计算机专业英语
Computer English
高等学校精品规划教材
主编：支丽平
出版社：中国水利水电出版社
任课教师：张 弛
湖南城市学院计算机科学系
Unit 2 Hardware System of Computer
• 教学目标
• 教学内容
湖南城市学院
教学目标
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
了解计算机的体系结构
了解CPU的组成
理解指令执行周期的过程
了解主板的功能
了解存储器的分类
了解常见的输入、输出设备
了解扩展槽的相关知识
湖南城市学院
教学内容
•
•
•
•
•
•
Text 1
Text 2
Text 3
Text 4
Text 5
Text 6
湖南城市学院
Computer Hardware Architecture
CPU architectures
Motherboard
Storage
Input & Output Devices
Expansion Cards
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
•
A computer system is comprised of the five building
blocks, as well as additional peripheral support devices,
which aid in data movement and processing. These
basic building blocks are used to form the general
processing, control, storage, and input and output units
that make up modern computer systems. Devices
typically are organized in a manner that supports the
application processing for which the computer system is
intended, for example, if massive amounts of data need
to be stored, then additional peripheral storage devices
such as disks or tape units are required, along with their
required controllers or data channels.
湖南城市学院
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
•
A computer system's architecture
is constructed using basic building
blocks, such as CPUs, memories,
disks, I/O, and other devices as
needed.
湖南城市学院
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
• To better describe the variations within architectures we will discuss
some details briefly, for example, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the
control unit are merged together into a central processing unit or CPU.
The CPU controls the flow of instructions and data in the computer
system. Memories can be broken down into hierarchies based on
nearness to the CPU and speed of access-for example, cache memory is
small, extremely fast memory used for instructions and data actively
executing and being used by the CPU and usually resides on the same
board or chip as the CPU. The primary memory is slower, but it is also
cheaper and contains more memory locations. It is used to store data and
instructions that will be used during the execution of applications
presently running on the CPU, for example, if you boot up your word
processing program on your personal computer, the operating system
will attempt to place the entire word processing program in primary
memory. If there is insufficient space, the operating system will partition
the program into segments and pull them in as needed.
湖南城市学院
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
• The portion of the program that cannot be stored in memory is
maintained on a secondary storage device, typically a disk drive. This
device has a much greater storage capacity than the primary memory,
typically costs much less per unit of storage, and has data access times
that are much slower than the primary memory. A more recent external
storage device is the CD-ROM drive. This device, in its read-only mode
(ROM), allows users only to extract information from the drive. In the more
recent read/ write variety the device can be used somewhat like the
traditional tape drive. An additional secondary storage device is the tape
drive unit. A tape drive is a simple storage device that can store massive
amounts of data again, at less cost than the disk units but at a reduced
access speed. Other components of a computer system are input and
output units. These are used to extract data from the computer and
provide these data to external devices or to input data from the external
device. The external devices could be end-user terminals, sensors,
information network ports, video, voice, or other computers.
湖南城市学院
Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture
•
In the following sections we will
examine each of the components of a
computer system in more detail, as we
examine how these devices can be
interconnected to support data processing
applications.
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
• system software系统软件
• application software应用软件
• accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ; ə'kʃm-] vt.达到(目的)；完成(任务、使命、计划、
事业等)；实现(诺言、计划等)：
• diagnostic routines【计算机】诊断(例行)程序[亦作diagnostic
subroutine,diagnostic test]
• basic input-output system基本输入输出系统
• operating system操作系统
• graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面
• mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械,机构,结构机制，原理
• reenter [,ri:'entə] vt.再进入；重返
• OLE (object linking and embedding) functions对象连接与嵌入功能
• DDE (dynamic data exchange) 动态数据交换
• clipboard ['klipbʃ:d] n. 剪贴板
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj.（系统、流程、技术等)极其复杂的，精密的，尖端
的，发达的
replacement [ri'pleismənt] n. 交换,更换,代替者21世纪大英汉词典》
alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj.1. 两者(或两者以上)择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中
任择其一的；(两种选择中)非此即彼的2. 供替代的；供选择的3. (两者)互斥的
independently [indi'pendəntli] adv. 独立地,自立地
milestone ['mailstəun] n. 里程碑
merge [mə:dʒ] vt. 【计算机】合并
pictorial [pik'tʃ:riəl] adj.1. 图片的；用图片表示的；由图片组成的；2. 形象化的；生
动的
newsletters ['nju:z,letə(r)] n. 时事通讯,时事分析,时事传报21世纪大英汉词典》
AT&T美国电话电报公司(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国,主要经营电讯)
portable ['pɔ:təbl] adj. 【计算机】可移植的，不经修改便可在任何计算机上使用的
multiprocessing [,mʌlti'prəusesiŋ; -'prʃ-] n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通
往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. System software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish
specific tasks.
