Training Managers for 21st Century Fisheries
Queenstown, New Zealand
December 5-7, 2001
Education and Training Overview: Are we
responding to the challenge?
Gil Sylvia
Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment
Station
Hatfield Marine Science Center
&
Laura W. Jodice
Marine Resource Management
College of Oceanic & Atmospheric
Sciences
Section 1- Introduction
• What is a fisheries manager?
• Major demands on training and education in the 21st
Century
• Response in past - workshops
Section 2 - Fisheries Management Programs
Review
• Methods – w/ website intro
• Analysis – summary of features, case examples
• Comparison with other management disciplines
Section 3 - Conclusion
• Findings
• Questions for consideration
Section 1 - Introduction
What is a fisheries manager?
Specialist or Generalist ?
Breadth or depth?
Specialist
supports
generalists
Specialist with some
generalist knowledge
Generalist with
some specialty
Generalist
understands
the broad
complexity of
the system
Section 1 - Introduction
What is a fisheries manager?
Different management niches and levels of responsibility
Top level
Mid-level
leading change
innovation, adaptation
policy-making
strategic planning
evaluation of outcomes
decisions about implementation
implementation
Section 1 - Introduction
What is a fisheries manager?
Range of Institutional models
Institutional model
Manager
Scientific centralized
Scientifically trained federal
manager makes management
decisions for national or regional
fisheries
Resources are federally owned but
regionally appointed
representatives develop
management policies -- significant
public participation
Pluralistic
Rights-based
Owners of user rights/property
rights charged with management
responsibilities subject to regional
and federal oversight
Section 1 - Introduction
What is a fisheries manager?
Management Sector? Focus/Objectives
Public sector
Biologically oriented
Private sector
Private industry organization
Non profit-based
Environmentally related
• public and legal mandates
• sustainability
• regional or national welfare
• maximizing profits or quota value
• improving stability
• obtaining user rights/privileges
• meeting regulatory requirements
• stock preservation
• habitat protection
• ecosystem management
Section 1 - Introduction
Major demands on training and
education in the 21st Century
Increasing complexity and dynamic change
Greater need for variety of skills and knowledge, critical
thinking, systems thinking, problem solving, conflict
resolution, ability to learn, adaptability, leadership
More than basic fisheries science or undergraduate
Section 1 - Introduction
Students Population in the 21st Century
U.S. perspective
More urban?
• less in touch w/ commercial fishing, rural economy, recreational hunting/
fishing
• grew up playing at the beach and in love with marine mammals
Male:Female ratio - more females?
• MRM 2001 - Fall 2001 = 7F:1M Fall 2000 = 8F:5M Fall 1999 8F:1M
Descendents of Environmental Movement?
• focus on conservation, preservation, sustainability; managing humans
Section 1 - Introduction
Response: Past workshops
1968
The Future of the Fishing Industry of the United States - University of
Washington College of Fisheries
1978
Fisheries Education in the 1980's - series of fisheries education papers,
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in Rhode Island
1980
UNESCO/FAO Workshop on university curricula in fishery science, Paris,
1980
Fisheries Education in Alaska: Creating a Program of Excellence,
Anchorage, Alaska (ONLINE)
1986
California Sea Grant Workshop, Educating Fisheries Managers,
University of California Davis (ONLINE)
1990
55th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference;
Educational Content of University Fish and Wildlife Programs Based on
Expressed Needs of Federal and State Agency Employers.
1991
2020 Vision - Meeting the Fish & Wildlife Conservation Challenges of the
21st Century, symposium at the 53rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference in
Des Moines, Iowa.
How have we responded in the past?
Historical Overview
Tokyo University of Fisheries
1880 Modernization - modern fishing technology from advanced countries
-1900
1888
Fisheries Institute founded in Tokyo - fishing techniques, fish-farming,
processing, train technical experts in the fishing industry.
