________
•
Symptoms
– Coughing at night during sleep
–
–
–
Coughing during exercise
Inability to exercise
Open mouth breathing at rest
Cataracts
•
Cause
_______________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Can be hereditary or not
•
Can cause blindness
•
More often affects
______________________________________________________
Arthritis
•
Degenerative joint disease that causes
______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Large, old and obese dogs are more prone to the disease.
Basic Fungus Diseases of Dogs
Ringworm
•
Most common fungal disease.
•
Symptoms:
– Broken hairs around the face, ears or feet.
–
–
Reddened skin and scaly skin develop.
Crusting and scaling in severe cases.
Blastomycosis
•
Inhaling infected spores of soil enriched with
_________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Symptoms:
– Coughing
–
–
–
Rapid breathing
Pneumonia
Fever
Internal Parasites of Dogs
Ascarids or Roundworms
•
May grow to 8 inches in length when mature
•
Affect mainly puppies and deprive them of nutrients
•
Transmitted by
_________________________________________________________
44

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Severe infestation causes pot-bellied appearance
•
Danger to
_____________________________________________________________
Hookworms
•
Blood-sucking parasites that attach to the small intestine, causing small spots of bleeding
•
Adult worms attach to the small intestine where they digest
_____________________
______________________________________________________________________.
•
Heavy infestations cause the animal to appear weak, listless, and anemic
•
Affects older dogs and puppies
Whipworms
•
Broad at one end and narrow at the other.
•
Use the narrow end to attach to the
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Adults produce “shell” protected eggs that may live for years in the soil.
•
Produce watery feces and may result in dehydration and death.
Tapeworms
•
Flat and segmented worms that live in the small intestine.
•
Shed terminal segments in feces.
•
Usually the largest worms affecting dogs reaching 1 foot or more in length
•
Most depend on a host such as a flea or wild rabbit to develop.
•
Not harmful for dogs, but may cause serious injury to humans.
Heartworms
•
Thin worms that live in the major artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.
•
Serious threat to dogs causing major injury to vital organs.
•
Transmitted by
_________________________________________________________
•
Prevention is preferred to treatment which is only effective in early infestation.
•
Symptoms
45

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
–
–
Frequent coughing
Labored breathing
Fainting in severe cases
Infectious Diseases of Cats
Feline Panleukopenia
•
Cat distemper caused by
_________________________________________________
•
Affects cats younger than
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Spread by direct contact, infected food and water dishes, bedding, and litter boxes.
•
Symptoms:
– Depression
–
–
–
–
–
–
Loss of appetite
High fever
Lethargy
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Feline herpesvirus (FHV)
•
Respiratory infection caused by a DNA virus.
•
Shed in discharges from
_________________________________________________ and transmitted by direct contact.
•
Cats can become carriers, but
_____________________________________________
•
Symptoms:
– Depression
–
–
–
–
Sneezing and coughing
Severe eye and nasal discharges
Increase in temperature
Mouth ulcers
Feline Enteric Coronavirus
•
Caused by ingestion of contaminated feces in kittens
__________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
______________________________________________________________________.
•
Spread by ingestion of contaminated feces.
•
Symptoms:
– Low grade fever
– Vomiting
– Soft or watery diarrhea
– Blood in the feces
– Dehydration
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
•
Disease caused by coronavirus that leads to
_________________________________
•
Coronavirus infections are more common, but few show signs.
•
Symptoms
– Fever
– Refusal to eat
– Depression
– Weight loss
Noninfectious Diseases of Cats
Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS)
•
A.K.A. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
•
May range from mild inflammation to blockage of the
___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Causes of FUS
•
Improper diet (where cats are fed high levels of magnesium and phosphorus)
•
Low water intake that causes concentrations of
_______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Possibly a virus
Wet Eye
•
Excessive tear production or blockage of drainage canals that drain tears to the nasal cavity causing tears to overflow at the corner of the eyes.
Internal Parasites of Cats
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Toxoplasmosis
•
Disease caused by infection with single-celled protozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii.
•
Contracted from eating raw meat or contaminated feces.
•
Fever, jaundice, and difficulty moving may result.
•
No vaccination and humans can become infected through cat litter boxes.
Ascarids (Toxocara cati)
•
Ascarids from ingesting eggs passed in the feces of an infected animal or in the case of kittens from the milk of an infected mother cat.
•
Severe cases may cause pot-bellied appearance (distended abdomen) and an unthrifty cat.
Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme)
•
Infection occurs when larvae is ingested from contaminated food or water, or when larvae penetrates the skin.
•
May cause dark-colored feces and anemia from the loss of blood.
Tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)
•
Require a cost other than the cat for development.
•
Dipylidium caninum must be hosted by fleas and Tania taeniaeformis may be hosted by rats and mice.
•
Neither type causes major harm.
External Parasites of Small Animals
Fleas
•
Brown, blood-sucking insects of small size that move rapidly over the skin.
•
May develop from eggs to adult in as little as
_________________________________
•
May first be detected in the
_______________________________________________ area of the animal.
•
Cause irritation and extreme itching
•
May be controlled with powders, dips, shampoos, collars, oral insecticides, foggers and sprays.
Ticks
•
Blood-sucking arthropods of the skin.
48

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Two main families of ticks: hard and soft
•
Two types of hard ticks are a concern: brown dogs tick (can survive indoors) and
American dog tick (lives on grass and shrubs)
•
Main soft tick is the Spirose Ear Tick.
•
Larvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canal.
Lice
•
Wingless insects that may bite or suck blood from the host.
•
Not common on dogs.
•
If infestation occurs, the dog will experience hair loss from scratching and rubbing.
•
Two treatments 12 days apart with dips, dusts, or spray can control.
Mites
•
________________________________________________________________
_____
•
Five species cause the most problems
– Demodectic mites
– Two types of sarcoptic mites
– Ear mites
– Cheyletiella mites
Demodectic Mites
•
No not usually cause problems.
•
A severe infestation may result in hair loss, reddening of the skin, and encrusting in spots or over the entire body of the dog.
Sarcoptic Mites
•
Burrow within the outer layer of the skin.
•
Highly contagious.
•
_________________________________________________________ which case intense irritation and itching that may result in the dog injuring itself as it tries to scratch, chew or rub the skin.
Ear Mites
•
Highly contagious
•
Found in the outer ear canal and other areas of dogs, cats, and rabbits.
•
Common problem
49

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Infected animals may
____________________________________________________
•
Flea products are effective treatment, as well as, ear drops.
Cheyletiella Mites
•
Contagious
•
Cause a condition known as
______________________________________________
•
Severe scaling on the back may occur, but itching is not as severe as with other mite infestations.
Chiggers
•
Orange-red larvae stages of Trombicula mites that cause an itchy, red rash on the belly, face, feet and legs.
– Picked up from
___________________________________________________
– Remain on the skin for a short time and usually do not require treatment other than something to stop the itching.
Poisons Affecting Small Animals
Insecticides
•
May cause poisoning if ingested in sufficient amounts.
•
Organophosphates and carbamate compounds are the main source of insecticidal poisoning.
•
Boric acid from roach bait and arsenic from ant traps can also poison animals.
Plants
•
________________________________________________________________
_____ contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals that cause irritation to the mouth and intestinal tract.
•
Poinsettia, Japanese yew, azalea, and flower bulbs may cause mild intestinal upset.
Household Chemicals
•
Ammonia, bleach, borates, hydroxides, pine oil, and phenol can cause sickness if pets ingest them.
Rodenticides
•
Strychnine and warfarin can cause internal bleeding and death if ingested in sufficient amounts.
50

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Herbicides
•
Glyphosphate herbicides and arsenic-based weed killers can poison pets.
Antifreeze
•
Common source of poisoning because it has a
________________________________ that animals like.
•
Animal may appear
_____________________________________________________
Rabbit Diseases
Enteritis
•
Intestinal tract inflammation
•
Probably the most common cause
_________________________________________
•
Causes include: stress, unsanitary conditions, and high energy feeds
Enteritis Symptoms
•
Diarrhea
_______________________________________________________
•
Animals will stop eating but drink lots of water
•
Animals
________________________________________________________
•
Almost 100% mortality rate
Enteritis Treatment
•
Prevention is best. Accomplished through proper environment, sanitary conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber, low in energy, control of birds and rodents that carry the disease.
•
Treatment when applicable is through broad spectrum antibiotics.
Snuffles
•
Disease aggravated by stressful conditions such as poor sanitation, poor ventilation, changing temperatures, shipping, or show conditions.
•
Symptoms:
___________________________________________________________
Mastitis
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Prevention: Reduce stress through proper environment.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Inflammation of
________________________________________________________
•
Also called caked breast
•
May cause nursing problems
•
Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurse
•
Nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young.
Mastitis Prevention and Treatment
•
Remove concentrates from the diet for 72 hours.
•
Widespread cases, clean and disinfect all nesting boxes.
Wry Neck
•
Condition caused by inflammation of the inner neck.
•
Head tilted to the side is the most common symptom.
•
Often found where snuffles are also present.
•
Best prevented by controlling upper respiratory diseases.
Fur Chewing
•
Pulling of fur from itself or other rabbits caused by simple boredom, a nutrient deficiency, and a low-fiber diet.
•
Prevention and treatment: Best by feeding hay or straw to add fiber to the diet.
Adding magnesium oxide to the ration also helps.
Hutch Burn
● Chapped or burning condition of the external genital area of the doe. Caused by
_____________________________________________________________________
● Prevention and treatment: keep bedding clean. Treatment is with antibiotic creams.
Sore Hocks
•
Ulcerated area on the bottom of the foot pads most often associated with rough wire cage floors and size of the foot pad not supporting the weight of the animal.
•
Large breed with long foot pads are most often affected.
Sore Hocks Prevention and Treatment
•
Get off wire and place on a solid surface
•
Apply astringents to the sore pads
52

