/Clinical2020CU
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*Orientation Pharmacy History Of Pharmacy
*Introduction History Of Drugs
*Pharmacy Education
*Scope Of Pharmacy
History Of Pharmacy Education
History Of Pharmacy Profession
*Information Resources
History Of Hospital Pharmacy
History Of Information Resources
History Of Pharmacopoeies
*Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms History Of Dosage Forms
Nation-Oriented Frame Work Time-Oriented Frame Work
Pre-historic era
The B.C era
Greek
Romans
Egyptians
Chinese
Babylonians
The A.D era
Indians
Persians
Arab
Europeans
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-Man kind observed wild birds & animals and tried Herbs & primitive methods of treatment
-They named the physician & pharmacist THE TRIBE'S MAGICIAN
-The Egyptian history is amine from which others copied medical and pharmaceutical sciences .
-To cure illness , ancient Egyptians used :
 Diet
 Surgery
 Drugs (pharmacy)
1)
Plants
-
Spices
-Oils
-Fruits
-Vegetables
-Medicinal
2)
Foreign
-from punt: By Queen Hatshepsut
-from syria : By Thotmes
Animals
-Honey
-Bees wax
-Milk
-Liver
-Geese fat
Local
Minerals
-Alum
-Copper
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3)
 cosmetics (non-medicinal):
-Copper silicate = eyeliner
-Red Ochre
-Lilly Oil
 Medical Preparations
-In Schools with the temples' buildings
EX: Uhn's School in Heliopolis
BY: -Priests
-Greek Physicians were considered as Healing Gods
EX: -The One Of Triple Great "Hermis"
-Imhoteb : The Son Of Betah
>>Information Recourses in Ancient Egypt = Medicinal Papyrus .
 papyrus Ebers
 Papyrus Edwin Smith
 Papyrus Kahon
 Papyrus Berlin
-Discovered by George Ebers
-Written in 1500 BC
-Include:
 The names & symptoms of diseases , the recommended drugs , different dosage forms , effective medicinal formula (800 prescription) , cosmetic formula (74 formula) as hair washes &oils .
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-Owned by the American man Edwin Smith
-Contains full description of 48 bone surgery
3] Papyrus Kahon :
-Discovered in Fayoum
-Consist of 2 parts : -one for gynecology
- one for veterinary medicine
4] Papyrus Berlin :
- Discovered in Sakkara
-Kept in Berlin museum
- Contains test for pregnancy
-Accurate & effective prescriptions
-Different dosage forms :
>>EX: Mixtures , tablets , pills , ointment , inhalation , suppositories , eye drops , enemas , washes .
-Measuring units :
>>weight (kite) = 9 gm >> Tenat = 500 ml
>>volume (RO) = 15 ml
- Excipients : water , Milk , Honey , wine and beer
- Pharmaceutical methods :
>> boiling . heating , crashing , squeezing , filtration , roasting , drying and maceration .
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-In both B.C & A.D
-Many scientists studied in Egypt in School of Alexandria .
-Most famous scientists :
 Hippocrate
 Theophrastus
 Discorides
 Galen
اهيب ن يبلاطم شم انحا ةينات ةجاح ىا هصصخت و هيب رهتشا ىللا باتكلا مسا و ملاعلا مسا فرعن اننا تلاق روتكدلا انه*
A] Hippocrate
-Known as Father of Medicine
-He wrote " Facies Hippocrates " contains 42 clinical cases
B]Dioscorides
-Known as Father of herbal Medicine
-He wrote " Materia Medica " describing over 600 Herbs
C]Theophrastus
-Known as Father of Botany ( هل هنم )
-He wrote " Research in Plants "
D]Galen
-Known as Father of Compounded pharmaceuticals
-He followed Hippocrates and described 473 pharmaceutical preparations
-He studied both pharmacy and medicine in the school of Alexandria .
