Renewable Energy Workshop
2012
PS10 CSP Plant – Andalucia, Spain
“Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies”
A Presentation to the Bucknell University Renewable Energy Workshop – 12 May 2012

The first known wind turbine for producing
electricity was by Charles F. Brush turbine, in
Cleveland, Ohio in 1888
• 12 kW
• Used electricity to charge
batteries in the cellar of
the owner’s mansion
Note the
person
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm

First wind turbine outside of the US to generate
electricity was built by Poul la Cour in 1891 in
Denmark
•
Used electricity
from his wind
turbines to
electrolyze water to
make hydrogen for
the gas lights at the
schoolhouse
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm
LaCour Test Turbines 1897
Schmidt 1942
Class of 1904
Schmidt 1942
Juul’s Gedser 200kW design
1957-1975
© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry Association
Updated 23 July 2003
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In the US - first wind-electric systems built in the
late 1890’s
By 1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands were in
use in rural areas not yet served by the grid
Interest in wind power declined as the utility grid
expanded and as reliable, inexpensive electricity
could be purchased
Oil crisis in 1970s created a renewed interest in wind
until US government stopped giving tax credits
Renewed interest again since the 1990s

Large (megawatt) machines

Vestas 1.5MW 68m
Nordex 2.5MW 100m
© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry Association
Updated 23 July 2003
Nordtank 1.5MW 64m
Vattenfall owns many of the world’s largest
offshore wind farms
300 MW Thanet Farm (100 -3MW turbines)
160 MW Horns Rev Farm (80-2MW units)
110 MW Lillegrund Farm (48-2.3 MW units)
90 MW Kentish Flats Farm (30-3MW units)
In total Vattenfall provides the EU with
~2TWh of wind energy annually from over
500 large scale wind turbines
Current plans are for 6,000 MW in a
partnership with Scottish Power
Renewables
© Copyright 2010 – Vattenfall Thanet 300MW


“Thanet” located off British coast in English Channel
100 Vestas V90 turbines, 300 MW capacity
Turbines
are
located
in water
depth
of
20-25m.
Rows
are
800m
apart; 500m
between
turbines
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/23/uk.largest.wind.farm/?hpt=Sbin
http://www.vattenfall.co.uk/en/thanet-offshore-wind-farm.htm
Offshore wind turbines currently need to be in relatively
shallow water, so maximum distance from shore depends
on the seabed
 Capacity
factors tend
to increase
as turbines
move further
off-shore

Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/wind_maps/us_windmap.pdf
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.ht
Source: www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html

Why V3 ?


AV
m
1
3
Ptot  AV
2
Pw  C p Ptot

m r
V

What does plot
look like?
China
62,733
United States
46,919
Germany
29,060
Spain
21,674
India
16,084
France
6,800
Italy
6,747
United Kingdom
6,540
Canada
5,265
Portugal
4,083
Rest of world
32,444
Top 5 States with Wind Power Capacity
Installed, 2010:
1. Texas
2. Iowa
3. California
4. Minnesota
5. Washington
10,135 MW
3,675 MW
3,179 MW
2,432 MW
2,356 MW
SOURCE: AWEA
Last updated: 8.4.2011
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VAWT
HAWT downwind
HAWT upwind
SOURCE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/wind_how.html#inside
1
3
Pw  Av
2
3
  1.225kg / m (1atm.,15C )

Wind Maps
 NREL

Wind Models Based Upon Maps/Data
 New Jersey has Interactive Map

Site Data
 Anemometer Loan Programs
 Adjacent NWS sites

v H 
   

 vo   H o 
 v  ln( H / z )
  
 vo  ln( H o / z )

Tables 6.3 & 6.4, Page 320

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Max theoretical is called Betz efficiency
For typical turbines this is 59%
Under ideal conditions today’s turbines can
achieve 80% of the max theoretical:
 So many turbines range between 45-50%

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Start by Analyzing your Wind Map
Determine potential generation
Determine local costs of electricity
Base your estimates on a real wind generator
power curve (Bergey, etc.)
Complete Cost Benefit Analysis
Solar Intensity: Atmospheric Effects
Sun photosphere
Intensity
Extraterestrial
sunlight (AM0)
Sunlight at sea level
at 40° N Lattitude at
noon (AM1.5)
“AM” means “air mass”
Figure 7.5
For solar energy applications, we’ll consider the characteristics of
the earth’s orbit to be unchanging
Solar noon – sun is
directly over the local
line of longitude
 Rule of thumb for the
Northern Hemisphere
- a south facing
collector tilted at an
angle equal to the
local latitude

•
Figure 7.8
During solar noon, the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the collector face
Altitude Angle
Azimuth Angle
Figure 7.10


Trees to the southeast, small building to the southwest
Can estimate the amount of energy lost to shading
Figure 7.15

http://mapserve3.nrel.gov/PVWatts_Viewer/index.html
Fig. 3-12 PV cell characteristics [11].
© Copyright Ned Mohan 2006
Incoming Photons
Top Electrical Contacts
electrons 
- - - - Accumulated Negative Charges - - - -
n-type
Holes
E-Field
+
-
p-type
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
Depletion
Region
Electrons
+ + + Accumulated Positive Charges + + +
Bottom Electrical Contact
I 
SOURCE: California Energy Commission - Guide to PV System Design and Installation – June 2001
[Available Online] : http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-09-04_500-01-020.PDF
www.solarpathfinder.com

PathFinder, Tripod and Software
http://www.solarpathfinder.com/ord/configure?id=rWISgKdJ&mv_arg=PF

http://www.civicsolar.com/product/solmetricsun-eye-210

Fixed Panel facing south at 40o N latitude
 40o tilt angle: 2410 kWh/m2
 20o tilt angle: 2352 kWh/m2 (2.4% loss)
 60o tilt angle: 2208 kWh/m2 (8.4% loss)

Fixed panel facing SE or SW (azimuth)
 40o tilt angle: 2216 kWh/m2 (8.0% loss)
 20o tilt angle: 2231 kWh/m2 (7.4% loss)
 60o tilt angle: 1997 kWh/m2 (17.1% loss)

Williamsport, PA 1-kW 30o tilt example
 1,115 kWh/year

Single axis –
 1,361 kWh/year
 22% improvement at 41o N latitude

Two axis tracking –
 1,415 kWh/m2
 27% improvement at 41o N latitude