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
– ___________________________________________________
______
– ___________________________________________________
______
– ___________________________________________________
______
Hamster Diseases
Wet Tail (Enteritis)
•
Most common disease of hamsters
•
Caused by poor sanitation, bacteria, viruses, and diet.
Wet Tail Symptoms
•
Wetness around the tail and rear of the animal caused by runny diarrhea.
•
High death rate occurs within 2 days of symptoms appearing.
•
Most often associated with poor sanitation caused by general neglect and poor care.
Wet Tail Prevention and Treatment
•
Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages, and equipment and isolate infected animals.
•
Keep temperature around 70 degrees to avoid estivation (sleep above 80 degrees) or hibernation (below 50 degrees). Avoid drafts.
•
Animals do not respond well to treatment.
Common Diarrhea
•
Caused by incorrect diet with overabundance of green leafy materials, vegetables, or fruits.
•
Should not be confused with serious infections.
•
Correct by removing green leafy vegetables and fruits and feeding dry grains and seeds.
Gerbil Diseases
Colds
•
Gerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but colds are most common.
•
Symptoms:
– Loss of appetite
53

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
–
Constant sneezing
Runny eyes and nose
Cold Prevention and Treatment
•
Reduce stress caused by overcrowding (gerbils need more space than hamsters)
•
Avoid drafts, humidity and temperature fluctuations.
Red Nose
•
Commonly caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria.
•
Animal will recover without any medication.
•
Symptoms:
– Hair loss
– Red, swollen areas of the skin around the nose and muzzle
Rat Diseases
Respiratory Disease
•
Common disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis
•
Symptoms:
– Nasal discharge
–
–
–
–
–
Snuffling
Rattled breathing
Rubbing eyes and nose
Tilted head
Uncoordinated and circling
Mouse Diseases
•
Hardy animals with proper diet, housing, and exercise.
•
Respiratory disease can be caused by several organisms and result from changes in temperature, drafts, high humidity.
•
Symptoms: squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes and fur loss.
•
Salmonella and related bacteria are responsible for many of the serious infectious diseases.
•
Control with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.
Guinea Pig Diseases
54

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Very healthy under favorable conditions.
•
Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid problems.
•
Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a problem if environment is not good.
Colds in Guinea Pigs
•
Animals become lethargic, listless, have nasal discharge and sneezing
•
Prevention:
– Maintaining a good environment
– Immediate treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics
– Increase Vitamin C
Toxemia
•
Build-up of toxins in the blood that developed in late pregnancy.
•
Symptoms: females will be lethargic, go off feed, refuse to eat, and have difficulty breathing.
•
Prevention and Treatment: Feed a high quality diet to the pregnant female and add ½ teaspoon of sugar in the water bottle.
Chinchilla Illnesses
Chinchilla Environment
•
Need proper nutrition and a clean, dry, draft-free environment with low stress.
•
Provide adequate ventilation
•
Avoid temperatures above 80 degrees or cold drafts and high humidity
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
•
Organism that causes infection in wounds, inflammation of eyes and ears, pneumonia, intestinal inflammation, uterine inflammation, and poisoning of the circulatory system.
Eye Inflammation (conjunctivitis)
•
Swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and pus formation.
•
Treatment: Isolate infected animals, wash eyes gently with warm boric acid solution, and use ophthalmic medications. Clean cages and feed containers.
Inner Ear Infection (otitis)
•
Symptoms: Twisting and lowering of the head, hanging head to one side, running in a circle.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Prevention and Treatment: Avoid drafty, cool environmental conditions. Clean the ear with warm boric acid solution and treat with ear drops.
Pneumonia
•
Symptoms: listlessness, failure to eat, breathing difficulty, swollen abdomen
•
Prevention and treatment: Eliminate cold drafty, and high humidity conditions and treat immediately with aureomycin, penicillin, or other antibiotics.
Impaction
•
Lower digestive system becomes tightly packed with food material or feces. May then follow diarrhea.
•
Caused by poor quality feed, stress, and poor nutrition.
•
Animal is often humped with chin resting between its front feet.
Treatment for Impaction
•
Give a dropper full of mineral oil daily OR
•
Add up to three full droppers of grapefruit juice to the animal’s diet.
Ferret Illnesses
Canine distemper
•
A disease that also affects
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
•
Symptoms: discharge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, diarrhea.
Canine Distemper Treatment
•
Vaccination is important.
•
Vaccinate at 12 weeks of age and give boosters annually to prevent canine and feline distemper.
•
Treatment is not effective.
Hemorrhagic enteritis
•
Bloody diarrhea is commonly seen
•
Symptoms: Go off feed, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, possibly death
•
Prevention and treatment: Treat with antibiotics and sulfur material.
Botulism
•
Caused by toxin produced by bacteria.
56

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Symptoms: breathing difficulty and paralysis
•
Death can occur without symptoms.
•
Keep food supply fresh.
Disease Prevention and Treatment for Pocket Pets
Maintain Good Sanitation
•
Remove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularly
•
Remove urine and feces contaminated feed regularly
•
Keep fresh water available at all times
Provide a Good Environment
•
Keep animals free of drafts and eliminate any cool, damp drafts immediately
•
Maintain low humidity. Higher humidity contributes to respiratory diseases.
•
Maintain constant temperature that does not fluctuate to a great degree.
•
Provide adequate ventilation to remove stale air.
•
Feed an appropriate ration.
General Disease Treatment for Pocket Pets
•
First, isolate sick animals to prevent the spread of disease.
•
Remove and replace bedding from the cage of a sick animal.
•
Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new bedding.
•
Use medicated water routinely when disease is a constant threat.
•
Use proper treatments and antibiotics if recommended.
•
Dispose of dead animals properly (burn and bury in some cases)
•
Cull animals that do not show signs of improvement.
•
Improve environmental conditions that may be causing disease.
•
Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseases.
•
Use recommended pesticides to control pests.
Parasites of Birds
Internal Parasites
•
Rarely a problem with birds
57

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Roundworms
– Diagnosis is by observing feces for long, thin, white worms.
– Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in contaminated feces, soil, or food.
– Symptoms: blockage of intestines, poor plummage, weight loss, diarrhea.
– Treatments are available
•
Tapeworms
– Diagnosed by observing small rice-like segments in the feces
– Contracted from eating an intermediate host such as house flies, fleas, ticks, or earthworms.
– Proper cleaning and sanitation are the best prevention.
– Treatment with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and Kamal powder
External Parasites
•
Red Mites
– Appear as tiny red specks and feed on blood of infected birds at night, causing restlessness, scratching, and picking at their feathers.
– Spread through contact with infected birds.
– Adults may be dusted with pyrethium powder.
–
–
Clean and disinfect all cages and nest boxes.
•
Feather Mites
– Cause a bird to chew or pick its feathers.
Look for small, gray-colored moving specks
–
–
Feed on the bird during both day and night
Symptoms: restlessness, severe scratching, feather picking, skin irritation
– Cages and equipment should be treated with nicotine sulfate, Malathion, or coumaphos and birds should be sprayed with a mite spray.
•
Scaly Leg Mites
– _________________________________________________________ of budgerigars, lovebirds, and canaries.
– Live their entire life cycle on the bird.
– Symptoms: white scaly deposits that become thickened, enlarged, and encrusted
– Treatment: Use
_______________________________________________ to kill the mites and loosen deposits. This also suffocates the mites.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Bacterial Diseases in Birds
Parrot Fever
•
Chlamydiosis or psittacosis
•
Bacterial disease that affects the liver and spleen.
•
Contracted mainly through feces and contaminated food and water.
•
Symptoms: nasal discharges, listlessness, appetite loss, weight loss, greenishcolored diarrhea and labored breathing.
•
Psittacosis
____________________________________________________________
•
Treat birds with chlortetracycline-impregnated seed for at least 21 days.
Bumblefoot
•
A painful ailment associated with
___________________________________________
•
Symptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white fluid and not walking or clasping onto perch.
•
Prevent by using suitable perches and sanitation.
•
Treatment is with antibiotics.
Viral Diseases in Birds
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
•
A.K.A. French Molt
•
Viral disease that attacks the immune system.
•
Symptoms become evident at the first molt when new feathers do not emerge or are deformed and break off.
•
Nails may be soft, overgrown, and lose their pigment.
•
There is no cure for this disease.
•
Treatment is with vitamins, minerals, and control of secondary diseases through sanitation.
Newcastle Disease
•
Viral disease that has
___________________________________________________
•
Imported birds are the main source of possible infection.
59

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Symptoms: Respiratory difficulty (wheezing) followed by tremors, wing droop, and a twisted neck.
•
Birds should be vaccinated to prevent the disease.
Nutritional Problems in Birds
Goiter
•
Swelling of the ________________________________________________ in the neck and interference with breathing.
•
Major cause is iodine deficiency.
•
Especially a problem for budgerigars
Rickets (Osteomalacia)
•
Imbalance or deficient amount of calcium, phosphorus, or Vitamin D3 that causes deterioration or softening of the bones.
•
Symptoms: lameness, stiff-legged gait, constant resting in the squatting position, decreased growth.
•
Oyster shell or coarse limestone in the diet and Vitamin D3 supplementation is the best preventative.
Obesity
•
Too much food, not enough activity or seeds high in fat.
•
Bird owners should avoid feeding too many sunflower seeds if obesity is a problem.
Other Aviary Problems
Overgrown Claws
•
Can result in injury if they become entangled in the cage.
•
May be clipped with pet nail clippers.
•
Avoid the pinkish streak in the center of the claw. It is a blood vessel.
Feather Plucking
•
Boredom, bad diet, needs mate, lack of bathing
•
Birds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening.
•
Preening is
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Symptoms of Problems with Birds
•
Sleeping on two legs may indicate that a bird is uncomfortable or ailing. Birds normally
______________________________________________________________________.
•
A bird that fluffs its feathers out is usually chilled and trying to
___________________ ____________________________________.
•
If feces are runny, a digestive ailment may be the problem.
•
Not flying and lack of activity may indicate the bird is sick.
•
Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.
•
Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.
•
Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated with sickness.
Prevention of Diseases and Ailments
•
Select a healthy bird
•
Place bird in a dry, warm, draft-free place
•
Subject the bird to little stress
•
No other animals should be around
•
Quarantine and observation period of at least 3-4 weeks before introducing to other birds.
•
Keep perches and cage clean
•
Sanitation is extremely important —should provide fresh food and water.
•
Bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on mites
– Small birds prefer to bathe in a container which may be placed in the cage at regular intervals for 30 minute time periods.
– Large birds need to be sprayed with a fine mist from a plant sprayer.
Mist should be sprayed above the animal and allowed to filter down. Do not saturate, but gently spray 2-3 times per week.
At the First Sign of Illness
61