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Pharmacy in Persia
*Before joining the Islamic empire:
-Relation with Egypt
-Relation with Arabs
Pharmacy in India
-Indians took after the Babylonian civilization
-Indians established "Manno's Laws " including :
 Mouth rising after each meal
 Frequent bathing
 Prohibition of eating some vegetables
*Indian medical references :
-Information about anatomy and surgery
-Description of 700 drugs
-Treatment by:
 Food
 Medical plants
 Getting rid of diseased blood
*Important Indian scientists
:
-
Manka : A Book in Medicine
-Tanack : Toxicology Book
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Pharmacy in the Islamic Empire
-At the beginning of Arab civilization Arabs translated most of the famous scientific books especially Greek and Roman
-They invited famous foreign scientists
-The peak of Arabic civilization was reached in the Abbassi era
*Pharmacy education in the Arabic civilization :
>>Special schools are in :
Baghdad - El Basra - Damascus - Cairo - Andalose - Kordoba - Tolayta
>>Pharmacy profession in the Arabic civilization :
-Introducing the first privately - owned drug store ( Abu-Qureish Issa Al-Sanddalany )
>>Contribution of the Arabs in the development of pharmaceutical sciences :
-Described new drugs from different countries (the name of the drug in different languages)
-Developed pharmaceutical equipment (Accurate balances - Pycnometers )
-
Developed some pharmaceutical dosage forms (Mixture - Syrups - Aromatic water )
>>The most famous Arabic scientists in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields :
El kindy - El Abadi - El Magousy - Al Razi - El Biruni - Ibn Sina - Al Zahrawi - Ibn Mymoun -
Ibn Al Bitar - Konen El attar - El Tabari - El Antaky
*El Kindy (Jacob Ibn Issac El-Kindy) :
-Known as Philosopher of the Arabs
-He wrote Books in Philosophy " Karbedin " (description of disease & preparation of pharmaceuticals )
*El-Abadi (Hunayn Ibn Isaac El Abadi ) :
-He translated many books from Persian , Greek and Syranian languages
-He wrote "Ten Treatises on the eye "
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*El-Magousy :
-He wrote " El Malaky " including : Anatomy , Psychology , symptoms an treatment of diseases and pharmacy
-In pharmacy he described drugs of natural origin & different drugs (Analgesics &
Diuretics)
*Al-Razi:
-Known as Father of Arabic Medicine
-Established the basis of modern chemistry and wrote "The secret of Secrets" explained chemical experiments in an organized schemes
-He prepared sulfuric acid and alcohol
-He wrote about 224 books honestly reported Roman and Indian information and added his own findings and the most important book is "Al-Hawy"
-In medicine he was comparable to Hippocrates and his books were essential in Europe until the 17th century
-He discovered the psychological effects on people and the use of music as therapy and mercury in therapy .
*El-Biruni :
-He wrote " Al Esterlab " include his theory in calculating the diameter of the Earth and the equation of estimating the radius of the Earth .
-He wrote "Pharmacy in Medicine" includes the names of different drugs alph. & chemical information , pharmacological in formation
*Ibn Sina :
-He considered the third instructor of humanity after Aristotle and El Farabi
-He was known as the " Philosopher of Medicine"
-He wrote "the Canoun in Medicine " , "El Shefaa" & "El Aragouza in Medicine "
-He reported the effect of storing medicines together , important information in gynocology that the fetus sex depends on the gene carried by the father .
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*Al-Zahrawi :
-One of the most famous Arabic surgeons
-Was the first who tied arteries to stop bleeding
-He wrote important books " Al Tasrif Lyman Agaz Aan Al Taeleef" (about surgery and medicines , application of different diseases and pharmaceutical dosage forms) & "As
Essay in Single and Compound Drugs" .
*Ibn Maymoun :
-He became the private physician of Salah El-Din El Ayouby
-He wrote "chapters of El-Kortoby " known as "Chapters of Ibn Maymoun" include psychic diseases
-He wrote "Toxins and Guarding Against Lethal Drugs " , "The Elaborates" , "Explanation of Hippocrates Chapters"
*Ibn Al-Bitar :
-He was a great herbalist
-He wrote "The Collective for Medicine and Food" ( ةيودلاا و ةيذغلاا تادرفمل عماجلا )
-He wrote "The Ample of Simple Drugs" ( ةدرفملا ةيودلاا ىف ىنعملا ) (about the treatment of different body organs describing the used drug , its benefits , its treatment , its dose , its side effects and possible substituents ).
