UNIT 3: JEFFERSONIAN AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY, 1815-44—2012
Oct.
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4
5
Jefferson and sources of British-American tension. Rd Martin 182-94
War of 1812 and subsequent foreign policy. Rd. Martin 194-211.
VIDEO: Lewis and Clark Expedition. Rd. Martin 211-22.
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9
10
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12
FALL HOLIDAY—NO SCHOOL
The Marshall Court and the elections of 1824 and 1828. Rd. Martin 224-32.
Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy. Rd. Martin, 232-36
Nullification and the Bank War. Rd. Martin 241-43
AJ and Indian policy: the Cherokee experience. Rd. Martin 232-41.
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16
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AJ and Indian policy: the Seminole experience.
Manifest Destiny and Texas.
Van Buren and the 2nd Party System: Whigs vs. Democrats. Rd. Martin, 244-48.
Elections of 1840 and 1844
Catch-up
22
EXAM: JEFFERSONIAN AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY UNIT
IDs (*= ID TERMS FOR SEMESTER USE AND FINAL)
*Jefferson’s 1st Inaugural
Barbary Pirates
Louisiana Purchase
Embargo
Tenkswatawa
War Hawks
Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of Thames River
*Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent
Monroe Doctrine
McCullough vs. Maryland
John Woods
American System
"King Andrew"
Corrupt Bargain
Tariff of Abominations
Webster-Hayne debate
Nicholas Biddle
Worcester vs. Georgia
Treaty of Payne's Bridge
*Baltimore bank riot
Specie Circular
Alamo
*Manifest Destiny
*"Log Cabin and Hard Cider"
John Tyler
Marbury vs. Madison
impressment
Sacajawea
Chesapeake
Prophet's Town
Macon's Bill #2
Burning of Washington D. C.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Hartford Convention
Adams-Onis Treaty
*Missouri Compromise
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Pensacola
Albany Regency
Anti-Masons
Maysville Road Veto
Floride Calhoun
Force Bill
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
*Treaty of New Echota
Osceola
Reverdy Johnson
Moses Austin
*Battle of San Jacinto
Panic of 1837
Liberty Party
UNIT 3, 2010: JEFFERSONIAN AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: 1815-44
THEMES FOR UNIT 3
Jefferson’s contradictions and the construction of American democracy
“The Second War for Independence”
Liberal republicanism and its expressions
Andrew Jackson's paradoxical presidency: principles vs. motivations
Expansionism: rationales and outcomes
Jacksonian Democracy and the rise of a Whig opposition
I. Election of 1800 proves democracy a success; Jefferson wins but inherits significant challenges to his vision
A. Jefferson’s First Inaugural sets tone for successful democratic experiment
1. celebrates American exceptionalism; hints at European degeneracy
2. introduces American civil religion
3. reinforces support for limited government, strict construction, agrarianism and producerism
B. Foreign policy questions persist
1. Barbary Pirates cause problems to foreign trade and American pride
2. French and British interference with neutrality; cycle of “suck up and …” continues
a. Napoleonic Wars renew conflict; French worry about money and the US
(1) French stop messing with US shipping temporarily; Brits continue
(2) Haitian Revolution ends Napoleon’s dream of new French Empire
(3) US fails to help republican Haitians but French fail to re-conquer
(4) encourage French to sell New Orleans and Louisiana for war funding
(a) Louisiana Purchase (1803) epitomizes Jefferson’s paradoxes
(b) Lewis and Clark establish American claims; saved by Sacagawea
b. British step up impressment; violates notion of national honor and angers French
c. Chesapeake affair (6/07) humiliates navy; swings public opinion away from British
C. Domestic ramifications for Jefferson’s vision
1. Constitutional issues continue: Marbury vs. Madison (1803) strengthens federal gov’t power
2. Burr shoots Hamilton in duel, effectively ending political careers of both; weakens Federalists
3. Jefferson’s response to violations of neutrality; Embargo (1807) ends trade with both countries
a. infuriates New England Federalists
b. actually proves effective, but too late to matter
c. Madison’s Macon's Bill #2 sells Amer. trade to “highest bidder;” French lie and win