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Cage temperature should be maintained between 85-90 degrees F.
– Move the cage to a warmer location
– Adjust the temperature with a light bulb near the cage or a heating pad under the cage.
– Provide 2 or 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable temperature
•
Partially cover the cage to prevent drafts
•
Provide quick energy fluids such as
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Diseases of the Aquarium
Signs and Symptoms of Disease
•
Fish are behaving unusual/strange
•
Fish are floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the aquarium.
•
Fins are unusually lying flat against the body.
•
Rolled caudal fins
•
A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.
•
Fish appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.
•
Breathing seems unusually faster and deeper than normal.
•
Fish is at the surface gasping for air.
•
Rubbing/scratching against objects in the aquarium.
•
Not interested in eating.
•
Belly appears caved in or unusually thin.
•
Belly appears bloated or swollen.
•
Color of fish has changed or unusual.
•
Fin appears frayed.
•
Back and spinal column appear distorted.
•
Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.
•
White spots are covering the body.
•
Scales that stick out from the body instead of lying flat.
62

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Protruding eyes
•
Anal discharge hanging from the fish.
Parasites of Fish
White Spot (Ich)
•
Caused by the parasitic organism Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and causes numerous white spots on the body and fins of a stressed fish.
_____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Slime Disease
•
Parasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of mucus. May cause death if it attacks the __________________________________
Hole-In-The-Head
•
Organism Hexsamita live under skin in muscle tissue and make the tissue break down and skin opens up to make the fish
__________________________________________.
Velvet Disease
•
Organism Oodinium penetrates skin cells and feed on fish.
White Fungus Growth
•
White growth around mouth, fins, eye, and gills. A secondary infection is usually present already.
Flukes
•
Worm-like parasite that attaches to the gills and body of the fish.
Anchor Worms
•
Adhere and burrow under scales to attack the muscles
Fish Lice
•
Attach to body of fish and pierce skin to
_____________________________________
Bacterial Diseases Affecting Fish
Fin Rot
•
Where the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear frayed and ragged, lose their color and the tissue between the fins breaks down.
Mouth Fungus
•
Caused by bacteria with a white tufty material appearing around the mouth and white patches on the skin.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Neon Disease
•
Caused by parasite Plistophora hyphessobryconis. This organism is found in the fish’s body tissue where it causes the production of spores which are released when it dies.
Tuberculosis
•
Causes by bacteria that invades the organs and tissues of the body.
Pseudomonas and Aeromonas
•
Secondary infections in fish that are already sick. Fish have swollen bellies, lesions or ulcers.
Environmental Problems
•
Lack of oxygen and overabundance or carbon dioxide can be readily observed when almost all of the fish are swimming near the surface gulping for air.
•
Incorrect water pH-causes respiratory problems and excess mucus production.
•
Chemical filtration ability reduced and ammonia builds up —observed by cloudy, murky water
•
Gravel filtration system pollution buildup of iron sulphite can be observed by the black color on the gravel.
Treatment
•
Use of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before the fish are returned.
•
Placement of fish in a hospital tank for treatment before returning to normal tank.
•
Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.
Amphibians and Reptiles
Salmonella
•
Bacterial disease that can be transmitted to humans.
•
Affects the digestive tract and causes watery, green foul-smelling diarrhea.
Mouth Rot
•
Fungal disease associated with sores or open wounds in the mouth.
Mites and Ticks
•
External parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles.
•
Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.
64

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Symptoms: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of appetite, possible death.
65

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT E- DOGS
13.00 Use information specific to each breed to select to select the best dog for a given trait
Seven Major Groups of Dogs
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
●
_________________________________________
■ Parson Russell Terrier according to the AKC
Sporting
●
Twenty-four breeds make up the sporting group
●
Pointers
■ Dogs developed about 200 years ago from England
■ Named from the stance they take when finding game
●
___________________________________________________ in
■ combination with white or solid color
●
●
●
●
●
●
Irish Setter
Less coat care due to ____________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Noted for its ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
●
Mahogany or rich chestnut red with no trace of black in the coat color
●
__________________________________________ than English setters
■
■
Used for all types of game, but train slower than some other breeds
Ideal show dog, but _________________________________________
66

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
American Cocker Spaniels
■ Smallest members of the sporting dog family
●
Sandy color with elegant appearance and cheerful disposition
■ Soft-hearted dog that makes an ________________________________
___________________________________________________________
●
Labrador Retrievers
■ Active water dog that was _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
■ Very dependable
● One of the best used breeds for guide dogs or for _____________
_____________________________________________________
■
■
__________________________________________________________
● Colors of _____________________________________________
Usually not as tall as pointers
The Hounds
●
Hunts by scent or by sight
●
The greyhound and Alghan hound hunt by sight, while most others hunt by smell
●
Basset hound
■ __________________________________________________________
■ __________________________________________________________ than any other breed for its size
●
Gentle, devoted dogs that are good with children, but may be
■
■
_____________________________________________________
Usually ____________________________________________________
Not exceeding _________________ in height
■ Weighs ______________________on average
●
Beagles
■ Noted for their ______________________________________________
■
■
■
Make great pets and companions
Weight and Height
●
____________________________________________________
●
____________________________________________________
Colors range from a blue with __________________________________
67

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
___________________________________________________________
●
Bloodhounds
■ One of the most docile of all breeds
■
■
■
Can ______________________________________________________
Disposition:
●
●
●
●
Affectionate, but somewhat shy
Non aggressive
Excellent pets for children
____________________________________________________
Colors range from tawny to black and tan or red and tan
■ __________________________________________________________
●
Dachshund
■ Perfected in the _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
● Dachshunds are ____________________________________________
●
●
●
Long bodied muscular dogs
__________________ pounds
__________________ at the shoulder
● Lively and courageous
● A barker that makes a good watchdog
● Good with children
● Used mainly as a _______________________________________
●
Greyhounds
■
__________________________________________________________
■
●
Greyhounds are good at hunting all types of game
Because of its speed, they were used in packs to __________________
___________________________________________________________
●
■
■
■
Used in the United States for______________________________
Valuable as a _________________________
■
Need lots of exercise
Not suited for apartment dwelling
Not recommended as a companion dog for children
The Terrier Group
●
Developed to hunt ________________________________
●
Its name is derived from the Latin word _______________________________
●
Two subgroups:
68

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■ _____________________________________
■ _____________________________________
●
Bull Terriers
●
Cross of the _______________________________________________
____________________________________ that were used for dogfights
■
Loving and affectionate
■
Will readily fight to protect themselves or their master
●
●
●
■
White or colored:
White (may have some black markings about the head)
Colored bull terriers are any color but white, with ___________________
___________________________________________________________
●
Fox Terrier
Either smooth or wired, depending on ____________________________
___________________________________________________________
● _____________________________should be the dominant color
■
One of the Best known and most widely distributed purebred dogs
● Noted for their courage in hunting animals that _______________
_____________________________________________________
● Fox terriers are easy to train
●
●
Affectionate
Good companion dogs
Working Dogs
●
Perform a service to humans
■ _____________________________________________
■
■
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
■ _____________________________________________
●
Great Dane
■ One of two largest breeds of dogs
■
■
■
Friendly companion or watchdog.
Weight
●
_________________________ for females
●
_________________________ for males
Height at the shoulder
●
____________ for females
●
____________ for males
69

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
Saint Bernards
■ __________________________________________________________
■
Excellent sense of smell
■
■
Coat made it suitable to perform rescue in extreme mountain climate conditions
Peaceful, quiet, and gentle dog
● ____________________________________________________
● Makes a good companion dog
■ Color
●
●
Siberian Husky
Red with white markings or white with red markings
■
__________________________________________________________
■
■
■
■
■
Endurance sled dog
Found its home in ____________________
● Began to win the ______________________________________ in the early 1900’s
Friendly and gentle dog
● May be stubborn and ill around children
Not aggressiveness or protective
● ____________________________________________________
Color
● Pure white to all other colors including black
Herding Dogs
●
Developed to assist the ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
●
Shetland sheepdog
■ __________________________________________________________
■
■
Excellent family pets and companion dogs
●
●
●
Docile
Devoted dog
Intelligent
Color
●
Black, blue merle, and sable with markings of white and/or tan
Toys
●
______________________________________________________________
70

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
Most often used as house pets and companions
●
Chihuahua
■ Named for the state of ________________________________________
■
■
Smallest breed of dog in the world
●
____________________________________________________
Noted as a _________________________________________________
●
Does not like other breeds of dogs
■ Courageous, energetic, lively, alert, and intelligent
●
Pekingese
■ ______________________________________
■
■
Extremely affectionate with its owner
●
Make good watchdogs or lapdogs for apartment dwellers
Will show great courage
●
____________________________________________________
Require _____________________________________ to prevent decay ■
■
●
Pug
Needs frequent coat care to keep its long, fine hair well groomed
■
■
Very old breed
Noted for its __________________________________________; short, square muzzle; deep wrinkled forehead; and large, massive head
■ Intelligent
■ Affectionate
●
Enjoy lots of attention
●
Love children
■ Easily trained
●
Shih Tzu
■ Chinese breed with a _________________________________________
●
Requires constant care to prevent matting and knotting
■
■
Color
●
Eyes and nose are rim black with any coat color
Looks like a ________________________________________________
●
Has an aristocratic, arrogant carriage
Non-sporting
●
Miscellaneous breeds
71

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
Used mainly for companion dogs
●
Dalmatian
■ Calm, quiet dog
● Intelligent
■
Has been used as a trail hound for ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Most notably used as a _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Will follow their master if at all possible regardless of the mode of the master’s travel
■
●
●
●
Color
●
Thrives on human companionship
Natural as guardians
Love children
White with black spots or white with liver brown spots
●
Poodle
■
■
Very intelligent
● ____________________________________________________
Known as the national dog of __________________________________
● Used as a ____________________________________________
■
■
■
_____________________________________________________
● Used today as companion and show dogs
All colors with an even and solid coat color at the skin
Weight
● Standards average ________________ pounds for females and
__________________ pounds for males
● Miniature varieties average ______________ pounds for females and
______________ pounds for males
● Toy Poodles average ________________ pounds for females and
__________________ pounds for males
Height at the shoulder
● Standards are __________________
● Miniature varieties average ___________________
● Toy Poodles are _________________
Exceptions
Breeds not included in the seven major Groups
●
The Jack Russell Terrier
72