*Kohen El Attar :
-He Lived in Egyptin the 13 th century
-He Wrote in the " Plan of the shop & book of Rich " نايعلاا روتسدو ناكدلا جاهنم
-Includes 25 Chapters
-Alphabetically –Cited drugs
-Describing the :
*the Harvesting time
* drug Storage
* Tests for simple & complex Medicines
* Different Dosage Forms
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* El Tabri ( Ibn Sahl El Tabri )
- He was Born in Tabarestan ( Persia )
- He Knew Languages :
* Arabic
*Hebrew
*Syrian
* Greek
-He Studied :
* Medicine
* Engineering
* Philosophy
-He Write : " Paradise of Wisdom " ةمكحلا سودرف
*Daoud El Antaky :
-He was born in Antakya
-He Wrote :
*"The Prescription of the Wise &collective of the Wonders "
= "The Prescription of Dauod" دوواد ةركذت
* Formed of 700 Big Pages
* containing 1700 Medicines
-----------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------
--------------------Arabic Books Were Like Candles that Europe used During the Middle
Centuries
- The Canoun ---- by Ibn Sina
- El Hawi - by El –Razi
-El Tasreef --- by El zahrawi
coloured Pictures of Ibn sina And Al Razi in the main Hall
of Faculty of Medicine in Paris University
- Development of the medicinal sciences in Europe began in Churches and monarchies by priests &monks
Arabic books were like candles that Europe used during the middle centuries :
1- The Canoun  by Ibn Sina
2-El Hawi  By El-Razi
3- El Tasreef  By El- zahrawi
* Coloured pictures of Ibn Sina & El Razi in the main hall of medicine in Paris Uni.
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*Main Centers for Transfering Arabic Civilization :
1- Arabic of salerno
2-Palace of King Roger in scilly
3- School of Translation in Andalous (Tolita & Cordoba )
* Development of Scope of pharmacy in Europe :
-In 12 th Century :
* Sellers of Herbs And Spices :
On Large Scale " Peppers "
On Small scale " Spices "
* In the 13 th & 14 th Centuries
-Peppers
- Spices  Deal only with medicinal plants  Apothecaries
* In the 15 th & 16 th Centuries
1 - Peppers
Grocer Comparies
2-Spicers
3-Apothecaries :
* Prepare Medicines from Medicinal Plants :------ Druggist
* Prepare Medicines By Chemistry : --------- Chemists
* In the 19 th Century :
-Druggist :Physicians
-Chemists : Pharmacists
**Some of the Western Pharmaceutical Scientists
1- Henry Atkins :
-The Private Physician @the English King James
-Led London College Of Physicians to issue the First London Pharmacopeia in 1816
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2- Josef Remington :
-Graduated in the Philadelphia college of Pharmacy |
-Elected to be the Dean of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
-Played an essential Role in the Development of the USP
-Wrote " Remington's Practice of Pharmacy " in 1885
-he was Called "THE TEACHER OF TEACHERS "
Pharmacy in Modern Egypt :
1- Pharmacy Education in the Modern Egypt
2- Pharmaceutical Industry in Modern Egypt
First :
1- Pharmacy Education in Modern Egypt :
-First Medical School was Established by : Mohammed Ali Pasha in 1824
in Abou Zaabal
-It was the military Hospital with Italian & French , Physicians & Pharmacists
-It Included a Special area to cultivate medicinal plants
-the Medicinal school was separated from the Hospital ( still in Abou Zaabal )
in 1827
-the dean of the medicinal schoolwas kloot Bek
-the Professors were Europeans
-The Graduates were Physicians , Pharmacists , Veterinarians
-Kloot Bek Translated 52 French Medicl books
-The Pharmacy School Was Separated from the medical School in 1829 (transferred to the Citadel )
-Both Medical School & Pharmacy school were transferred to Kasr El-Eini in 1837
** The Modern Pharmacy School offered its graduates
Diploma in Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Chemistry