D. Indian unification causes serious problems on the frontier
1. Tecumseh and political nationalism merges with Tenskwatawa and religious fervor
2. British supply Indians from western forts
3. W. H. Harrison and the Battle of Prophetstown (1811) threaten Tecumseh’s federation
E. The response of the War Hawks
II. War of 1812 (war for neutral trading rights, national honor, or western land?)
A. Domestic divisions on the eve of war
1. NE Federalists favor Britain as trading partner
2. Republicans hate British; build on growing nationalist sentiment and fear of Indians
3. vote for war: 19-13 (Senate), 79-49 (House)
B. Invasion of Canada fails miserably; US burns York
C. Fate of Tecumseh’s Indian confederacy
1. Tecumseh falls at the Battle of Thames River (1813); vacuum of leadership results
2. Andrew Jackson (with Cherokee help) scatters powerful Creeks at Horseshoe Bend (AL)
D. Naval battles
1. Early success of Constitution, et al boost American morale
2. Battle of Lake Erie: Oliver Hazard Perry ends British naval threat on Great Lakes
E. British invasion plans
1. Battle of Lake Champlain: Thomas MacDonough ends British threat through Canada
2. Burning of Washington D. C. and "The Star-Spangled Banner"
3. Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson ends British threat to MS River and Louisiana
F. End of the war
1. Hartford Convention discredits Federalists ("treasonous")
2. Victory at Battle of New Orleans inspires nationalism ("glorious")
3. Treaty of Ghent seems to indicate American triumph ("victorious")
G. Outcome of "Second War for Independence"
1. juxtaposition of events leads to upsurge of nationalism, w/ AJ as national hero
2. unleashing of "liberal republicanism"
3. end of Federalist Party (except Marshall's Supreme Court), but not Federalist ideology
III. Aftermath of war: national pride and sectional divisions
A. Popular perception of meaning of war and antiwar dissent
1. Indian unity destroyed; West secured for expansion
2. Federalist Party disappears as Revolutionary generation passes
a. election of Monroe ushers in Era of Good Feelings (1816-24)
b. Federalist ideals persist in influential individuals: John Marshall and Bushrod Washington
3. Optimistic Americans convinced of their potential nationalistic superiority
a. "Enlightened" secularized mission joins Puritan tradition of exceptionalism
b. with independence secured, U. S. moves into power vacuum
B. U. S., the international community, and John Quincy Adams
1. Barbary Pirates defeated (1815)
2. Rush-Bagot (1817), 49th parallel and joint occupation of Oregon (Treaty of 1818)
3. Jackson’s actions in Florida (Pensacola) and the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
4. Adams unilaterally issues Monroe Doctrine (1823)
C. Limits of nationalist unity exposed
1. States' rights persists
2. Sectional rivalries emerge in Congress
3. Missouri Compromise (1819-21) as harbinger of the future
a. westward expansion offers opportunity; causes tensions for Congress
b. Tallmadge Amendment tries to modify pro-slavery MO constitution
c. "Great Compromiser" Clay steps in to ease tension
(1) MO as slave state; ME as free to keep balance in Senate
(2) LA Purchase land divided at 36 30' for slavery purpose
d. awareness of slavery as disruptive issue threatening promise of America
IV. Liberal republicanism and political realignments
A. Liberal republicanism defined: equality manifested through private virtue respectful of limits, displayed
in public arenas, to balance self-interest and communal well-being, w/out external coercion or dependency
1. liberal contributions: freedom from unnatural restrictions and limits
2. republican contributions: community welfare over individual aggrandizement
3. deTocqueville's individualism: broad definition of equality and "restless striving" after prosperity
balanced by "nation with the soul of a church"
4. contested meanings of liberal republicanism
B. Liberal republicanism practiced: republican motherhood, liberalized suffrage and land sales, rejection of
aristocratic privilege, ambivalence toward new elites, entrepreneurial capitalism
C. Federalist ideals shape liberal republicanism through Marshall Court
1. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) and the Yazoo Land Company
2. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
3. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
4. summary: decisions favor federal government over states and privilege business class
D. Republicans rule, but factions quickly develop
1. National Republicans and Clay's American System
a. high tariffs
b. federal funding for internal improvement
c. new National Bank (re-chartered for 20 years in 1816)
2. Democratic Republicans and an unorganized opposition
a. oppose all aspects of Clay's American System
b. states' rights over national power
c. coalesce around Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun
E. AJ as representative liberal (entrepreneurial) republican hero => "Jacksonian Democracy"
1. background and early life: failures and successes of a frontier rowdy
2. military career
a. Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL) and militia executions: John Woods
b. Battle of New Orleans
c. invasion of Florida: runaway slaves and the Pensacola executions
3. represents best and worst of democracy and liberal republicanism?
F. John Quincy Adams's "National Republican" administration
1. election of 1824: the "Corrupt Bargain?"