1897
Imperial Fisheries Institute in Agriculture and Commerce Ministry technology transfer and development, practical use of large-scale fishing boats,
deep-sea fishing; fisheries food-processing; aquaculture.
1949
Tokyo University of Fisheries - scientific and technological education, and
research.
1964
Masters Degree program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic
Biosciences, Food Science and Technology.
1987
Doctoral program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic
Biosciences, and Food Science and Technology.
1991
Masters degree - Fisheries Resource Management
1993
Doctoral program - Fisheries Resource Management
Section 2
Fisheries Management Programs
Review
•Methods – w/ website intro
•Analysis – summary of features, case examples
•Comparison with other management disciplines
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Methods
Step 1 - Search for programs:
•Reviewed lists of programs
–fisheries
–other marine
–other natural resource management
–other management (top business, public administration)
•Web literature only (in English)
•Focused on...
–Graduate programs
–Advanced continuing education
–Some undergraduate
Step 2 - Created web index - online report
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Web Index
WEB SITE DEMO on hard drive
WEB SITE DEMO online
www.coas.oregonstate.edu/mrm/curriculum/TFM21.html
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Analysis
Data set
• Programs claiming to train for fisheries
management
• First section of web index
• 85 programs (47 institutions)
Results
• Part 1 - Organization
• Part 2 - Curriculum Content
• Part 3 - Program Quality
Fisheries Management Program Review
Global Distribution
Location of Fisheries Training Programs in Analysis
Norway(1)
Canada(8)(4)
US(50)(25)
Ireland(2)(1)
Scotland (1)
UK (9)(4)
Netherlands(1)
Portugal(1)
China(1)
Indonesia(1)
Japan(5)(4)
Australia (6)(3)
Total programs = 86
Total institutions = 48
Fisheries Management Programs
Distribution of US Fisheries Management Programs
in Analysis
Total institutions = 25
U of Washington (4)
U of Maine Orono
U of Vermont (3)
Oregon State (4)
Humboldt State (2)
Cornell(4)
Utah State (2)
Ohio State (2)
Colorado State (2)
UMASS
URI
U of Maryland (2)
UDEL
VIMS (2)
U of Missouri
Virginia Tech
U of
Alaska
Fairbanks
& Auke
Bay
U of Georgia
U of Arizona (2)
Auburn (5)
Florida State
Texas A&M
U of Florida (2)
U of Miami (2)
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Analysis, part 1 - Organization
•Variation in organization - eg. major, minor, concentration
•Title of degree - eg. Fisheries Science, Natural Resources
•Degree level - eg. MS, PhD, Postgrad. Diploma
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1
Variation in Organization of Academic Programs
Specialist
Generalist
Science
Management
• Fisheries, Aquatic or
Marine Science
• Fisheries Science w/
certificate in management
or policy
• Fisheries Economics or
Resource Economics w/
focus on fisheries
• Ocean and Coastal Law w/
focus on fisheries
• Fisheries and/or Wildlife Management
• Marine or Natural Resource
Management w/ concentration or
emphasis in fisheries
• Marine Affairs/Policy with emphasis in
fisheries (UW; Maine)
• Dual or joint degree - w/ business or
public admin
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1
Title of Degree
f Fisheries Science
Total Fisheries = 71%
Natural Resource
Management
f
Fisheries Management
Marine Mgt or Policy
Aquaculture
f Fisheries Economics
Marine Science
Other management
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of 85 programs
80
90 100
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1
Degree Level in sample
Masters - research
Masters - professional
PhD
Postgrad certificate or diploma
Undergrad - professional
Undergrad - research
Minimum #
indicates only
those
undergraduate
programs of
significance
Continuing Ed
Vocational
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% of 85 programs
70
80
90
100
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Analysis, part 2- Curriculum content
•Mission/goals - key words
•Strategy:
– Disciplinary foundation - e.g. oceanography, fish & wildlife
– Science:Management ratio in required coursework
•Science core - key words
•Management core - key words
•Skills - key words
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Range in Mission/Goals
University of Florida,
Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
“train graduate students for entry-level, professional positions in
areas of fisheries biology, aquatic resource management, and/or
aquaculture and provide a solid, scientific foundation for further
graduate work leading to the Ph.D. degree. “
University of Georgia
Warnell School of Forest Resources
“development of scientists and professional resource managers
capable of leadership in the identification, analysis, and solution of
resource-related problems through understanding and application of
biological, economic, social, and analytical principles.”