• （ ）2. The operating system helps manage computer resources.
• （ ）3. Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the
same time, each in its own window.
• （ ） 4.Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and
embedding) functions.
• （ ）5. OLE don’t allow the application receiving the data to directly access the
application that created the data.
• （ ）6. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do
affect the printing of the document.
• （ ）7. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating
system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy.
• （ ）8. OS/2 was developed only by Microsoft Corporation.
• （ ）9. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a highquality graphical user interface and is very hard to use.
• （ ）10. Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for
multitasking.
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. Software refers to computer programs. __________are the instructions that
tell the computer how to process data into the form you want.
• 2. There are two kinds of software: system software and__________ software.
• 3. __________ software is a collection of programs that enables application
software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background
software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own
internal resources.
• 4. __________ software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader,
diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system.
• 5. Windows offers __________, presents the user with graphic images of
computer functions and data.
• 6. Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you
to do __________ That is, several programs can run at the same time.
• 7. Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be
used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable
operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, __________,
and supercomputers.
湖南城市学院
Text 2 CPU architectures
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
Text 2 CPU architectures
• The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of a computer
system. The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and
the control unit, as indicated previously. The ALU can come in a
variety of configurations from a single simple unit, that performs
simple adds, subtracts, increments, decrements, load, and store,
up to extremely complex units that perform operations such as
multiply, divide, exponentiation, sine, cosine, and so on. The
primary operation of the ALU is to take zero or more operands and
perform the function called for in the instruction. In addition to the
ALU, the CPU consists of a set of registers to store operands and
intermediate results and to maintain information used by the CPU
to determine the state of its computations. There are registers for
the status of the ALU's operation, for keeping count of the
instruction to be performed next, to keep data flowing in from
memory or out to memory, to maintain the instruction being
executed, and for the location of operands being operated on by
the CPU.
湖南城市学院
Text 2 CPU architectures
• Each of these registers has a unique function within the CPU, and
each is necessary for various classes of computer architectures. A
typical minimal architecture for a CPU and its registers is shown in
Fig.2.1. This architecture consists of a primary memory connected to the
CPU via buses that use a memory address register and memory data
register to address a location in memory and transfer the contents of the
location from the memory into the memory data register or to transfer
the contents of the memory data register into memory. There are
registers in the CPU for instructions (the instruction or IR register),
instruction operands, and results of operations; a location counter
(which contains either the location in memory for instructions or
operands, depending on the decoding of instructions); a program
counter or PC (which maintains the location of the next instruction to
perform); and status registers.
•MARMemory ArrayMDRCPURegistersPCIR
湖南城市学院
Text 2 CPU architectures
M
A
R
Memory
Array
M
D
R
CPU
PC
Registers
IR
Fig.2.1 the CPU and its Associated Registers
湖南城市学院
• The CPU also contains the control unit. The control
unit uses the status registers and instructions in the
instruction register to determine what functions the CPU
must perform .Registers, ALU, and data paths that make
up the CPU. The basic operation of the CPU follows a
simple loop (unless interrupts occur that alter the flow of
execution). This loop is called the instruction execution
cycle (Fig.2.2). There are six basic functions performed
in the instruction loop: instruction fetch, instruction
decode, operand effective address calculation, operand
fetch, operation execution, and next address calculation.
湖南城市学院
Instruction
Fetch
Next Instruction
Address
Computation
Instruction
Decode
Instruction
Execution
Operand
Address
Computation
Operand
Fetch
• Fig.2.2 Instrumentation Execution Cycle
湖南城市学院
• Instruction fetch uses the program counter register to point to
the next instruction stored in memory. The address is placed in the
memory address register and the instruction is then gated
(electronically signaled by the CPU control element to transfer the
data) from the data memory into the memory data register. The
instruction then flows into the instruction register under the
direction of the control unit.
• Once an instruction is in the instruction register, the second
cycle in instruction execution can be performed decode. To
decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what type of
instruction is being requested for example, does the instruction
require additional data from memory to perform its intended
function, or does the instruction involve only ALU resident
registers?
湖南城市学院
• The third cycle within instruction execution is the operand effective address
calculation. This phase of instruction execution operates by extracting operand
address information from the instruction and then performing some form of
calculation (e.g., base plus offset) with this information to form a physical address
in memory. Once the type and number of operands are determined, the ALU can
acquire the operands and then set up to perform the decoded instruction.
• Once we have a physical address, we can fetch the operand (the fourth
function of the instruction execution cycle). To fetch the operand the effective
address is placed in the memory address register, and the control gates the
contents pointed to by the memory address register into the memory data register.