2. Adams's accomplishments and problems
a. pushes through American system
b. advocates funding for national university and the arts
c. insists on protecting Indians' rights
3. significance of events at the 50th anniversary of the United States
G. Election of 1828 and new political alignments
1. origins of "the Democracy," with AJ as the point man
a. Martin Van Buren and the Albany Regency legitimates party
b. attracts southern states' rights advocates
2. AJ (the quintessential entrepreneurial republican) stays quiet on issues and wins
a. legacy of the Corrupt Bargain
b. Jacksonian Congressmen force JQA to support "Tariff of Abominations"
c. effects of mud-slinging and sexual innuendo in the press
(1) Rachel Donelson Jackson's travail
(2) reports of JQA procuring "loose women" for Czar
d. JQA alienates through stiff personality and uncompromising principle
3. Rise of organized opposition against "King Andrew's" notion of strong president as champion
of "the people" against elites
a. proponents of the Clay's American System
b. supporters of JQA's National Republicanism
c. traditionalist Anti-Masons incorporate suspicions of unrestrained entrepreneurs into
their "moral politics"
V. Andrew Jackson: nationalist or states' rights Democrat?
A. Question of Jackson's motivation: pathological personality or political principles?
1. paradoxes of Jackson's Democratic Republicanism
2. personal issues as motivation
3. Maysville Road veto (1830) as mix of motives
B. Nullification crisis
1. South Carolina and Tariff of Abominations: Exposition and Protest challenges federal govt.
2. Peggy Eaton and the Calhouns bring personal issues to bear
3. Webster-Hayne Debate brings in issues of national sovereignty
4. Force Bill: AJ’s typical answer to political threats
C. The Bank War
1. Nicholas Biddle and BUS stress regulated growth: angers both agrarians and ambitious bankers
2. AJ presents the Bank as an unconstitutional, elite, anti-republican institution
3. His National republican opponents pass a rechartering Bank Bill to embarrass AJ
4. He vetoes it and distributes money to “pet” state banks; disruption results
a. Biddle calls in notes; some banks close
b. Baltimore bank riot results in Aug. 1835: Reverdy Johnson
5. Resulting economic chaos will lead to Specie Circular and panic of 1837
VI. Expansion
A. Federal Indian policy
1. Options for the various Indian tribes
a. lose land/keep culture (removal) or lose culture/keep land (assimilation)
b. accommodate white power or resist
c. the 5 Civilized Tribes and AJ’s Indian policies: Indian Removal Act (1830)
2. Choctaws: model of getting sold-out
a. Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek moves MS tribes west
b. Greenwood LeFlore becomes largest slave-owner in state of Mississippi
3. Cherokees: model of accommodation
a. assimilation to white culture: Sequoyah, Boudinot, Ross, and the Ridges
b. Worcester vs. Georgia; Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia give Cherokees hope
c. Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears end those hopes
4. Seminoles: model of resistance through Osceola, Wildcat, and John Horse (Juan Cabala)
a. Seminoles oppose slave-owning Creeks; welcome “maroons”
b. offered western land (with Creeks!) in conditional Treaty of Payne’s Bridge (1832)
c. ambush of Major Dade sets off new conflict
d. underhanded seizure of Osceola sparks war; freed slaves join Seminoles
e. becomes largest slave rebellion in American history
f. bogus re-capture of Osceola damages Seminoles; Wildcat and John Horse move west
g. tensions with Creeks and slave-trading agent force Black Seminoles to Mexico
h. Billy Bowlegs and Seminole remnant never surrender; finally left in FL swamps
5. Black Hawk War: model of militaristic expansion
6. summary of Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy
a. racism trumps respectability
b. failure of constitutional process
c. liberalism unleashed by “scientific” racism
B. Manifest Destiny
1. incorporates bastardized "city on a hill" rhetoric
2. relies on “scientific” racialism
3. connections to traditional anti-Catholicism
C. Texan independence: focal point of American westward expansion
1. initial colonization includes Americans bowing to Mexican sovereignty: Moses Austin
2. Texans revolt; establish Lone Star Republic
a. the Alamo and Davy Crockett serve as rallying cries
b. Sam (“The Raven”) Houston and the capture of Santa Ana at San Jacinto
3. American response to Texas and eventual annexation
D. Other arenas of western expansion: Utah, New Mexico, Oregon
VII. National politics, 1836-44
A. Second Party System
1. Jackson/Van Buren’s Democracy: Jacksonian Democracy differs from Jeffersonian
2. Whig opposition
a. National Republicans bring in Federalism
b. Anti-Masons bring in moral fervor
c. anti-Jacksonians cover broad range (DIAGRAM)
3. the creation of Whig ideology (beyond mere opposition to Jackson)
a. congressional powers to supersedes presidential
b. gov’t. support for economic modernization (financial and industrial) and protectionism
B. Economic upheaval after the Bank War: Panic of 1837 and depression
1. causes: the Specie Circular and British financial issues
2. results
a. Martin Van Buren proves helpless
b. 10% unemployment (20% in some cities) => serious suffering
C. Election of 1840: Whigs "out-Democrat" the Democrats
1. "Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too" and "Log Cabin-Hard Cider" ushers in modern politics
2. over 80% vote -> mass politics based on image over substance
3. Liberty Party and organized political abolitionism
4. Harrison's death brings in non-Whig Tyler
D. Issues facing the country for the election of 1844