Chapter 4
Cells and Energy
Warm up (1-4-16)
• Welcome Back! Please get a warm-up off the
front table and get started!
• Explain what you remember from last
semester?
• Think about some of the topics that were
explained by the labs and what the major
areas of focus were for the last chapter.
Outline
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Objectives
Test Review
Goal Setting
Read Chapter 4.1
Vocabulary ch. 4.1
What is ATP?
Chapter 4 Notes
Objectives
• To review the semester test and explain
correct answers to missed problems
• Recognize the importance of ATP as an
energy-carrying molecule
• Identify energy sources used by organisms
KEY CONCEPT
All cells need chemical energy.
The chemical energy used for most cell
processes is carried by ATP.
• Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food
molecules to cell functions.
– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
– ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is
added.
phosphate removed
Organisms break down carbon-based
molecules to produce ATP.
• Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly
broken down to make ATP.
– not stored in large amounts
– up to 36 ATP from one
glucose molecule
adenosine
triphosphate
tri=3
adenosine
di=2
diphosphate
• Fats store the most energy.
– 80 percent of the energy in your body
– about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
• Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
– amino acids not usually needed for energy
– about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate
A few types of organisms do not need
sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of
energy.
• Some organisms live in places
that never get sunlight.
• In chemosynthesis, chemical
energy is used to build
carbon-based molecules.
– similar to photosynthesis
– uses chemical energy instead
of light energy
Warm up (1-5-16)
• Explain what you know about ATP?
• What is ATP, how is ATP made, etc…
Outline
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•
•
Objectives
Test Review
Challenge Reading
Chapter 4 notes
Objectives
• IWBAT explain what ATP is, and understand
and articulate how ATP is produced.
• Recognize the importance of ATP as an
energy-carrying molecule
• Identify energy sources used by organisms
Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis
• http://www.reading.ac.uk/virtualexperiments
/ves/preloader-photosynthesis-full.html
Warm up (1-6-16)
• Describe situations in your daily life where you
use energy. Come up with 2 situations and
explain specifically how that energy is used.
Outline
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Objectives
Chapter 4 reading
Chapter 4 Notes
Photosynthesis Project
HOMEWORK: Get materials for project, Ch.
4.2 SRQ #1-5
Objectives
• IWBAT explain what ATP is, and understand
and articulate how ATP is produced.
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of photosynthesis produces
sugars that store chemical energy.
Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
• Producers make their own
source of chemical energy.
• Plants use photosynthesis and
are producers.
• Photosynthesis captures energy
from sunlight to make sugars.
• Chlorophyll is a molecule
that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
• In plants, chlorophyll is
found in organelles called
chloroplasts.
leaf cell
leaf
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in
chloroplasts.
• Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
– grana (thylakoids)
– stroma
grana (thylakoids)
chloroplast
stroma
• The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
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–
–
–
take place in thylakoids
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to
light-independent reactions
– oxygen is released
• The light-independent reactions make sugars.
– take place in stroma
– needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
– use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical
reactions
• The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
granum (stack of thylakoids)
1
chloroplast
6H2O
thylakoid
6CO2
3
6O2
2
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)
1 six-carbon sugar
4
C6H12O6
Project Plan
This needs to be written on a separate piece of
paper and shown to me by the end of class
today…
1. Group members (No more than 4 people
please unless approved by me)
2. What you are planning to do for your project
3. How you plan to complete your project
Warm up (1-7-16)
• What is photosynthesis?
• Why is photosynthesis necessary for specific
organisms?
Outline
• Objectives
• Chapter 4 Notes
• Photosynthesis Project
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis and
what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis to
occur
• Recognize the importance of ATP as an energycarrying molecule
• Identify energy sources used by organisms
• Relate producers to photosynthesis
• Describe the process of photosynthesis
Warm up (1-8-16)
• What organisms participate in
photosynthesis?
• What is your evidence behind this answer? In
other words, what are the facts that help you
make the statement that you did?
Outline
• Objectives
• Chapter 4 Notes
• Photosynthesis Project
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis
to occur
• Relate producers to photosynthesis
• Describe the process of photosynthesis
KEY CONCEPT
Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical
reactions.
The first stage of photosynthesis captures
and transfers energy.
• The light-dependent
reactions include
groups of molecules
called photosystems.
• Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
enter electron
transport chain
– water molecules are
split
– oxygen is released as
waste
– hydrogen ions are
transported across
thylakoid membrane
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules.
– chlorophyll absorbs
energy from sunlight
– energized electrons
are used to make
NADPH
– NADPH is transferred
to light-independent
reactions
• The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
– hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid
membrane
– ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
The second stage of photosynthesis uses
energy from the first stage to make
• Light-independent sugars.
reactions occur in
the stroma and use
CO2 molecules.