The extracted operand is then gated from the memory data register into an ALU
register. If an additional operand is needed, the two cycle steps for operand fetch
would be repeated to get the remaining operand. With all required operands in
ALU registers the instruction requested can now be performed. The instruction
execution is controlled by the CPU control unit. The control unit signals to the
ALU to perform the instruction for example, if an add is requested the ALU would
add the A and B registers and place the result in the C register. After the
instruction is completed the last step in the instruction execution cycle can
proceed.
湖南城市学院
• The next address calculation uses the program
counter and/or any pertinent computation result to
determine where in the memory the next instruction
is to be found. The normal mode of address
calculation is to increment the contents of the
program counter. With the new address the
instruction cycle begins once more.
• This execution sequence represents the basic
functions found in all computer systems. Variations
in the number of steps are found based on the type
and length of the instruction.
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
configuration [kən,figju'reiʃən] n. 结构,布局,形态[计算机] 配置
perform [pə'fɔ:m] vt. 执行；履行
Advanced Data Display System (adds)高级数据显示系统
subtract [səb'trækt] vt.扣除，减少，减损：
increment ['inkrimənt] n. 增加(增加物,增量,余差)
decrement ['dekrimənt] n. 渐减,减少,减少量[计算机] 递减
multiply ['mʌltiplai] vt.【数学】乘，使相乘：
divide [di'vaid] vt. 【数学】除，用除法分成相等的几份；除尽；
把…作除数，以…相除：
• exponentiation ['ekspəu,nenʃi'eiʃən] n.【数学】取幂
• sine [sain; 'saini; 'sinei] n.【几何学】 1) 正弦2) (角的)正弦函数
• cosine [‘kəusain] n.【三角学】余弦
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
intermediate [,intə'mi:djət; -dieit] adj.中间的，居间的
minimal ['miniməl] adj.最小的；最少的；最低限度的
status register状态寄存器
interrupt [,intə'rʌpt] n. 中断v. 打断,妨碍,插嘴[计算机] 中断
the instruction execution cycle指令执行周期
instruction loop闭合指令循环回路
instruction decode指令译码
gated amplifier选通放大器
decode [,di:'kəud] vt.译(密码文电等)，译(码)，解(码)等：
operand ['ɔpərænd; ,ɔpə'rænd] n. 【计算机】操作数
acquire [ə'kwaiə] vt. (计算机、机器人等)捕捉，捕获，截获
pertinent ['pə:tinənt] adj.恰当的；适当的；贴切的；中肯的；有
关的
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. There are registers in the CPU for instructions, instruction
operands, and results of operations; a location counter; a program
counter or PC (which maintains the location of the next instruction to
perform); and status registers.
• （ ）2. Once an instruction is in the instruction register, the second
cycle in instruction execution can be performed code.
• （ ）3. To decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what
type of instruction is being requested.
• （ ）4. The second cycle within instruction execution is the operand
effective address calculation.
• （ ）5. Once the type and number of operands are determined, the ALU
can acquire the operands and then set up to perform the coded
instruction.
• （ ）6. Variations in the number of steps are found based on the type
and length of the instruction.
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. The central processing unit (__________) is the brains of a
computer system.
• 2. The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the
__________ unit, as indicated previously.
• 3. The__________ unit uses the status registers and instructions in
the instruction register to determine what functions the CPU must
perform .
• 4. There are__________ basic functions performed in the instruction
loop: instruction fetch, instruction decode, operand effective address
calculation, operand fetch, operation execution, and next address
calculation.
• 5. Instruction __________ uses the program counter register to point
to the next instruction stored in memory.
• 6. The instruction execution is controlled by the CPU __________unit.
湖南城市学院
Text 3 Motherboard
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
•
A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some
complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The
motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system
board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.It is also sometimes
casually shortened to mobo.
•…………………
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:
sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors are installed.
slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the
form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main
memory, and peripheral buses
non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards)
containing the system's firmware or BIOS
a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize
the various components
slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses
supported by the chipset)
湖南城市学院
• Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an
EEPROM chip soldered to the motherboard, to bootstrap the
motherboard. (Socketed BIOS chips are widely used, also.) By
booting the motherboard, the memory, circuitry, and peripherals
are tested and configured. This process is known as a
computer Power-On Self Test (POST) and may include testing
some of the following devices:
• floppy drive
• network controller
• CD-ROM drive
• DVD-ROM drive
• SCSI hard drive
• IDE, EIDE, or SATA hard drive
• External USB memory storage device
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
motherboard主板，母板
PCB (printed circuit board)印刷电路板
mainboard主板
alternatively [ɔ:ltə:nətivli] adv. 二者择一地, 非此即彼，
如其不然；或，要不
microprocessor [maikrəuprɔsesə]n.微处理器
case机箱
backplane 底板
mainframe [‘mein,freim] n.【计算机】(电脑)主机;主
机机枢;主机机架;中央处理机
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
• central processing unit【计算机】中央处理机,中央
处理装置[略作 CPU,亦作 central processor]
• peripheral [pə'rifərəl] adj. 不重要的,外围的n.【计算
机】外围设备；辅助设备(如打印机、扫描仪等) [亦作
peripheric]
• ICs 内部通信系统
• serial ['siəriəl] n. 序列,串列adj. 连续的,一连串的【计
算机】串联的，串行的，非并行的
• parallel ['pærəlel] adj. 平行的adv. 平行地n. 平行线vt.