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
● Developed around 200 years ago in England by a clergyman,
___________________________________________________________
● Known for its _______________________________________________
● The dog may have a smooth or wirehaired coat
■
■
■
Color
● White with black or tan markings or a combination of the three colors
Weight
● ____________________ pounds
Height
● At the shoulder _____________________
Breed Considerations
Size
■ Large or small based on space requirements both for the dog and for what you have available
■
Will it be inside or outside?
●
Chihuahua
■
_______________________________________________
●
Mastiff
■ Weighs _______________________and are best suited for
________________________________________________
Temperament
■ Active or quiet breed
●
Fox terrier
■ _______________________________________________
●
Labrador and a Sheepdog
■ _______________________________________________
Hair Coat
■ Type of hair coat determines grooming requirements
●
Longhaired or wirehaired
■ More grooming
■ Prone to skin disease
●
Short haired
■ Brings less dirt inside
Purpose of dog
■ Is the dog for sporting, hunting, service, companion,show, guard, or racing?
Price of dog
73

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■ Depends on demand
●
More common breeds are typically less expensive
●
Less common breeds can be more expensive
Source
●
______________________________________________
■ buys from local breeders
●
______________________________________________
■ purebreds and mixed breeds
●
______________________________________________
■ if wanting a purebred
●
______________________________________________
■ works for a companion or family dog
Use?
■
■
Cost?
■
Pedigree?
■
■
Affects all other considerations
__________________________________________________________
Mixed breed less expensive than a purebred pedigreed animal
__________________________________________________________
Very important for show or hunting
Sex?
■
■
Will it be spayed or neutered?
Used for breeding?
Age?
■
■
Puppy
●
____________________________________________________
●
____________________________________________________
●
May get bigger in size than expected
Adults
●
You know the size it is
●
Already trained
Conformation
■ General structure
●
Look
●
Make-up of animal
74

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■ important for show to meet breed requirements will it be able to swim
■ run after game if for hunting or sporting
Family history?
■ ____________________________________
■ ____________________________________
Personal preference?
■ What color you like
■ What markings do you like
Grooming
Hair
●
Daily brushing recommended
■ To________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
●
Check for mats in long hair
■ Tease with comb ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________
●
Cut burrs by ____________________________________
________________________________________________
●
Terriers and wirehaired breeds
■ Need plucking
●
A stripping knife is used to _________________________
________________________________________________
●
_____________________________________is used with the stripping knife to pluck hair
Cleaning the Ears
●
Clean once a month
●
Use cotton swab or soft cloth _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
●
Only ear parts that can be seen should be cleaned
●
Use a finger, never a sharp or pointed object
●
Check for _________________________________________________
Cleaning the Eyes
75

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
Use _____________________________________________________ to remove any irritating substance
●
Check for any _____________________________________________
Cleaning the Teeth
●
Clean regularly to prevent ____________________________________
●
Use small toothbrush with soft bristles
●
Use a mix of ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
●
Clean from the gum line to the tips of teeth
●
_________________________________________________________ help maintain healthy teeth
●
Clean 1 to 2 times per week
Nail Care
●
Trimmed occasionally
●
______________________________________________ when cutting
●
Avoid cutting the nail bed which will cause bleeding
■ ____________________________________
●
Stops bleeding
●
Use clippers not scissors
Health concerns for dogs
Dog diseases
Infectious diseases
■ Caused by _________________________________________________
Kennel Cough (tracheobronchitis)
●
_________________________________________________________
●
Contracted in confinement
■ pet shops
■ dog shows
■ kennels
●
Symptom: cough
Rabies
76

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
Viral disease
■ Attacks the central nervous system
●
_________________________________________________________
●
Symptoms:
■ Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite
■ Severe can be within 10 days
●
_________________________________________________
■ act strange then wander off
■ attack and bite anything
■ frothing at the mouth
●
__________________________________________________
■ no wandering but paralysis of lower jaw
■ followed by paralysis of body and death
Canine Brucellosis
■ _____________________________________________
■
■
Causes ______________________________________
■ Failure to whelp
Enlargement of the lymph nodes
Swelling of the ______________________________________________ ■
Salmonellosis
■
■ bacterial disease ingestion of ________________________________________________
Noninfectious Dog Diseases
Cataracts
■
■
__________________________________________________________ can be hereditary or not
■
■ can cause blindness found mostly _______________________________________________
Fungal diseases
Ringworm
■ __________________________________________________________
■ Symptoms
● begin as __________________________________ around the face ears, or feet
77

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
●
____________________________________________________
● crusting and scaling in severe cases
Internal Parasites
Ascarids
■ __________________________________________________________
■
■
■
Affect mainly puppies
● deprive them of nutrients
●
Severe infestation will cause a ___________________________
_____________________________________________________
Transmitted by female dogs to puppies
Danger to ___________________________
External Parasites
Fleas
■
■
■
__________________________________________________________
● move rapidly over the skin
Develop from eggs to adult in as little as 16 days
● first detected in the ____________________________________ area
● cause irritation and extreme itching
Controlled with ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Ticks
■
■
■
■
__________________________________________________________
●
Two main families
__________________________________
●
●
Brown dog tick can survive indoors
American dog tick lives in grass and on shrubs
__________________________________
●
Spirose Ear tick larvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canal
Poisons
Plants
■
■
Philodendron
Dieffenbachia (Dumbcane)
78

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■
●
____________________________________________________
Pothos
Caladium
● contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals
●
____________________________________________________
Household chemicals and cleaners
■ Can cause sickness if ingested
●
______________________________________
●
______________________________________
●
______________________________________
●
______________________________________
●
______________________________________
Rodenticides
■ Used for rodent control
●
Strychnine & warfarin
■ _______________________________________________
■ _______________________________________________
Antifreeze
■
■
■
Common source
__________________________________________
Symptoms:
●
____________________________________
●
____________________________________
79

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT F-CATS
15.00 Use information specific to each breed to choose the best cat for a given use.
Cat Breeds
•
Differ in ___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
•
For our discussions we will focus on the two major types of hair:
–
–
Shorthaired Breeds
Longhaired Breeds
Shorthair Breeds
Abyssinian
•
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
•
Medium sized
–
Muscular cat
•
______________________ shaped eyes
•
Very active
–
Fond of water
–
Can be taught to __________________________
American Shorthair
(Domestic Shorthair)
•
Came to __________________________________________________
•
34 recognized color patterns
–
_______________________________ is the most common color
•
Medium to large sized
•
Affectionate
– makes great lap cat
Bombay (1958)
•
Relatively new breed resulting from _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
–
Medium sized cat
–
Jet black
80

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
__________________________________________ colored eyes
•
Disposition
–
Graceful, charming, and get along well with others, even strangers
Burmese
•
Originated in _______________________________________________
•
1930’s
•
Cross between _____________________________________________
–
–
–
Medium-sized
Sable-brown in color with gold eyes
Good disposition, enjoy being held
•
Can become bossy, stubborn, and angry
Cornish Rex
•
Small to medium size
•
__________________________________________________________
•
Must be kept _______________________________________________
– lacks ________________________________________ to protect it from the elements
Devon Rex
•
Resulted from ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
–
Medium sized cat with wavy hair coat
–
Large, wide-based ears are set low and distinctive to this breed
Korat
•
Highly prized, ______________________________________________
–
Protective of family members, and reserved with strangers
•
Medium-sized cat
–
Silver blue fur tipped with silver
•
Produces a ________________________________________________
Manx
•
Among earliest European breeds
– result of a genetic mutation
•
Medium-sized
– affectionate cat
– tends to be better in one-to-one relationships
•
________________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
_____________________________________________________
– others have a short tail __________________________________
– some have a long tail ___________________________________
Siamese
•
Known for one-on-one devotion to one person
•
Eye color is always __________________________________________
•
Head forms an _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
–
–
–
Very little pigmentation in color pattern
Pigmentation is darker at the points
Color is restricted to the points: ___________________________
_____________________________________________________
•
Medium-sized
– very long and refined
•
Siamese cats are very unpredictable; however, they are described as
___________________________________________________________
•
•
Fearless cats of extraordinary intelligence.
Siamese cats are particularly sensitive to vaccinations and anesthetics
Singapura
•
Small breed
•
Known for its’ quiet, shy disposition
•
Males weigh at most _________________________________
•
Females usually weigh less than ________________________
Snowshoe Breed
•
Medium to large size
– Similar to American Shorthair
•
–
–
________________________________________
– Bright blue eyes are large, oval
Ears are large and broad at base
Wedge shaped head
•
The mask, tail, ears, and legs are usually defined seal or blue with the masking colors covering the entire face, except for inverted white V-shaped pattern over mouth and nose
Sphynx
•
•
__________________________________________________________
Known for its _______________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
–
–
Indoor cat
– cannot survive outdoors depends upon people for survival
Constantly _________________
•
•
Adores body contact and is very affectionate
Normal body temperature is 4°F higher than most other breeds
– unable to store body fat
– must eat more frequently to maintain its body temperature
Longhair Breeds
Birman
•
Sturdy cat of medium to large size
•
Long, silky coat that does not mat
– requires little care
•
Very sociable
– needs the company of others
•
__________________________________________________________
–
Eyes are round
–
Ears are medium with rounded tips
Maine Coon
•
Oldest natural breed in _______________________________________
– native American origin
•
Large-sized
– reaches 12 -18 pounds
•
_______________________________________ is the best known color
•
Lovable and friendly
– has a tiny voice that ____________________________________
Persian
•
•
__________________________________________________________
•
–
–
Medium to large size
– short, compact body
– large head
– small rounded ears
Well mannered easy going quiet cats
83

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
•
•
Make good apartment cats and excellent companions
__________________________________________________________
Requires regular bathing
– removes ___________________________________from the coat
Ragdoll
•
Originated in the ____________________________________________
•
Exceptionally large
•
Heavy breed
•
Blue eyes
•
Docile, quiet, and composed
– named because _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________
– take a ____________________________________when handled
Selecting a Pet Cat
The Cat vs. The Dog
•
Requires less care
– independent nature
•
Lower feeding cost
– smaller
•
Initial purchase price is less
Qualities to consider
•
Adult cats are better for elderly or busy owners
•
Kittens adapt quickly
•
Females reach sexual maturity at ______________________________
– estrus cycle __________________________________________
•
Friendly affectionate pets
– “they don’t usually kill or injure small children”
•
Pedigree animals have certain characteristics
– most cats are mixed breeds
•
Long haired breeds require frequent grooming
– require air conditioned facilities
•
Mixed breeds are cheaper to purchase.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Choosing a healthy cat
1. Look for signs of health
–
____________________________________________________
–
–
–
–
____________________________________________________
Nose should be _______________________________________
Clean glossy coat
Free of mats
2. Look for signs of illness
–
–
Discharge from the eyes or nose
Buildup of wax in the ears
•
_______________________________________________
–
External Parasites
•
Fleas
–
Internal Parasites
•
Potbellied cats may indicate ________________________
________________________________________________
Grooming Cats
•
Removes old and dead hair
•
Provides opportunity to check for:
–
Parasites
–
–
–
Skin disorders
Eye problems
Ear problems
Longhaired Cats
•
•
Need daily care to keep free of _________________________________
–
–
–
–
Equipment
– Combs
Blunt end scissors
Nail clippers
Grooming brush
Grooming powder
•
Procedures for longhair cats
–
1st-Use a wide tooth comb for animal
–
2nd- Use a small toothed comb
85

