4.5 Platonic Solids Wednesday, February 25, 2009 Symmetry in 3-D Sphere – looks the same from any vantage point Other symmetric solids? CONSIDER REGULAR POLYGONS Start in The Plane Two-dimensional symmetry Circle is most symmetrical Regular polygons – most symmetrical with straight sides 2D to 3D Planes to solids Sphere – same from all directions Platonic solids Made up of flat sides to be as symmetric as possible Faces are identical regular polygons Number of edges coming out of any vertex should be the same for all vertices Five Platonic Solids Cube Most familiar Tetrahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron Powerful? Named after Plato Euclid wrote about them Pythagoreans held them in awe Vertices Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron Edges Faces Faces at each vertex Sides of each face Vertices V Edges E Faces F Faces at each vertex Sides of each face Tetrahedron 4 6 4 3 3 Cube 8 12 6 3 4 Octahedron 6 12 8 4 3 Dodecahedron 20 30 12 3 5 Icosahedron 12 30 20 5 3 Vertices V Edges E Faces F Faces at each vertex Sides of each face Tetrahedron 4 6 4 3 3 Cube 8 12 6 3 4 Octahedron 6 12 8 4 3 Dodecahedron 20 30 12 3 5 Icosahedron 12 30 20 5 3 Some Relationships Faces of cube = Vertices of Octahedron Vertices of cube = Faces of Octahedron Duality Process of creating one solid from another Faces - - - Vertices Euler's polyhedron theorem V+F-E=2 Archimedean Solids Allow more than one kind of regular polygon to be used for the faces 13 Archimedean Solids (semiregular solids) Seven of the Archimedean solids are derived from the Platonic solids by the process of "truncation", literally cutting off the corners All are roughly ball-shaped Truncated Cube Archimedean Solids Soccer Ball – 12 pentagons, 20 hexagons Solid (pretruncating) Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron Truncated Vertices Edges Faces Solid (pretruncating) Truncated Vertices Edges Faces Tetrahedron 12 18 8 Cube 14 36 24 Octahedron 14 36 24 Dodecahedron 32 90 60 Icosahedron 32 90 60 Solid (post-truncating) Tetrahedron Truncated Edges Vertices Faces 8 18 12 Cube 24 36 14 Octahedron 24 36 14 Dodecahedron 60 90 32 Icosahedron 60 90 32 Some Relationships New F = Old F + Old V New E = Old E + Old V x number of faces that meet at a vertex New V = Old V x number of faces that meet at a vertex Stellating Stellation is a process that allows us to derive a new polyhedron from an existing one by extending the faces until they re-intersect Two Dimensions: The Pentagon Octagon How Many Stellations? Triangle and Square Pentagon and Hexagon Heptagon and Octagon N-gon? Problem of the Day How can a woman living in New Jersey legally marry 3 men, without ever getting a divorce, be widowed, or becoming legally separated?