与...平行【计算机】并行
• expansion card扩展卡
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Micronics迈科
Molex莫莱克斯
AMI美国米格特雷德公司
DTK创宏
Hauppauge哈帕克
Orchid Technology兰花科技
Elitegroup精英
DFI友通
schematic [ski'mætik] adj. 扼要的,图解的n1.图表，
略图，简图2.【电工学】电路图,原理图
• reverse-engineering逆向工程，反求工程
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
• compatible [kəm'pætəbl] a. 能共处的,可并立的,适合[计算机]
相兼容的
• upgrade [ʌp'greid]vt. 提高(上升,浓集,加强)n. 提高(上升,浓集,
加强)
• archaically [ɑ:'keiikli] adv. 已废地,古老地,古代地
• embedded systems嵌入式系统
• daughterboard子板
• socket ['sɔkit]n.插座，管座，插口
• slot [slɔt]槽，缝
• stop-watch记秒表，秒表，停表
• desktop computer台式计算机，台式电脑
• main memory主存
• external storage外部存储器
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
plug-in插件程序
integrate ['intigreit] v. 整合,使...成整体a. 真诚的
chipset芯片集，晶元组
bus母线，总线
to an extent在一定程度上
DIMM（Dual In-line Memory Modules）双重内嵌式内存模块
DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory）动态随机存储器
firmware ['fə:m,wєə] n.固化程序，固件；烧写到一块芯片上的程序命令集
BIOS（Basic Input/Output System）基本输入/输出系统
interface 界面,接口
heat sink吸热设备，冷源，散热片
layout ['leiaut]n.布局，安排，设计
facilitate [fə'siliteit] v. 帮助,使...容易,促进
architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə]n. 建筑学, 建筑业【计算机】计算机构造，架构，
体系结构
• budget [‘bʌdʒit]n.预算 vi.(for)编预算 vt.规划 a.低廉的
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
• floppy disk drive软盘驱动器
• PATA（Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment）并行高级技术附加装
置
• SATA（Serial Advanced Technology Attachment）串行高级技术附加装
置
• RAID（Redundant Array of Independent Disks）独立磁盘冗余阵列
• VGA（video graphics array）视频图像阵列
• S/PDIF（Sony/Phillips Digital Interface）索尼/飞利普数字接口
• USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线
• IrDA（infrared ray）红外线通信接口（可进行局域网存取和文件共享）
• ATX (Advanced Technology Extend)扩展型先进技术
• PCI（Peripheral Component Interconnect）互连外围设备
• PCI-E（Peripheral Component Interconnect Extend）扩展型互连外围设
备
• SLI （Scalable Link Interface）双显卡
• NVIDIA辉达公司
• ATI冶天（计算机公司）
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
intensive [in'tensiv] a. 集中的,强化的,精细的,深入的
at least 1. 最少;至少;起码[亦作 at the very least] 2. 无论如何
northbridge北桥
crash [kræʃ] n.猛撞,崩溃,破产,垮台v. 撞碎,迫降n.【计算机】
(计算机)突然停止工作(死机)，失灵(状态)
passive ['pæsiv] a. 被动的,消极的n. 被动性
sufficient [sə'fiʃənt] a. 足够的,充分的
reliability [ri,laiə'biliti] n. 可靠性
mulation仿真
electrolytic [i,lektrəu'litik] a. 电解的,由电解产生的
evaporate [i'væpəreit] v. 蒸发,失去水分,消失
instability [instə'biliti] n. 不安定,不稳定,基础薄弱
deliver [di‘livə] v. 递送,表达,释放,交付,接生
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
inadequate [in'ædikwit] a. 不充分的,不适当的
Macintosh苹果机（计算机公司）
Laptop便携式电脑,膝上型电脑
crossfire ['krɔsfaiə] n. 交叉火力
proprietary [prə'praiətəri] a. 专利的(所有的)n. 所有权(所有人
bootstrap ['bu:tstræp] 引导指令(程序),辅助程序
CD-ROM（Compact Disc ,Read-Only Memory）只读光盘
DVD-ROM (Digital Video Disc ,Read-Only Memory)只读数字
化视频光盘
• SCSI （Small Computer System Interface）小型计算机系统
接口
• IDE（Integrated Drive Electronics）电子集成驱动器
• EIDE（enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics）增强型电子
集成驱动器
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. Motherboard is the main printed circuit board containing the primary
components of a computer system.