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
Once all tangles are out, brush hair in opposite direction of growth occasionally and sprinkle grooming powder
•
_____________________________________________
________________________________________
–
Check for ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Grooming Tools
•
Comb with two sizes of teeth (fine toothed and a flea comb).
•
Nail Clippers
•
Grooming brush natural bristles ________________________________
___________________________________________________________
•
Grooming powder such as ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Shorthair Grooming
•
Rubber grooming brush
•
Fine-toothed/ flea comb
•
Soft chamois, silk, nylon pad
•
Rubber grooming brush
–
Avoid removing good hair
Bathing Cats
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Start bathing as early as ______________________________________
Avoid splashing or running water when cat is present
Use __________________________inches of warm water
Gently lower cat into the water until the entire cat is wet
Keep water our of eyes and ears
Apply a baby shampoo to the wet coat, lather and rinse
Medicated shampoo for fleas
Towel dry __________________________________________________
Other Grooming
•
Check teeth and gums
–
____________________________________________________
•
Check for ear mites
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
–
________________________________________indicates mites
Use ear drops to treat
•
Used special clippers to trim claws
–
–
Do not cut into pink area of claw, __________________________
Scratching post helps to reduce claw trimming
Health concerns for cats
Diseases
Infectious
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cat Distemper (FPV)
Feline herpes virus (FHV)
Feline calicivirus (FCV)
Feline Rhinotracheitis (FVR)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Leukemia (FeLV)
Feline Enteric Corona virus (FECV)
Rabies
Feline Panleukopenia (FPV)
•
Feline distemper
– caused by a __________________________________________
–
–
–
Abnormally low white blood cell count
Affects young cats
____________________________________________________
•
Spread by direct contact but also from food and water, bedding, litter boxes, etc.
•
Symptoms:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Depression loss of appetite high fever lethargy vomiting diarrhea dehydration
Feline herpes virus (FHV)
•
Caused by respiratory virus infection
87

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
– transmitted through ____________________________________
•
Can ______________________________________________________
•
Symptoms
–
–
–
–
– depression sneezing coughing severe eye and nasal discharges increase in temperature
Feline Enteris Corona virus (FECV)
•
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
•
Symptoms: low grade fever, vomiting, soft or watery diarrhea, blood in the feces and dehydration.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus (FIP)
•
__________________________________________________________
•
Affect those with weak immune systems
•
__________________________________________________________
•
Symptoms:
–
–
–
– fever loss of appetite depression weight loss
Non-infectious
–
Feline Urological syndrome (fus)
–
–
Entropion
Wet eye
Wet Eye
–
–
__________________________________________________________ blockage of drainage canal causing the tears to overflow at the inner corner of the eyes
88

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Feline Urologic syndrome (fus)
•
A feline urinary tract disease also referred to as FLUTD
•
•
May range from mild inflammation to blockage of the urethra
__________________________________________________________
Internal Parasites
•
____________________________- prtozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii infection
•
____________________________-Toxocara cati
•
____________________________-Ancylostoma tubaeforme
•
____________________________-Dipylidium caninum
External Parasites
•
____________________________- Felicola subrostratus
•
____________________________-denidex cati
•
____________________________-Notoedres cati
•
______________________________-ear mites, walking dandruff mites, chiggers, fleas and ticks.
Fungal Diseases and Poisonings
•
Cats and dogs share the same concerns for fungal diseases and poisonings
–
Insecticides
–
–
–
–
Plants
Household cleaners
Rodenticides
Antifreeze
89

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT G-RABBITS, FERRETS, AND POCKET PETS
17.00 Summarize the use of Rabbits, Ferrets, and Pocket Pets
Rabbits
■
■
Developed into forty-five recognized breeds
Divided into five weight categories
❑ ______________________________________
❑
❑
❑
❑
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Dwarf or Miniature Breeds
■ Britannia Petite
■
■
Netherland Dwarf
Himalayan
Himalayan
■
■
One of the oldest and widest distributions
Young rabbits are ___________________________________________
❑
Matures rabbits become ________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Small Breeds
■
■
■
Dutch
Tan
Florida White
Dutch
■
■
Originated in Holland and developed in England
Unique color markings
❑ colored patches on each side of the head that _______________
_____________________________________________________
❑ rear half is also colored the same as _______________________
Florida White
■
Developed in Florida
❑ Crossed with _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
■
Short and compact
❑ well-rounded hips and hindquarters
■
Bred for a _________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
___________________________________________________________
Medium Breeds
■
English Spot
■
■
■
■
■
Standard Chinchilla
English Angora
Belgian Hare
Rhinelander
Rex
English Spot
■
■
Introduced to US from England
A unique chair of markings, the size of a pea, run from the ___________
___________________________________________________________
English Angora
■
Has a short, compact body and the head, ears, feet, and body are
___________________________________________________________
Large Breeds
■
■
■
■
■
■
Californian
Cinnamon
American
English Lop
New Zealand
Silver Fox
English Lop
■
■
_________________________________________________________
Body is medium length with well arched back and low head carriage
New Zealand
■
■
Leading choice for __________________________________________
White is preferred because ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Giant
■
Giant Angora
91

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■
French Lop
Flemish Giant
Giant Angora
■
■
Developed for maximum amount of _____________________________
Has the body structure of a commercial animal with a unique coat structure
French Lop
■
Ears are shorter than the English Lop and ________________________
________________________ shape from the crown approximately 1 ½ inches or more below the muzzle
Flemish Giant
■
■
Originated in Belgium
This is the _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Pocket Pets
■
■
Not defined by breeds
Grouped by ________________________________________________
Golden Hamster
■ Adults reach _________________ long
❑ weigh about ___________________
■ Rich mahogany or orange color on the back with a white or creamy colored underside
❑ ________________________________ is usually present along the side of the cheeks
Long-haired or ______________________ hamsters have long, silky fur ■
Gerbils
■
■
■
Adult gerbils reach ______________ long nose to tail
Weigh ____________________
Mongolian Gerbil
❑ reddish brown to dark brown
Rats
■ Black
❑
❑
❑ tail is ________________________________________________ ears are about half as long as the head color is usually black or dark gray with a brown or gray-white underside
■ Brown
92

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑
❑
❑
❑
_____________________________________________________ tail is always shorter than the head and body thicker and more robust short and more rounded ears
❑ fur is ______________________________________ on the back with
____________________________________ on the underside
Mice
■ Self colors
❑ ___________________________
■ Tans
❑ any color with _______________________
■ Piebald or pied marked mice
❑ ____________________________________________________
■ Satins
❑ any color or markings with _______________________________
Guinea Pig
■ Adults guinea pigs
❑ reach ____________________________________
❑ weigh from _______________________________
■ Guinea pigs have very sensitive hearing and can __________________
___________________________________________________________
■ Self-defense for guinea pigs is to _______________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ Types:
❑ Abyssinian
■
■ rough, wiry hair coat the hair is made up of swirls or cowlicks
❑
❑ called_____________________
American
■ hair is short, very glossy and fine in texture
Peruvian
■
■ longhaired variety that may reach _____________in length since guinea pigs do not have a tail it is difficult to distinguish the
❑ front from the back of the Peruvian. _______
________________________________________________
Satin
■ coat is fine, dense, and soft
Chinchillas
■ Adults range in length from ________________________
93

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■
■
■
❑
❑
Standard
❑ _________________________________ that is most popular
White tail of ___________________ weigh ___________________
❑ _____________________________________________________
Beige
❑ _____________________________________________________
Black
❑ has a black undercoat, very narrow ________________________
_____________________________________________________
Ferrets
■
■
Common Sable
❑ ranges from light to dark, depending on the shade of both the
_____________________________________________________
❑ the underfur ranges from ________________________________
White
■
❑
❑ red-eyed is referred to as ________________________________ there are a few black-eyed white
Sliver Mitt
❑ underfur of _________________with _______________________ of
■ black and white
❑ gives a ______________________________________________
Sterling Silver
❑ similar to Silver Mitt but with ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
■
■
Butterscotch
❑ underfur is same as sable but the guard hairs, mask, and hood colorings are ___________________________________________
Cinnamon
❑ underfur is white or off-white and guard hairs that are __________
_____________________________________________________
Uses of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket pets
Rabbits
■
Meat
❑
❑
High in ___________________________
Low in ______________________________________________
94

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑
Very _____________________________
■
❑
❑
❑
❑
Research and laboratory
❑ Florida White
■ Developed as a __________________________________
________________________________________________
Used to produce disease fighting antibodies
Study _______________________________________________
Research ____________________________________________
Skin irritation tests
■ test the reaction of ________________________________
________________________________________________
■
Have been used in tests for cosmetics
❑
❑ do not have __________________________________________ cannot shed tears to dilute chemicals put into their eyes
■
■
Most companies do not use this test anymore
Fur/wool-divided into four types
❑ Normal
■ regular rabbit
❑ Rex
❑
■
Angora short
■ like wool
❑ Satin
■
■ mutation fur smaller in diameter
■
■ transparent outer shell
Compared to sheep’s wool, rabbit’s wool is _______________________
___________________________________________________________
❑
❑
Does not cause irritation to skin
Not as scratchy
■ Used in the manufacturing
❑ Clothing
❑
❑
❑
❑
Toys
Coats
Hats
Gloves
■
Pets
❑ With diversity in size they can fit into different home situations
95