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Mission/Goal Key Words
sustainable
decision-making
innovation
leadership
synthesis
stakeholders
conflict or consensus
values
change
collaborate
resolution
critical thinking
adaptability
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% of 85 programs
70
80
90
100
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Strategy - Disciplinary Foundation
Fisheries Science
Other Nat Res Management
Fisheries Management
Aquaculture
Marine Sci/Oceanography
Wildlife Science
Policy
Seafood Technology
Fisheries Technology
Economics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of 85 programs
80
90 100
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Strategy - Science : Management Ratio
Science
100:0
90-95:5-10
75:25
50:50
25:75
5-10:90-95
0:100
0
Management
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of 85 programs
80
90
100
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Science Core (course & emphasis)
(key words came from literature review)
Fisheries biology
Fish Ecology
Aquatic Science
Aquaculture
Pop dynamics
Oceanography
Fishing technology
Math, Statistics, Calculus
Stock assessment
Seafood technology
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of 85 programs
80
90
100
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Management Core (courses & emphasis)
(key words came from literature review)
Fishery management
Economics
Policy
Sociology
Law
Business
Marine/Enviro. Management
Ethics/Philosophy
Decision science
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of 85 programs
80
90 100
Communications
Writing
Fisheries Management
Programs Review -
Public Speaking
Extension
Technical assistance
Analysis - part 2
Public Relations
Skills
Administration
Administrative
Budget Preparation
Team work
Employee superv & manage.
Exp design/statistic sampling
Research
Research
“Team work is
very low”
Noah Jodice
Age 7
Geog/Map skills
Monitoring
Conflict Resolution
Problem-Solving
Decision-making
problem-solving
Risk/Impact Assess
Critical thinking
Policy analysis
Systems thinking
Strategic/LR plan
0
10
20
30
40
% of 85 programs
50
60
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Courses w/ skill training - Example #1
Department of Forestry
Forest Administration and Organization. (3) Three hour lecture. Hierarchy
and land structuring of forest organizations. Legal aspects of administering forest
and holdings.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand and appreciate who owns forest land, the kinds and structure of
forestry organizations that administer forest properties, forms of ownership and
how properties are financed.
2. Learn about organization theory including leadership, motivation, worker
empowerment and communication.
3. Learn and develop skills in negotiation, team building, group processes, Total
Quality Management and professional protocol.
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Courses w/ skill training - Example #2
Principles of Management (3) Basic theories, concepts, principles, and
functions of modern management and administration. Planning, organizing,
staffing, and human resources management, directing and supervising,
communication, controlling, evaluating and budgeting responsibilities in public
agencies and private industries, and social and ethical considerations, are among
the principal topics emphasized.