• （ ）2. The CPU, memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed
circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.
• （ ）3. low-speed peripherals include keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive,
serial ports, and parallel ports.
• （ ） 4. Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC didn’t
permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards.
• （ ）5. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability
to extend its performance with the addition of "daughter boards".
• （ ）6. IBM-compatible computers account for around 80% of global PC sales.
• （ ）7.In modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of
peripherals into the motherboard itself.
• （ ）8. The microprocessor's supporting chipset provides only the supporting
interfaces between the CPU and external components.
• （ ）9. USB 2.0 controller supports up to 12 USB ports
• （ ）10. Cheaper machines now often have a separate card rather than their
graphics chip built into the motherboard
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. A typical desktop computer has its__________, main memory,
and other essential components on the motherboard..
• 2. Modern motherboards nearly always include __________and
mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.
• 3. A CPU slot is an electrical component that attaches to PCB
and is designed to __________ a CPU.
• 4. Today, highly-integrated motherboards are especially popular
in small form factor and __________ computers.
• 5. Commodity computers have been standardized to fit various
__________ sizes.
• 6. Capacitors of the motherboard age at a temperaturedependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly
__________.
• 7. Laptop computers generally use highly __________ integrated,
miniaturized, and customized motherboards.
湖南城市学院
Text 4 Storage
• Main Contents
• Words and
Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
• The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or
information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as
possible. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks
that are located inside the computer, and floppy or
compact disks that are used externally.
• (1)memory
• (2)Floppy disks
• (3)Compact disks
• (4)Magnetic Tape
湖南城市学院
(1)memory
•
•
•
•
Your computer uses two types of memory:
primary memory
hard disk
times.
湖南城市学院
(2)Floppy disks
• Floppy disks are also called diskettes, flexible disks, floppies, or
simply disks. When you look at a floppy disk, you'll see a plastic
case that measures 3.5 by 5 inches. There is a very thin piece of
plastic inside that case. This disk is much like the tape inside a
video or audio cassette. At one end of it is a small metal cover
with a rectangular hole in it. That cover can be moved aside to
show the flexible disk inside. But never touch the inner disk!
You could damage the data that is stored on it. On one side of
the floppy disk is a place for a label. On the other side is a silver
circle with two holes in it. The plastic disk inside the diskette
cover is flexible, not rigid. They are flat, circular pieces of mylar
plastic that rotate within a jacket. Data and programs are stored
as electromagnetic charges on a metal oxide film coating the
mylar plastic.When the disk is inserted into the disk drive, the
drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle. This causes the
disk inside to spin at about 300 rpm! Floppy disks are the
smallest type of storage, holding only 1.44MB.
湖南城市学院
(3)Compact disks
• Optical disks are used for storing great quantities of data.
An optical disk can hold 650 megabytes of data—the
equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. Moreover, an
optical disk makes an immense amount of information
available on a microcomputer. In optical-disk technology,
a laser beam alters the surface of a plastic or metallic
disk to represent data. To read the data, a laser scans
these areas and sends the data to a computer chip for
conversion.
湖南城市学院
(4)Magnetic Tape
• Magnetic tape is an effective way of making a backup, or
duplicate, copy of your programs and data. We
mentioned the alarming consequences that can happen
if a hard disk suffers a head crash. You will lose some or
all of your data or programs. Of course, you can always
make copies of your hard-disk files on floppy disks.
However, this can be time-consuming and may require
many floppy disks. Magnetic tape is sequential access
storage and can solve the problem mentioned above.