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■
■
Trainable to use __________________________________
Require little special care
Clean, gentle, and lovable pets
Hamsters
■
■
Used in ___________________________________________________
Found that they could be _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________
■ Golden hamster
❑ most abundant hamster used for research and pets
■ Dwarf/small desert hamsters
❑ make good pets
❑ Children have more problem handling them due to ____________
_____________________________________________________
Gerbils
■
Japanese scientists were the first to _____________________________
❑ easy to work with
❑ gentle
❑ active during the day
❑ have no special food or housing requirements
■ ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________
■ popular pets
Rats
■
■
White albino rats
❑ Have been of major importance in _________________________
_____________________________________________________
■ used in developing drugs
❑ studies
■ studying diseases, nutrition, aging, and other topics
Intelligent and have the ability to learn so have been used in behavioral
_____________________________________
❑ especially have been accepted as pets
Mice
■
Used for medical and biological research
96

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑ especially with hereditary studies
■
■
Pet mice are _______________________________________________
When handled frequently, show little tendency to __________________
___________________________________________________________
Guinea pigs
■
Bred originally for ___________________________________________
❑
Still used by the native people of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia as a
_____________________________________________________
■
Used for research on pathology, nutrition, genetics, toxicology, and serum development
■
■
Used by Louis Pasteur in his research on ___________________
Used also as a pet
Chinchillas
■
Used as a source of fur for thousands of years
❑
Brought to ___________________________________________ to breed for their fur
❑
Many furs are sold as a group
■ Requires _______________________________________
________________________________________________
■
Used as pets since the __________________
Ferrets
■
■
■
■
Recently been found to be wonderful pets
❑ have a musky smell and need to be ________________________
❑ males also need to be __________________________________
Used in the 1800s for ________________________________________
❑ run into holds and run the rodents out
■ leave a scent behind that would trigger fear
Help ___________________________________ in hard to reach places
Used in scientific research
❑ catch the _____________________________________________
Diseases of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket pets
General Disease Prevention
1. Maintain good sanitation
❑ Remove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularly
97

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑
❑
Remove urine and feces contaminated feed regularly
Keep fresh water available at all times
2. Provide a good environment that:
❑ Is free of drafts
❑ Has low humidity
■ higher humidity contributes to _______________________
❑
❑
❑
________________________________________________
Maintains a constant temperature
Adequate ventilation
■ This helps prevent respiratory diseases
Feed and appropriate ration
General Disease Treatment
■ Isolate sick animals from others
■
■
Remove and replace bedding, etc. from the cage of a sick animal
Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new bedding
■ Use _______________________________________________ routinely when disease is a constant threat
■
■
Use proper treatments and antibiotics if recommended
Dispose of dead animals properly _______________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ _____________________animals that do not show signs of improvement
■
■
■
Improve environmental conditions that may be causing disease
Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseases
Use recommended pesticides to control pest
Rabbit Diseases
Enteritis
❑
❑
Intestinal tract inflammation
Probably the most common cause of ____________________________
___________________________________________________________
❑ __________________________________________________________
____________________________________ all contribute to the disease.
❑ Symptoms
■ diarrhea stained with blood
■
■
Off Feed, but drink lots of water and grind their teeth
_____________________________________________________
■ Prevention
❑ best accomplished through proper environment, sanitary
98

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■ conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber and lower in energy, and control of rodents and birds that may carry the disease
Treatment using broad spectrum antibiotics
Snuffles
■ Aggravated by stressful conditions such as _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
■ Symptoms:
❑ persistent _____________________________
❑ ____________________________________________________
■ Prevention and treatment:
❑ Reduce stress through proper environment
Mastitis
■
■
■
Inflammation of mammary tissue; also called ______________________
❑ May cause ___________________________________________
❑ Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurse, and nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young
Treat by removing concentrates from the diet for 72 hours
When widespread cases in the rabbitry exist, clean and disinfect all nesting boxes
Hamster Diseases
Wet tail – also called _______________________________
■ Description: The most important disease of hamsters. Enteritis is caused by
________________________________________________________
❑ wetness around the tail and rear of the animal, caused by a
■
_____________________________________________________
❑ high death rate occurs within ___________________ of symptoms appearing
❑ most often associated with poor sanitation caused by
_____________________________________________________
Prevention and treatment:
❑ Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages and equipment and isolate infected animals
❑
Keep temperatures around 70°F
■ avoid estivation (____________________________________________) when temperatures go above 80°F or hibernation when temperatures go below 50°F
❑ Keep cage at constant temperature and avoid drafts
99

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑ Animals often do not respond well to treatment
Gerbil Diseases
■ Gerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but ___________
___________________________________________________________
■ Symptoms:
■
❑ loss of appetite, constant sneezing, and runny eyes and nose
Avoid changing the temperature, drafts, damp condition, and overcrowding
■ Prevention and treatment:
❑ Best treatment is to reduce stress caused by overcrowding
■
(______________________________________________
__________________________________________), avoid drafts, humidity, and temperature fluctuations
Rat Diseases
■ Respiratory disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis is a common disease
■ Symptoms:
❑ _____________________________________________________
■
❑
❑
❑
❑ rubbing the eyes and nose
_____________________________________________________
Prevent with proper ventilation and good sanitation
❑ remove contaminated feed provide clean bedding maintain a draft free, constant temperature with low humidity
■ Treat with antibiotics added to water
❑ Isolate and eliminate affected animals if antibiotics added to the drinking water are ineffective
External parasites
■ Description: Polyplax spinulosa is a type of _______________________
___________________________________________________________
❑ Mites also cause hair loss, skin irritation, and may result in
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
■ Prevention and treatment:
❑ Treat lice and mites with flea powder every three to four days
❑ allow dust to stay on the animal for about ___________________ at the time
100

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Mice Diseases
Mice are hardy with the proper diet, housing, and exercise
■ Respiratory disease is caused by several organisms and result from environmental conditions such as changes in _______________________
___________________________________________________________
❑ Symptoms:
■ squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes, and fur
❑ loss
It is best to prevent infestation by eliminating environmental causes
■ ______________________________________________________ are responsible for many of the serious infectious diseases
■
❑
Mites –
Control with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.
❑ commonly infected with several mites that cause skin irritation and inflammation due to _____________________________________
❑
Control with insecticide.
Guinea Pig Diseases
Guinea pigs are very healthy under favorable environmental conditions
■
■
Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid problems
Description: Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a major problem and result in animals that are ____________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ Prevention and treatment:
❑ Maintain a good environment and immediate treatment with broadspectrum antibiotics accompanied with increased ______________
Chinchilla Diseases
Eye inflammation ____________________________
■ Symptoms:
❑ swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and pus formation
■ Isolate infected animals
❑ wash eyes gently with warm boric acid solution
❑ use ophthalmic medications
❑ Clean and disinfect cages and feed containers
Ferret Diseases
101

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Canine distemper – a disease that also affects dogs
■ Description: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ Symptoms include
■
■
❑ Discharge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, and diarrhea
Prevention and treatment:
❑
❑
Vaccinate at twelve weeks of age give boosters annually to prevent canine and feline distemper
Treatment is not effective
Housing and Feeding
Rabbit Housing and Equipment
■
■
Hutch size depends on the size of the animal
❑ small rabbits need cages 24“ wide x 24" long x 14" high
❑ large rabbits (over 12 pounds) needing 24" x 48"x 18" high
_________________________________________ is an active breed that needs even more space
■ Solid wood floors are needed for large breeds (over 12 pounds) to
___________________________________________________________
❑ Absorbent materials for solid floors should be replaced weekly, but cages
■ should be cleaned daily
Wire floors are easier to keep clean because ______________________
___________________________________________________________
■
❑ Cages for small rabbits will need to be cleaned once or twice a week
Control urine odor with _______________________________________ sprinkled in the corners of the collection tray
❑ replace absorbent material on a regular basis
■
■
Raise rabbits outside year-round
❑
❑ protect from winter wind provide air movement in hot we ather if temperature goes above 90°F
A ________________________________________________________ can help keep the rabbit cool in hot weather
■ Ventilation is a must
❑ avoid cool, damp, drafts
■
■
___________________ of daylight or artificial lighting promotes breeding
______________________________________________ that clip on the outside of the cage allow quick feeding and help eliminate waste
❑ Bowls take up cage space and are subject to be tipped over
■ Rabbits need a lot of water
102