--------------------------------------------**--------------------------------
Establishment Of the first University in the Modern Egypt :
In 1906 :
-The Beginning of compaign To Build the National University
-with Elected Preparatory Committee :
1- Vice President :Saad Zaghlul
2- Project Secretary : Kassem Amin
3- Selcted President : Prince Ahmed Foaad
* Abaas Helmi II Agreed to Sponser the Project …
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In 1908 :
The National University Was Opened :
-In Rented building
-the Government Donated 1000 L E \ Year
-Princess Fatma Isma3eel donated her Jewels , The Income of 661 Feddans& six feddans
* the New Building was opened int the name of the Egyptian University
In 1925 :
-the University became governmental by a king's order
-The University included Four Faculities :
1- Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy
2- Faculty of Science
3- Faculty of Lecture
4- Faculty of Law ** the First Chairman was Ahmed LotFi el Sayed
In 1940 :
The Name of University was changed into Foad I University
In 1953 :
-The name of University was vchanged to Cairo University
In 1955 :
-The faculty of Pharmacy was separated from the faculty of medicine
-The First Dean was Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Ragab Fahmi
-Students graduated after 4 years
-They get the Bachelor of pharmacy & the Pharmaceutical Chemistry
In 1962 :
-The Undergraduate Study period was 5 years
-the given Degree is A Bachelor in Pharmceutical Science
-------------------------
Pharmaceutical Industries in Modern Egypt :
-Started in 1919
-Egyptian P harmacists began to Compound formulae in their pharmacies
- The First Privately Owned Laboratory for pharmaceutical manufacture was Hegazy
Laboratories Owned by Dr, Mohammed Ali Hegazy
-National Pharmaceutical Factories produced Raw Materials as Khellin & Amoidin
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*National Pharmaceutical Factories :
1- Misr Co. for Medical preparations  Sponsered By Misr Bank
2- Chemical Industries development (CID)  (sponsered by the international
Bank )
3-Memphis Chemical Co. - (Sponsered by the National Efforts )
In 1952 :
- The Ministry of Industry was Established & the Pharmaceutical Industries began to
Develop
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** History of PharmaCopeias:
- The First Pharmcopeias were :
the Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyruses
- During the Era of The Islamic Empire :
1- Karbaden  By El-Kindy
2- The Canoun -- by Ibn sina
3- Motradat Ibn Elbitar
4- Al Aqrabasin Al Kabeer  by Jaber Ibn Sahl
5- Al dukkan  by Ibn Raheh
-Modern Pharmacopeias :
Appeared for the First Time in the 19 th century
1- In 1498  florence Pharmacopeia  Depended on Arabic & Greek Sciences
2- 1816  London Pharmacopeia - By London College of Physicians
3- In 1820 The First USP
4- In 1864 the first BP
5- In 1954  The International Pharmcopeia  Prof. dr. Ragab Fahmi
- The Egyptain Pharmacopeia :
1- In 1937  Establishment of Egyptian Pharmacopeial Committee
2- In 1955  The First Edition of the Egyptian Pharmacopeia
3- 1980  The Second Edition of Egyptian Pharmcopeia
----------------------------
History of Hospital Pharmacy :
-Hospital Pharmacy appered before Community Pharmacy
* Hospital Apothecary :
Appeared in London in the 18 th century
, had Both Pharmaceutical & Medical Roles , transferred to the New World
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(First in Pennsylvanis Colonies )
* modern Hospital Pharmacy :
Appeared in Paris in the 19 th Century , has pure Pahrmaceutical Responsibilities
Prepare Medicines from
Druggist
Medicinal Plants
Prepare Medicines by
Chemistry
Chemists
Druggis Chemists t
Physician Pharmacist
ORIENTATION TEAM
GOOD LUCK :)
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