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
storage [’stɔ:ridʒ] n. 存储，存储器
hard disk n. 硬盘
primary memory主存储器
secondary memory辅助存贮器
temporarily ['tempərərili] adv. 临时，暂时
vanish [’væniʃ] vi. 消失，消灭，消散
repository [ripɔzitəri] n. 存放处, 储藏室，仓库
accessible [æk’sesəbl] adj. 容易取得的, 容易达到的，可
使用的
• instruction-fetch cycle 取指令周期
• data-fetch cycle读取数据周期
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
• utilization [,ju:tilaizeiʃən] n. 利用，使用, 应用
• deallocate [di'æləkeit] v. 解除分配,解除分配, 释放，归还；重
新分配
• metallic [mitælik] adj.金属性的, 金属(制)的, 含金属的
• plastic platters 塑料盘片
• read-write head读写(磁)头
• cushion [kuʃən] n. 软垫, 垫层; 缓冲(垫); 起缓冲作用的事物
• fingerprint [’fiŋɡəprint] n. 指纹
• dust [dʌst] n. 灰尘, 尘土, 尘埃
• sterile [’sterail] adj. 无菌的, 消过毒的, 无结果的, 无益的
• cylinder [’silində] n. 圆筒, 圆柱体
• rpm (revolutions per minute) 转数／分，每分钟转动次数
• Floppy disks 软盘
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
cassette [kə’set] n.盒式录音带, 盒式录像带
rectangular [rek’tæŋɡjulə] adj. 矩形的, 长方形的，直角的
rigid [’ridʒid] adj.刚硬的，不弯曲的，严格的，严密的，刚性的
mylar [’mailɑ:] n.聚脂薄膜
electromagnetic [ilektrəʊ'mægnitik] adj.电磁的
oxide [’ɔksaid] n.氧化物，氧气
optical disk 光盘，光碟
laser beam激光束
CDs 光盘, 压缩盘
DVD 数字化视频光盘
Magnetic tape 磁带
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. Memory is also known as primary storage, internal storage, it
permanently .holds data, program instructions, and information.
• （ ）2. One of the most important facts to know about memory is that all of its
content is held only temporarily.
• （ ）3. When you turn the machine off, the content in the primary storage
immediately vanish.
• （ ）4. The main memory is generally not the only large storage device that the
CPU is able to address and access directly.
• （ ）5. To improve both the utilization of the CPU and the speed of the
computer’s response to its users, we must keep several programs in hard disk.
• （ ）6. The read-write head is so thin that a smoke particle, fingerprint, dust, or
human hair could cause what is known as a head crash.
• （ ）7. A head crash is a disaster for a hard disk. It means that all of the data
on the disk is destroyed.
• （ ）8. Floppy disks are also called diskettes, flexible disks, floppies, or simply
disks.
• （ ）9. The plastic disk inside the diskette cover is rigid.
• （ ）10. Optical disks are used for storing great quantities of data.
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get
that data to the __________ as quickly as possible.
• 2. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located __________ the
computer, and floppy or compact disks that are used externally.
• 3. __________memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard.
• 4. Memory is also known as __________ storage, internal storage, it
temporarily holds data, program instructions, and information.
• 5. Main-Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own
__________.
• 6. The CPU reads instructions from __________ memory during the instructionfetch cycle, and both reads and writes data from main memory during the datafetch cycle.
• 7. The __________ system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with memory management.
• 8. __________ disks consist of metallic rather than plastic platters.
• 9. Hard disks are tightly sealed to __________ any foreign matter from getting
inside.
• 10. Within the hard drive, an electronic reading/writing device called the
__________ passes back and forth over the cylinders, reading information from
the disk or writing information to it.
湖南城市学院
Text 5 Input & Output Devices
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
Input devices
• Input devices take data and programs people can read or understand
and convert them to a form the computer can process. This is the
machine-readable electronic signals of 0s and 1s. Input hardware is
of two kinds: keyboard entry and direct entry
• Keyboard Entry
• Data is input to the computer through a keyboard that looks like a
typewriter keyboard but has additional keys. In this method, the user
typically reads from an original document called the source document.
The user enters that document by typing on the keyboard.
• Direct Entry
• Data is made into machine-readable form as it is entered into the
computer, no keyboard is used. Direct entry devices may be
categorized into three areas: pointing devices (for example, mouse,
touch screen, light pen, digitizer are all pointing devices), scanning
devices (for example, image scanner, fax machine, bar-code reader
are all scanning devices), and voice-input devices.
湖南城市学院
Output devices
•
Output devices convert machinereadable information into people-readable
form. Common output devices are
monitors, printers, plotters, and voice
output.
湖南城市学院
Monitors
•
Monitors are also called display screen or video display
terminals. Most monitors that sit on desks are built in the
same way as television sets, these are called cathode-ray
tubes. Another type of monitor is flat-panel display,
including liquid-crystal display (LCD), electroluminescent
(EL) display and gas-plasma display. An LCD does not emit
light of its own. Rather, it consists of crystal molecules.An
electric field causes the molecules to line up in a way that
alters their optical properties. Unfortunately, many LCDs
are difficult to read in sunlight or other strong light. A gasplasma display is the best type of flat screen. Like a neon
light bulb, the plasma display uses a gas that emits light in
the presence of an electric current.