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle
– energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged
– a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle
• A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the
energy captured from sunlight.
– two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar
– remaining molecules stay in the cycle
Warm up (1-11-16)
• Explain photosynthesis in your own words.
• Draw a basic picture of what occurs in
photosynthesis.
Outline
• Objectives
• Photosynthesis Project
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis
to occur
Warm up (1-12-16)
• What is the difference between a producer
and a consumer? Explain how each of these
terms relate to photosynthesis.
Outline
• Objectives
• Photosynthesis Project
• Measuring rates of photosynthesis lab
conclusion
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis
to occur
Warm up (1-13-16)
• Develop an acronym or a catchy way to help
you remember photosynthesis and what
occurs during this process
•
•
•
•
Example:
P; producer
H; hot sunny days help
Etc…
Outline
• Objectives
• Photosynthesis Project Presentations
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis
to occur
Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis
Conclusion
• You have collected data for the rates of photosynthesis
for 5 different distances
• Write a conclusion for which distance from the light
caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis
• You need to include:
– How rate of photosynthesis was measured and why we
could use this to measure rate of photosynthesis
– Why were bubbles produced? What were the bubbles?
(think about what the products of photosynthesis are)
– Explain why the distance that caused the fastest rate of
photosynthesis showed this result.
Warm up (1-14-16)
• Write down the equation for photosynthesis.
• Explain what each of those chemicals is
(example: H2O is water)
Outline
• Objectives
• Photosynthesis project presentations
• Photosynthesis Animation – Power
Presentations CD
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for photosynthesis
to occur
• Demonstrate knowledge of photosynthesis by
completing the photosynthesis quiz.
Grading your Group
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Get out a half sheet of paper
Write your name at the top of it
Who was your partner(s)?
Did your partner participate in class? ____/5
Did your partner bring supplies like they said?_____/5
Overall, was your partner helpful to the success of this
project? _____/5
5. Write any comments that you feel are important for me to
know in order to grade your partner. (be respectful)
6. Write their total out of 15 and circle it at the bottom
7. Fold your paper in half and bring it to me when you finish
Warm up (1-15-16)
• Think about the reason why plants go through
photosynthesis. What are the outcomes, why
is photosynthesis beneficial to the plant?
• Since plants go through photosynthesis, what
is a process that humans go through to
produce a similar result?
Outline
• Objectives
• Quiz
• Finish Conclusions for Measuring Rates of
Photosynthesis
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Quiz
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No Talking
Front and Back
When you are done turn them in to the folder
Make sure your name is on them please!
Measuring Rates of Photosynthesis
Conclusion
• You have collected data for the rates of photosynthesis
for 5 different distances
• Write a conclusion for which distance from the light
caused the fastest rate of photosynthesis
• You need to include:
– How rate of photosynthesis was measured and why we
could use this to measure rate of photosynthesis
– Why were bubbles produced? What were the bubbles?
(think about what the products of photosynthesis are)
– Explain why the distance that caused the fastest rate of
photosynthesis showed this result.
Warm up (1-19-16)
• During the process of photosynthesis, there
are two major divisions. Please describe why
there are two major divisions. Be detailed
about the products and reactants for each
division as well.
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular Respiration Lab Prep
• Cellular Respiration Animation – Power
Presentations CD
• HOMEWORK: read 4.4
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Warm up (1-20-16)
• What is cellular respiration?
Outline
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Objectives
Cellular Respiration Introduction
Cellular Respiration Lab Prep / Begin Lab
HOMEWORK: read 4.5 and 4.5 SRQ #1-6 due
Friday
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Warm up (1-21-16)
• What is the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic?
• Which type of process is Cellular Respiration?
(aerobic or anaerobic?)
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular Respiration Animation – Power
Presentations CD
• Cellular Respiration in Peas Lab
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of cellular respiration converts
sugar into ATP using oxygen.
Cellular respiration makes ATP by
breaking down sugars.
• Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.
• Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell
• Glycolysis must take place first.
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anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP molecules
Cellular respiration is like a mirror image
of photosynthesis.
• The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron
transport chain.
Krebs Cycle
– takes place in
mitochondrial matrix
– breaks down three-carbon
molecules from glycolysis
– makes a small amount of
ATP
– releases carbon dioxide
– transfers energy-carrying
molecules
1
mitochondrion
ATP
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
and
6CO 2
energy
2
3
energy from
glycolysis
and
6O 2
inner membrane
ATP
and
6H 2O
4
• The electron transport chain produces a large amount of
ATP.