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
❑
❑
❑
___________________________________________ is minimum
32 ounce bottle is better
Vaccum-type water bottles
■ clip on the outside of the cage
■ best for eliminating wet dewlaps and spills that can spoil bedding and result in lack of water for the pet
Feeding Rabbits
■ Best to use ________________________________________________ formulated to meet daily nutritional needs
❑ use fruits, vegetables, and leafy green foods in moderation to avoid gastrointestinal problems
❑ Grass hay, oats, corn, oatmeal, wheat germ, pieces of carrot, carrot tops, slices of apples and bananas, pineapple, and green beans are all acceptable
■ Young rabbits
❑ should not be fed leafy green vegetables
❑
❑ high water content results in _____________________________________________
Gerbil Housing and Equipment
Same as hamsters, but gerbils are more active and need more space
❑
❑
A breeding pair need 150 square inches of floor space
Multiple gerbils need 36 square inches of floor space
■
❑ Overcrowding can lead to cannabilism.
Gerbils can jump, so a ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
■ Avoid cotton and wool for bedding
■
❑ can cause blockage in the digestive system
__________________________________________________________ towels make excellent temporary tunnels and gerbils enjoy chewing them up
■ Only use solid plastic exercise wheels
❑ __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Feeding Gerbils
■ Easiest to use commercially prepared hard pellets
❑ Mixed rations should contain seed, corn, oats, wheat, and barley
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
■
❑
❑
Avoid sudden changes in the diet
Don’t overfeed greens (lettuce, cabbage, carrots, turnips, and beets)
■ may cause diarrhea
__________________________________________________________
❑
❑ adds variety to their diet feeding oilseed like sunflower may lead to ___________________
Gerbils do not drink much water, an 8 ounce drip-type water bottle is best
UNIT H- BIRDS
19.00 Summarize the use of birds as pets.
Parrot Family
■
Contains some of the smartest birds.
■
Many species can be taught to talk, are affectionate, and make excellent pets.
■
Members of the parrot family are known for their __________________
______________, especially the ________________________________
■
Includes Cockatoos, Cockatiels, Conures, Macaws, Parrots, Parakeets,
Lovebirds, Hanging Parakeets
Cockatoos
■
_________________ or tuft of feathers on the top of the head
■
Ability to mimic words and sounds
■
Intelligent
■
Range in length from 1330”
■
Popular birds that make excellent pets
■
Tame easily
Cockatiel
■
One of the most popular pet birds
■
About 12” long (the size of a small cockatoo)
■
Commonly found in pet stores at a reasonable price
■
________________________________________ are mostly available.
■
Ideal for beginners and youngsters
■
Easy to raise and affectionate
Blue and Gold Macaw
■
Up to 30” long
■
Most alert and intelligent of all macaws
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
Very curious and mischievous
■
Prices usually range from _____________________________________
■
This species is one of the more ________________________________ and most ___________________________________________________
African Gray Parrot
■
13” long
■
Primary color is __________________________
■
Very alert, intelligent and affectionate
■
Considered to be the ________________________________________
■
Voice closely resembles a ____________________________________
Budgerigarbudgie
■
Most popular _____________________________________ in the world
■
Australian bird that gets its name, which means ___________________
____________________________, from the _______________________
■
About 7” long with a primary color of ____________________________
■
Can be taught to talk with proper training
■
Easy to care for, inexpensive pet
■
Eats food from _____________________________________________
Perching Birds
Canary
■
Largest family of birds
■
Almost ___________________ of all birds (5,100 of 9,000 bird species)
■
Good singers known as ______________________________________
■
Very important pet
■
Some are bred for their color
■
Others are bred for their ______________________________________
■
Some are bred to have a crested top ____________________________
___________________________________________________________
Care and maintenance of pet birds
Cages
■
For large parrot-type birds must be made of heavy-gauge metal
–
Size ranges from 26” long x 20” wide x 20” high for a single cockatiel to
6’ x 3’ x 3’ for a mynah bird
–
Cockatoos, Conures, Macaws, and Parrots need larger cages
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Perches
■
■
Size and style depend on the bird
Most store bought cages come with _____________________________
________________________ which may be uncomfortable for birds.
–
If birds refuse to perch, replace plastic perches with ___________
______________________ that are more natural for birds.
■
Larger birds like larger perches, smaller birds like smaller perches
–
Finches/canaries- ½” round perch
–
Budgerigars- ½” oval perch
–
Parrots- 1’ square perch
■
The perch for large parrot-type birds must be replaced as these birds destroy wood perches. However, the bird _________________________
____________________________ and stays busy in the process.
■
_______________________________________ make natural perches, but care must be taken to insure they are free of mold and pesticide residue.
■
Tapered perches work well because they give the bird a choice of most of the comfortable perching spot.
Water and Feed Containers
■
Water containers need to be hard and easy to clean materials like glass, ceramic, or stainless steel
■
_________________________________________ that hang outside the cage with a metal spout/tube extending into the cage work excellent.
■
Feed containers may be plastic for smaller birds, but parrot-type birds need the same kind of material used for watering containers
Toys
■
Finches need a rectangular cage to allow ________________________
_______________________________________________ to imitate their natural flight and reduce stress from circular flight.
■
Finches need a larger cage than canaries and budgies.
■
Prevent _______________________________________
■
Large parrot-type birds need __________________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Smaller birds like canaries and finches can have __________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
___________________________________________________________
Cage Location
■
Location of cage must be out of direct sunlight, free from drafts, in a place of constant temperature, and protected from hazards like
___________________________________________________________
Feeding
■
Most birds eat one of three things —_____________________________
___________________________________________________________
Seed
■
The vast majority of birds have a diet of seed
–
Cereal seeds —higher content of carbohydrates compared to oil
▪
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________
–
Oil seeds —higher in fat content than cereal seed and lower in carbohydrates
▪
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Handling and Training
■
Allow birds to adjust to new locations for 2 to 3 days before any handling is attempted.
■
Offer a treat at regular intervals until it will take the treat through an open door cage
■
Press a stick perch up against the bird’s chest above the legs to encourage the bird to step up on it
■
Once the bird is comfortable one may substitute a finger or hand for the bird to perch on
■
Leather gloves may be needed for larger birds that _________________
___________________________________________________________
Clipping Wings
■
Wings can be clipped to restrict their ability to _____________________
___________________________________________________________
■
________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
Primary and secondary flight feathers are cut just above ____________
___________________________________________________________
■
Cutting into the feather shaft will result in _________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
The two outer primary flight feathers are left for ____________________
___________________________________________________________
Teaching to Talk
■
Budgerigars, cockatiels, parrots, macaws and cockatoos can be taught to talk
■
__________________________________ are usually the best learners and easiest to teach
■
Remove distractions such as mirrors, toys, and feed during lessons
■
The same person needs to work with a bird on a regular basis. Usually
____________________________________________ are better trainers.
■
Lessons should be given at the same time everyday.
■
Limit the length to about ______________________________ each day
■
Use short phrases and words and slowly repeat them
Bird Health
Internal Parasites
■
Rarely a problem with birds, however some are possible
–
Roundworms
–
Tapeworms
Roundworms
■
Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in _________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Diagnosis is by observing feces for _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Symptoms: blockage of the intestines, poor plumage, weight loss, diarrhea
■
Several treatments are available
Tapeworms
■
Contracted by eating an intermediate host such as _________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Diagnosed by observing small, ________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
_________________________ in the feces
■
Proper cleaning and sanitation practices are best prevention
■
Treatment is with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and kamal powder
External Parasites
■
Red Mites
■
Feather Mites
■
Scaly leg mites
Scaly Leg Mites
■
Mites that tunnel under the scales on the legs of budgies, lovebirds, and canaries.
■
Have their _________________________________________________
■
Symptoms: White scaly deposits that become ____________________
___________________________________________________________
■
Treatment
–
Use _________________________________________________ to kill the mites and loosen the deposits
–
This also plugs the air holes used by the mites and causes them to suffocate
–
Additional treatment is by cleaning cages, perches, and equipment
Bacterial Diseases
Bumblefoot
■
A painful ailment associated with staphylococcal infections
■
Symptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white fluid, and not walking or clasping onto the perch
■
Prevention: _______________________________________________
■
Treatment: Antibiotics
Viral Diseases
Newcastle
■
Respiratory difficulty (wheezing) is one of the first symptoms, followed by tremors, wing droop, and a twisted neck.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
■
____________________________________________ are the main source of possible infections
■
Spreads rapidly with a high mortality rate
■
Should be vaccinated to prevent the disease
Goiter
■
Swelling of the thyroid glands in the neck and interference with breathing
■
Major cause is _____________________________________________
■
Seems to be a special problem for Budgerigars
Nutritional Problems
Feather Plucking
■
Due to boredom, bad diet, lack of bathing, or bird is in need of a mate
■
Birds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening and avoid feather plucking.
■
_________________________________ is the process that a bird goes through in cleaning and trimming its feathers with its beak.
Bathing
■
Regular bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on mites
■
Small birds (budgerigars, canaries, finches, mynah birds, lories, cockatiels) prefer _____________________________________________
■
A container may be placed in the cage at regular intervals for ________
___________________________________________________________
■
Larger birds need to be sprayed with a __________________________
___________________________________________________________
■
The mist should be allowed to filter down onto the bird rather than being sprayed directly on the animal.
■
The bird does not need to be saturated, but gently sprayed __________
___________________________________________________________
Symptoms of Problems
■
Sleeping on two legs may indicate the bird is uncomfortable or ailing.
___________________________________________________________
■
A bird who fluffs its feathers out is usually ________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
___________________________________________________________
■
If feces is runny, a __________________________________________ may be the problem.
■
Not flying around and lack of activity may indicate sickness.
■
Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.
■
Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.
■
Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated with illness.
At the First Signs of Illness
■
Cage temperature should be maintained between _________________
___________________________________________________________
–
Move the cage to a warmer location if needed
–
Adjust the temperature of the cage with a light bulb near the cage or a heating pad under the cage
■
■
■
Provide 2 to 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable temperature
Partially cover the cage to ____________________________________
Provide quick energy fluids like ________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
UNIT I-FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES
21.00 Summarize the use of fish, amphibians, and retiles for pets.
Species/Breeds of Fish
Egg laying fish
–
Koi
–
–
Goldfish
Betas
–
–
–
–
–
Tetras
Barbs
Catfish
Chinese Algae Eater
Headstanders
Goldfish
•
Very popular first fish for many children
•
Hardy and easy to keep freshwater fish that prefers pools or cold water aquariums
•
Prefer a temperature range of 3268˚F
•
Can live in various types of water as long as ______________________
___________________________________________________________
Betas
•
Freshwater fish that are ______________________________________
•
Frequently kept alone as a specimen fish in a species-only aquarium
•
_________________________ must never be put in the same aquarium
•
One or two females may be put in a community aquarium but it may affect their
________________________________
•
Prefer a temperature range of 80˚F ± 3˚
Livebearing fish
•
__________________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Live in shoals or groups of five or more
–
Guppies
–
Swordtails
–
Mollies
–
Platys
Guppies
•
Most popular
•
Varieties only differ in shapes of their fins and tails
•
Prefer water temperatures 6875˚F
•
May average giving birth to ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Swordtails
•
Known for its long ___________________________________________
•
Like environment similar to guppies
•
Average 34 ¾” long
•
Prefer water temperatures 6870˚F
Mollies
•
Most species are black and differ only in the size of their fins
•
Prefer water temperatures 7282˚F
•
Dwell in large groups or schools
•
Have problems with large fins _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Saltwater Breeds