湖南城市学院
Printers
•
•
•
•
•
There are four popular kinds of printers: dot-matrix, laser, ink-jet, and
thermal.
Dot-matrix printers can produce a page of text in less than 10 seconds and
are highly reliable. They form characters or images using a series of small
pins on a print head. The pins strike an inked ribbon and create an image
on paper. Printers are available with print heads of 9, 18, or 24 pins. One
disadvantage of this type of printer is noise.
The laser printer creates dotlike images on a drum, using a laser beam
light source.The characters are treated with a magnetically charged inklike
toner and then are transferred from drum to paper. A heat process is used
to make the characters adhere. The laser printer produces images with
excellent letter and graph ics quality.
An ink-jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed onto the
surface of the paper. This process not only produces a letter-quality image
but also permits printing to be done in a variety of colors.
A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive
paper. Color thermal printers are not as popular because of their cost and
the requirement of specifically treated paper. They are a more special use
printer that produces near photographic output. They are widely used in
professional art and design work where very high quality color is essential.
湖南城市学院
Plotters
•
Plotters are special-purpose output
devices for producing bar charts, maps,
architectural drawings, and even threedimensional illustrations. Plotters can
produce high-quality multicolor documents
and also documents that are larger in size
than most printers can handle. There are
four types of plotters: pen, ink-jet,
electrostatic, and direct imaging.
湖南城市学院
Voice-Output Devices
•
Voice-output devices make sounds that
resemble human speech but actually are
pre-recorded vocalized sounds. Voice
output is used as a reinforcement tool for
learning, such as to help students study a
foreign language. It is used in many
supermarkets at the checkout counter to
confirm purchases. Of course, one of the
most powerful capabilities is to assist the
physically challenged.
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
input devices 输入设备
machine-readable 可用计算机处理的
typewriter [`taip`raitə] n. 打字机
digitizer [`didʒitaizə] n. 数字转换器
touch screen 触摸屏
light pen 光笔
image scanner 图象扫描器
fax machine 传真机
bar-code reader 条码读出器
output devices 输出设备
monitors [`mɔnitəz] n. 显示器
termina [`tə:minəl] adj.末端的, 终点的, 极限的
flat-panel display 平板显示器
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
liquid-crystal display (LCD) 液晶显示器
electroluminescent (EL) display 电子管显示器
gas-plasma display 气态等离子显示器
plasma display 等离子显示器
dot-matrix printers 点阵打印机
laser printers 激光打印机
ink-jet printers 喷墨式印表机
thermal printers 热感式印表机
three-dimensional illustrations 三维空间插图
pen plotters 笔式绘图仪
ink-jet plotters 喷墨式绘图仪
electrostatic plotters 静电式绘图仪
direct imaging plotters 直接成像式绘图仪
voice-output devices 音频,输出设备
vocalize ['vəukəlaiz] v. 发声
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write
F.
• （ ）1. Direct entry devices may be categorized into three areas:
pointing devices, scanning devices, and voice-input devices.
• （ ）2.Most monitors that sit on desks are built in the same way
as television sets, these are called liquid-crystal displays.
• （ ）3. Flat-panel displays include liquid-crystal display (LCD),
electroluminescent (EL) display and gas-plasma display.
• （ ）4. An LCD emits light of its own. Rather, it consists of
crystal molecules.
• （ ）5. Unfortunately, many LCDs are difficult to read in sunlight
or other strong light.
• （ ）6. Voice output is used as a reinforcement tool for learning,
such as to help students study a foreign language.
• （ ）7. Voice output is used in many supermarkets at the
checkout counter to confirm purchases.
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. __________ devices take data and programs people can read
or understand and convert them to a form the computer can
process.
• 2. Data is input to the __________ through a keyboard that looks
like a typewriter keyboard but has additional keys.
• 3. __________ devices convert machine-readable information
into people-readable form. Common output devices are
monitors, printers, plotters, and voice output.
• 4. __________ are also called display screen or video display
terminals.
• 5. There are four popular kinds of __________: dot-matrix, laser,
ink-jet, and thermal.
• 6. A __________printer uses heat elements to produce images
on heat-sensitive paper.
• 7. __________ devices make sounds that resemble human
speech but actually are pre-recorded vocalized sounds.
湖南城市学院
Text 6 Expansion Cards
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
湖南城市学院
PCI
• The expansion slots available on motherboards allow for a
variety of upgrades in a computer system, but matching the
appropriate card to an available slot needs to be addressed
before making any purchasing decisions. The most common
types of expansion cards for modern computer systems can be
broken down into three formats: PCI, AGP, and PCI Express.
Each of these formats will be addressed separately in this three
part series of Tech Tips, starting with PCI.