– takes place in inner
membrane
– energy transferred to
electron transport
chain
– oxygen enters
process
– ATP produced
– water released as a
waste product
1
mitochondrion
ATP
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
and
6CO 2
energy
Electron Transport
3
energy from
glycolysis
6O 2
and
2
inner membrane
ATP
and
6H 2O
4
• The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
• The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the
products of cellular respiration.
Warm up (1-22-16)
• What are the two main parts of cellular
respiration?
• Be sure to include the locations of each of
these parts
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular Respiration Lab
• Quiz 4.4 – 4.5
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
• Explain the details of cellular respiration
KEY CONCEPT
Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two
main stages.
Glycolysis is needed for cellular
respiration.
• The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration
when oxygen is available.
– two ATP molecules are used to split glucose
– four ATP molecules are produced
– two molecules of NADH produced
– two molecules of pyruvate produced
The Krebs cycle is the first main part of
cellular respiration.
• Pyruvate is broken down
before the Krebs cycle.
– carbon dioxide released
– NADH produced
– coenzyme A (CoA)
bonds to two-carbon
molecule
• The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
• The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
– NADH and FADH2 are made
– intermediate molecule with
CoA enters Krebs cycle
– citric acid
(six-carbon molecule)
is formed
– citric acid is broken down,
carbon dioxide is released,
and NADH is made
– five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is
released, NADH and ATP are made
– four-carbon molecule is rearranged
The electron transport chain is the second
main part of cellular respiration.
• The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2
to make ATP.
– high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain
– energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the
inner membrane
– hydrogen ions
flow through a
channel in the
membrane
The electron transport chain is the second
main part of cellular respiration.
• The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to
make ATP.
• The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to
38 molecules of ATP.
– ATP synthase
produces ATP
– oxygen picks up
electrons and
hydrogen ions
– water is
released as a
waste product
Warm up (1-25-16)
• What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular respiration lab prep
• Read 4.6
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Cellular Respiration
• Prediction:
• Data:
Warm up (1-26-16)
• What are the products of photosynthesis?
• What are the products of cellular respiration?
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular respiration lab
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Cellular Respiration
• Prediction:
• Data:
KEY CONCEPT
Fermentation allows the production of a small
amount of ATP without oxygen.
•
Fermentation allows glycolysis to
Fermentation allows continue.
glycolysis to continue making ATP
when oxygen is unavailable.
• Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
– occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular
respiration
– does not produce ATP
• Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP
when oxygen is unavailable.
• NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
• Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
– glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
– pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
– energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
– NADH is changed back into NAD+
Fermentation and its products are
important in several ways.
• Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid
fermentation.
– glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter
fermentation
– energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an
alcohol and carbon dioxide
– NADH is changed back into NAD+
– NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
• Fermentation is used in food production.
– yogurt
– cheese
– bread
Fermentation simulation
• **CD for biology**
Warm up (1-27-16)
• What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
• What are the reactants for cellular
respiration?
Outline
• Objectives
• Cellular respiration lab
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Cellular Respiration
• Prediction:
• Data:
Warm up (1-28-16)
Identify the parts of experimental design for this
cellular respiration experiment. (Independent
variable, dependent variable, control group)
Outline
• Objectives
• Chapter 4.6 quiz
• Cellular respiration lab questions and
conclusion
• Cellular respiration work sheet
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Cellular Respiration Lab Conclusion
• In your conclusion you need to include the following:
– Describe your graphs… why were the slopes negative?
Connect this to the products and reactants of cellular
respiration
– Explain which type of pea had the greatest rate of cellular
respiration and why you think that is.
– Explain what effect temperature should have on the rates
of cellular respiration
– Identify what we should have expected to happen with the
peas in the colder temperatures, and explain if your group
saw those results.
• If your group didn’t see those results, provide a possible
explanation as to why you didn’t.
Warm up (1-29-16)
• Explain how this lab can show cellular
respiration. Be specific when explaining what
the products and reactants are for cellular
respiration.
Outline
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•
•
•
Objectives
Cellular respiration lab
Cellular respiration lab analysis
Study guide and vocabulary work time
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
Warm up (2-1-16)
• Write down everything you can remember
about chapter 4.
• Think about cellular respiration,
photosynthesis, and fermentation in your
answer and describe what these processes
are.
Outline
• Objectives
• Chapter 4 test
Objectives
• Explain the overall process of cellular
respiration and what the products are
• Explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur
• Explain the overall process of photosynthesis
and explain what is necessary for cellular
respiration to occur.
Chapter 4 Test
• No talking.
• Only write on your answer sheet
• Turn the tests into the piles when you are
finished.
• Find something to keep yourselves quiet when
you are done with the test.