•
Live in saltwater and require the addition of sodium chloride (salt) to create a marine environment
•
Most of these ornamental fish lay eggs
–
Angelfish
–
Butterfly fish
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
Brasslets
–
Clown fish
–
Sergeant Major
Angelfish
•
Some can live in freshwater
•
Delicate in appearance, but are very hardy
•
Eggs are __________________________________________________ and placed either in foliage or sand as part of the incubation process
•
Prefer water temperature of 7786˚F
Clown Fish
•
Orange in color with _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
•
Each white band & fins are edged in black
•
Known for their ability to live around the tentacles of the sea anemone in a mutually beneficial relationship known as symbiosis
Breeds of Amphibians
•
Newts
•
Salamanders
•
Frogs
•
Toads
Newts and Salamanders
•
Range in size from a few inches to 5’ or more
•
Usually have four legs and long tails
Frogs and Toads
•
Differ in that frogs ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________while toads
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris have a rough skin and dry appearance
•
True frogs include the American Bullfrog and may grow to 14” long
•
_____________________________________ is the common toad in the eastern
United States
•
Green Tree Frog is actually a yellow-green toad with a yellow stripe running from its lower jaw back along its sides
Species of Reptiles
•
Boa constrictors
•
Garter snakes
•
Green anole
•
Skinks
•
Savannah Monitor
•
Chameleon
Boa Constrictors
•
Popular pets because they adjust well to captivity and tame quickly
•
May grow 18’ long
•
Like to feed on small animals, birds, fish, and eggs
Savannah Monitor
•
A lizard that can be used as a pet
•
May reach sizes up to ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Common Chameleon
•
A true chameleon that reaches about 10” in length
•
__________________________________________________________ to adapt to their surroundings
Physiology of fish, amphibians, and reptiles
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Terminology
•
Ornamental fish-
–
Kept for their appearance ________________________________
_____________________________________________________
–
Personal appeal to people
–
Not usually used for food
•
Tropical fish
–
Popular fish for aquariums that come from the _______________
_____________________________________________________
•
Marine fish
–
Fish that are kept in salt water aquariums
–
Often more colorful than freshwater varieties
•
Freshwater fish
–
Fish that are kept in a freshwater tank
–
Often _______________________________________________
•
Community fish
–
Fish that do well in an aquarium with other fish species
–
Examples include: _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________
•
Species fish
–
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
–
Examples: Blind Cave Fish, Piranhas, RedTailed Shark, Schomburgk’s
Leaf Fish, Spiny eels, Killifish (one pair alone in an aquarium), Betas (alone in an aquarium)
•
Live bearer
–
Fish that give birth to ___________________________________
–
Examples: guppies, Mollies, Platys, and Swordtails
•
Egg layers
–
Fish that _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
Examples: tetras, barbs, catfish, goldfish
•
_________________________________
–
The reproduction ritual where eggs are deposited and fertilized by egg laying species of fish
Water/Salt Requirements
•
Fish must maintain proper levels of salt and water in their bodies.
•
Water flows from areas of weak salt solution to areas of strong salt solution by
_______________________
•
Freshwater fish do not need to drink water because their body concentration is higher than the water
•
Saltwater fish have a lower concentration of salt in their bodies than in the water.
Therefore, they must drink water to keep from dehydrating.
Feeding Habits
•
Bottom feeders (dwellers) are fish that inhabit the lower level of the aquarium and
_______________________________________________
•
Their mouth may be _________________________________________ and they may have barbs to help them locate food.
•
Example: barbs
•
Middle feeders (middle-water fish) primarily occupy the middle layer of the aquarium and usually have small mouths that are straight forward because they are eating feed that is straight in front of them.
•
Top feeders usually eat from the surface and occupy the upper levels of the aquarium.
•
Often, their mouths will be turned ____________________and they will have
_______________________________________________ designed for rapid movement to help them catch insects.
•
Some fish, like ___________________________, do not show a preference for the level of the aquarium.
Physiology of Respiration
•
Fish use organs called____________________ to breathe.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Water is drawn through the mouth by constant opening and closing of the mouth.
•
This forces water into the pharynx and out through gills.
•
_________________________________ in water is taken into the blood and
________________________is released into the water from the gills.
•
A few species of fish come to the surface and gulp air into their mouth. They are able to use atmospheric oxygen because part of their intestines allow for intake of oxygen. The air is then swallowed into the digestive system and taken into the blood.
Physiology of Movement
•
__________________-a moveable structure that allow the fish to swim and maintain balance.
–
Most bony fish have rayed fins that consist of ________________
_____________________________________________________
–
Rays can be sharp, soft, or spiny.
–
Fins are very flexible.
•
Most fish have at least one fin along their back (dorsal), one underside near the tail (anal), and one tail fin (caudal).
–
Some have a small fleshy fin located between the dorsal and caudal called an ________________________________________
–
Fish also have a pair of fins located behind the head called the
_____________________________________________________ located behind them.
Physiology of Amphibians
•
Cold blooded animals that have thin, moist skin that allows them to breathe through the skin by _____________________________________
•
Amphibians usually live in moist environments, but location usually depends on their _____________________________________________
•
Amphibians do not have scales.
•
Amphibians crush their prey and swallow it whole because they do not have teeth.
•
They also live part of their life in water. Adult amphibians spend part or all of
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris their life on land.
Physiology of Reptiles
•
Reptiles are cold blooded vertebrates that have ___________________
___________________________________________________________
•
Reptiles have bony __________________________________________ that cover their body.
•
Reptiles include crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, etc.
•
Some give birth by laying eggs ________________________________, others retain the eggs in their body until they hatch and give birth to young
________________________________, and in others their young develop in a placental sac and are born live _______________________.
Establishing a Healthy Environment
Signs of Disease-Fish
•
Strange or unusual behavior.
•
Floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the aquarium.
•
Fins are ___________________________________________________ against the body.
•
__________________________________________________________
•
A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.
•
Appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.
•
Breathing seems faster and deeper than normal.
•
Fish is at the surface gasping for air.
•
Rubbing or scratching against objects in the aquarium.
•
Not interested in eating.
•
___________________________________________ or unusually thin.
•
Belly appears ______________________________________________
•
Color of fish has changed or is unusual.
•
Fins appear ________________________________________________
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
•
Back and spinal column appear distorted.
•
Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.
•
Scales are sticking out instead of flat against the body.
•
White spots covering body.
•
Protruding eyes.
•
________________________________________ hanging from the fish.
Parasites in Fish
•
White spot (Ich)
–
Caused by the parasitic organism _________________________
_________________________ and causes numerous __________
_______________
–
One of the most common diseases found in aquarium fish.
•
Slime disease
–
Parasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of
________________________
–
May cause death if it attacks the gills.
Bacterial Diseases-Fish
•
Finrot
–
Where the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear _____________
_____________________________________________________
–
Fish lose their color
–
Tissue between the fins breaks down
Treatment of Diseases
•
Use of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before fish are returned.
•
Some need to be placed in a __________________________________ and treated before returning to normal tank.
•
Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
Diseases-Amphibians and Reptiles
•
__________________________________is a bacterial disease that can be transmitted to humans. It affects the digestive tract and causes
___________________________________________________________
•
Mites and ticks are external parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles.
•
Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.
•
Symptoms include: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of appetite, and possible death.
Habitat Requirements
Purchasing an Aquarium
•
Decide on tank type (glass or plastic)
–
_____________________ is cheaper, but ___________________ is easier to clean.
–
__________________________________ are more expensive than all glass and offer more support to the glass.
•
Tank size
–
Size depends on the amount you want to invest and the type (species) of fish.
–
Ranges from a simple Beta or goldfish bowl with a 1 gallon capacity to
10, 30, 50, or 100+ gallons.
–
Thickness of glass ranges from ___________________________
____________________________________ for larger aquariums.
Stocking Rate for Aquariums
1 inch of fish requires a MINIMUM of:
•
For example:
–
An aquarium that is 24” long by 10” wide has ________________ of surface area.
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris
–
The tank would hold _______ of tropical fish, _______ of cold water fish, or _______ of marine fish.
–
One could have eight swordtails 3” long in a tropical aquarium, two goldfish 4” long in a coldwater aquarium, or two Brasslets 2.5” long in a marine aquarium.
Aquarium Equipment
•
Power filter with an electric motor
•
Filtration systems remove _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Types of Filtration Systems
•
Mechanical
–
Removal of waste by using various kinds of filtration devices
–
Modern systems use an _________________________________
•
Chemical
–
Removal of dissolved material by using a chemical process
–
The use of _________________________________________ to soak up dissolved minerals and chemicals is the most common chemical removal process.
–
Activated charcoal is often part of the filter system and must be changed at regular intervals.
•
Biological
–
Use bacteria to feed on toxic substances such as
_______________________________excreted from fish during respiration or as a result of decaying waste and food material.
–
Waste is changed from a harmful substance to a harmless one (nitrogen)
–
__________________________________________ in the water is also replenished.
Air Pumps for aeration
–
Water is circulated from the bottom of the tank to __________________
___________________________________________________________
–
Compressed air (oxygen) is pumped through ______________________ (fused,
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris porous glass) to break the airflow into minute bubbles.
–
As the compressed air goes into the water, it disperses ______________
___________________________________________________________
–
Air bubbles rising from the bottom aid in equalizing the water temperature throughout and circulating the water to the top where
___________________________________________________________
Aquarium Maintenance
•
Remove temporary hardness of water by _________________________
___________________________________________________________
•
Eliminate chlorine by aerating it for _________________________ prior to use or allowing it to sit for _______hours so the chlorine will evaporate.
•
Daily Maintenance
–
Check heater, temperature, aeration, and filtration
–
Remove dead fish
–
Observe for any unusual behavior
•
Weekly Maintenance
–
Check ___________________________________ and add water and chemicals as appropriate
•
Monthly Maintenance
–
_____________________________________ of the water needs to be changed every three to four weeks to provide fish a stress free environment and prolong the life of the filters
–
Siphon off any dead material from bottom of the aquarium.
–
Tend to ______________________________________________
•
Factors that contribute to increased ammonia and nitrates in the tank
–
Increase in waste material and uneaten food on the bottom (Don’t overfeed)
–
_______________________ and failure to change water monthly
–
Overpopulation of fish
Feeding Fish
•
Vary feed to prevent boredom —fish really like live food, but freeze-dried and
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Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris frozen food is a good alternative
•
Feed fish _________________________________ per day
•
Feed only enough for the fish to eat in ___________________________
•
Live foods like ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________ are treats to fish.
•
Commercially prepared flake foods are ideal for small fish up to 45” long.
___________________________________________________ are provided in amounts needed by the fish.
•
Commercially prepared pellets work well for larger fish. The type depends on the eating habit of the fish being kept.
Reptile and Amphibian Habitats
•
Vast differences between species, but the goal should always be to
__________________________________________________ of the pet.
•
Aquariums usually make the best containers.
•
Semi-aquatic aquariums may be made by using plexi-glass to partition the aquarium in half
•
_______________________________ should be designed to give the reptile an environment close to its actual habitat.
•
Reptiles are _________________________ They do not generate body heat and must rely completely on the temperature of their environement.
•
Reptiles need ultraviolet (UV) rays for ___________________________
___________________________________________________________
–
Reptiles need ____________________________
–
Fluorescent lights will provide ________________________ as long as there is not glass between the light and the reptile. Glass filters the UV rays out.
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