Papers:
1)
2 Memos
2)
Leadership - “gap analysis of the distance between you and your
leadership role model”
3)
Problem Solving - apply the decision-making framework to a
problem you may or have encountered in your professional career
Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2
Skill Training - Example #3
Continuing Education - Leadership Program
Features:
•Enhance the productivity and effectiveness
•Two levels:
Level I - Technical Leadership - GS 5-11 and entry level
• various courses focusing on technical skills
Level II - Program Leadership - mid - level managers
• Leadership and Communication
• Natural Resource Policy
• Values and Economics
• Program Management
• Project necessary to graduate from Level II = Program Plan
Fisheries Management Programs Review
Analysis, part 3 - Program Quality
• Training Capacity
–facilities
–partnerships
–independence
• Flexibility
–required vs. elective courses
–degree options (dual degree, flexible -learning, continuing
education)
• Capstone
–courses - integrated courses that for systems thinking
–opportunities - leadership, team work, decision-making
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Training Capacity
Facilities
# Institutions = 47
OSU RV Wecoma
Access to Fishing
Industry 24(51%)
OSU HMSC - Newport
Associated
Marine Lab
27 (57%)
Tokyo Univ. Fisheries
Coos Bay, Oregon
Research or training
vessel 25 (53%)
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Training Capacity
Partnerships - Example #1
Government Partnership
Florida State University/NMFS
Institute for Fishery Resource
Ecology
• vehicle to combine university and agency
expertise
• address marine resource issues of the
northeastern Gulf of Mexico that affect
Florida, the southeastern United States, and
the rest of the nation.
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Training Capacity
Partnerships - Example #2
Government & International
University of Tromso, NORWEGIAN COLLEGE OF FISHERY SCIENCE
M.Sc. in International Fisheries Management (2 yr)
Features:
• interdisciplinary education - practical aim
• economics and biology, technology, principles of organization, and law
• dissertation related to home country
Focus on international students - scholarships
• English Taught Quota Program - certain number of student places for study
programmes specially designed for applicants from certain countries
(developing countries and some Eastern European countries).
• NORAD (Norwegian Agency For Development Cooperation) assist
developing countries; lasting improvements in political, economic and social
conditions for the entire population within the limits imposed by the natural
environment and the natural resource base.
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Training Capacity
Independence (or dependence on other departments)
15%
primarily dependent
on other depts.
some dependence on
other depts.
no dependence on
other depts.
no information
13%
33%
39%
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Exclusive Fisheries University Model - China
Shanghai Fisheries University, China
• Multi-discipline, multi-level, fisheries, marine and food sciences
• Evolved from Jiangsu Provincial Fishery School founded in 1912.
ORGANIZATION
College of Marine
College of Fishery
•Fishing technology,
•International Fisheries and Policy
•Fishery Resources and Environment
•Fishery Engineering Facilities
•Aquaculture Science
•Water Environment Science
•Biological technology
College of Food Science
College of Economics and Trade
•processing & utilization
•Fishery economics and management
(765 UG, 35 masters)
(672 UG, 5 masters)
(500 UG, 40 masters)
Also, for the basics:
College of Computer Science
College of Human and Basic Sciences
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Curriculum Flexibility
(Required vs Elective Courses)
Level of Flexibility
high (1/3 or less required)
medium (about 1/2 required)
low (2/3 or more required)
not enough information
%
21.18
29.41
34.12
15.29
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Degree Option Flexibility - Example #1
Australian Maritime College -“MBA in Marine Resource Management”
TERM 1
Graduate Certificate in
Fisheries Management
Economic Applications
Fisheries Management
Fisheries Biology and Ecology
 + 1 Elective
Distance/Accelerated Courses
•Administrative Law
•Coastal Zone Management
•Conflict, Environment & Social Impact
•Economic Applications
•Environmental Management Systems
•Environmental Policy
• Working professional
• Model for Stakeholder training or
continuing education
TERM 2
Graduate Diploma in Fisheries
Management
Recreational Fisheries Management
Information Processing
Introduction to Law
 + 1 Elective
Fish
Ecology
TERM 3 = 1 year total
Masters (Coursework)
+ Research Project
2nd Year
Masters (Research)
+ Thesis
Marine
Policy
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Degree Option Flexibility - Example #2
Dual Degree
Corporate Environmental Management Program
Features:
• M.B.A. and M.S. in Natural Resources/Environment.
• Highly selective 3-year dual degree program
• develops future private and public leaders possessing the requisite mix of
scientific literacy, global vision, entrepreneurial creativity, and management
skills needed to achieve sustainable commerce and governance.