• The letters "PCI" stand for Peripheral Component Interconnect,
and is the term used to describe a bus that connects
components directly to the system's memory and to the
system's processor through the "frontside bus." When
discussing communications on a motherboard, the term "bus"
has nothing to do with the big yellow thing that takes the kids to
school. There may be several buses in a computer, and like the
PCI bus, they are all responsible for managing the
communication "traffic" from different devices to the processor.
湖南城市学院
AGP
• The first in this series of Tech Tips on expansion cards took a look at the PCI
slot, and the variety of devices that may find their home in one. Graphics cards
are one of the many items that may be used in a PCI slot, but the demands of fastpaced video games require more speed and greater bandwidth than the PCI Bus
can provide. Thus, the AGP slot was born, providing a dedicated interface to
transfer graphics data only.
• The letters 'AGP' stand for Accelerated Graphics Port, and it is the term used to
describe a dedicated, point-to-point interface that connects a video card directly
to the system's memory and processor.
• AGP was first introduced by Intel in 1996, and is based off of their previous
work in developing the PCI bus. Despite being based on PCI technology, the AGP
and PCI slots on a motherboard are not interchangeable, so an AGP card can not
be installed into a PCI slot, and vice versa.
• The initial release of AGP saw a sizeable performance boost over PCI, and the
few revisions to the standard helped increase this even more as years went by.
Other than having a dedicated path to the system's memory and processor,
several other design features help AGP outperform PCI when it comes to graphics
performance. Three of the other advancements: pipelining, side band addressing
and graphics address remapping table are described below.
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the expansion slots 扩展槽
appropriate [ə` prəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的
Tech Tips 技术提示
Peripheral Component Interconnect（PCI）周边元件扩展接口
frontside bus 前端总线
spawned [spɔ:n] vt. 孵出
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) 网络安全与加速
maximum [ˈmæksiməm] adj. 最大值的, 最大量的n.最大的量、体积、
强度等
simultaneously [siməlteiniəsly] adv.同时地
mATX 细板, 小板
format [`fɔ:mæt] vt.使格式化, 编排格式
Graphics cards 绘图显示卡
sound cards 音效卡，声卡
湖南城市学院
Words and Expressions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
network cards 网卡适配器类硬件
RAID controllers 硬盘控制器
TV tuners 电视调频器
Modems 调制解调器
Accelerated Graphics Port（AGP） 加速图形接口
interchangeable [ɪntətʃeindʒəbl] adj.可交换的, 可互换的, 可交替的
vice versa [vaisivə:sə] adv. 反之亦然
pipelining [`paip`lainiŋ] n. 流水线操作
graphics address remapping table 图形地址再映射表
Graphics art address remapping table（GART）图形地址重绘表
timeline ['taimlain] n. 时间轴
schematic [ski`mætik] adj.纲要的, 图表的n.图表, (尤指)电路原理图
compatible [kəm`pætəbl] adj.可以并存的, 相容的, 协调的
much-needed 急需的
湖南城市学院
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. The most common types of expansion cards for modern computer
systems can be broken down into three formats: PCI, AGP, and PCI
Express.
• （ ）2. The frontside bus is a high speed connection that manages the
processor's communication with items such as hard drives, memory, and
PCI devices, while burdening the processor with all of the management
responsibilities.
• （ ）3. The one area that drove the development of AGP is the
performance of PCI based graphics cards.
• （ ）4. The demands of fast-paced video games, and other graphically
intensive applications, require a great deal of bandwidth, which just was
available on the PCI Bus.
• （ ）5. the AGP slot provides a dedicated interface to transfer graphics
data only.
• （ ）6. Being based on PCI technology, the AGP and PCI slots on a
motherboard are interchangeable.
• （ ）7. The initial release of AGP saw a sizeable performance boost over
PCI, and the few revisions to the standard helped increase this even more
as years went by.
湖南城市学院
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. The expansion slots available on __________ allow for a variety of
upgrades in a computer system.
• 2. The letters '__________' stand for Peripheral Component
Interconnect, and is the term used to describe a bus that connects
components directly to the system's memory and to the system's
processor through the "frontside bus."
• 3. The letters '__________' stand for Accelerated Graphics Port, and it
is the term used to describe a dedicated, point-to-point interface that
connects a video card directly to the system's memory and processor.
• 4. AGP was first introduced by Intel in 1996, and is based off of their
previous work in developing the __________bus.
• 5. Graphics art address remapping table, also known as __________, is
a term used to describe a process that maps physical memory as
virtual memory for the storage of texture maps.
• 6. Basically, GART takes the system memory it is allowed to use to
store texture maps and re-addresses it so that the system thinks these
maps are now actually being stored in the frame buffer, or __________
memory.
湖南城市学院