• trained to deal with complex social, ecological and economic
interdependencies via an emphasis on transdisciplinary approaches,
systems thinking, public-private partnerships, and experiential learning in the
field.
• Rated by World Resources Institute as "Cutting Edge"
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Capstone Opportunities
thesis
research project
practicuum or field course
capstone course
internship
field trip
international opportunity
student association
case studies
inservice work
leadership experience or training
team project
0
20
40
60
% of 85 programs
80
100
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Capstone Opportunities - Example
Synthesis team project
MSPPM Systems Synthesis Projects capstone experience
• Working in a group for a real client
• students will tackle a real issue that "synthesizes" their first year coursework
in economics, statistics, management science, financial analysis,
professional writing and speaking.
• guided-and challenged-by a faculty advisor and an advisory board of
professionals in the field.
• Students propose a project, frame the problem, conduct the analysis, make
recommendations and present their findings-just like they'll do in every job
they have after graduating from the Heinz School.
• Students will find systems stimulating, frustrating, edifying, and exciting. It
will be the best professional preparation they could hope for.
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Learning from other top management programs
The Learning Model
Success in business comes from experience and knowledge, from
the ability to analyze and reflect, from observing and interacting with
others, and learning from these encounters.
It's a process of inductive learning that goes beyond facts and
theories—a process that teaches individuals not only how to manage
organizations, but also how to continually grow and learn throughout
life. A process that empowers our students to be architects of their
own future.
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Comparison with other Management Programs
Learning from other top management programs
The Case Method at HBS
• Bringing real-life business problems into the classroom: this is at the
heart of the Harvard Business School experience and the essence of
the case method.
• primary form of instruction
• presents the greatest challenges confronting leading companies today
• complete with the constraints and incomplete information found in a real
business situation
• places the student in the role of the decision maker
Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3
Comparison with other Management Programs
Learning from other top management programs
Social Enterprise option:
Leadership roles in nonprofit organizations and other social enterprises.
Electives:
•Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector
•Business Leadership in the Social Sector
•Effective Leadership of Social Enterprises - exploring the key determinants of
superior performance and sustainability in established social enterprises through
cases, lectures, and class visitors; four modules: Mission, Strategy and Structure;
Leadership and Management of Human Resources; Governance, Financial
Management and Performance Measurement; Leading Change in Social Enterprise
Institutions; build skills in leading and reinventing institutions
•Field Studies in Social Enterprise
Summary and Findings
We Reviewed:
• Eighty five “Fishery Management” Programs
• Thirty “Management” Programs in other fields
We found (in the fishery management programs):
• Significant diversity in structure
• Strong foundation in traditional fishery science
• Courses in varied fields
• Relatively little integrative experience
• Not ambitious: less emphasis on critical thinking, leadership,
systems approaches, decision science
Remaining Questions
• If we are devolving from highly centralized
management, are we providing the right
curriculum/training for managers and stakeholders?
• Reviewed many programs with many courses, but
are they:
• Integrated with effective capstone experiences?
• High quality and rigor or a hodge-podge
curriculum?
• Teaching skills emphasized in leading MBA,
Forestry and and Public Administration programs:
problem solving, leadership, strategic behavior,
lifelong learning, systems thinking, institutional
analysis and design?
Remaining Questions
• Significant variety of structures and alternative
approaches? Is that variety ideal -- or does it
represent inadequate understanding of effective
educational needs?
• Are programs developing intellectual leaders and
policy entrepreneurs who can “break out” of
institutional barriers?
• Are these programs effectively educating managers
for creating, accessing and analyzing the most vital
information, knowledge, and ideas?
Remaining Questions
• Should programs and curriculum focus more on
ocean management issues?
• Relatively few PhD programs – Is there a need?
What about dual degree programs?
• Should these programs teach “internal” organization
management parallel with “external” resource
management?