introduction to pharmacognosy

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INTRODUCTION TO

PHARMACOGNOSY

DR JOSEPH ADUSEI SARKODIE

DEFIN I TION

The term Pharmacognosy has been derived from the 2

Greek words:

 i) pharmakon, which means a drug &

 ii) gnosis, which means knowledge of or gignosco, which means to acquire knowledge of.

Thus the full meaning of the term Pharmacognosy is

`knowledge of drugs’ or `to acquire knowledge of drugs’.

W HAT IS P HARMACOGNOSY ?

Is the study of Physical, Chemical,

Biochemical and Biological properties of drugs or substances from natural origin

P

HYSICAL

Form

Odour

Colour pH

Melting point

Solubility

C

HEMICAL

Isolation-CC

Composition

Identification

B

IOCHEMICAL

Characterisation-methods used to characterise the chemical bonds present

NMR

HPLC

MS

B

IOLOGICAL

Pharmacology

Beneficial

Adverse effect of substance

Pharmacognosy is one of the main disciplines in pharmacy

Others include:

Pharm. Chem

Pharmaceutics and Microbiology

Pharmacology

Clinical and Social pharmacy

I NTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOGNOSY

Pharmacognosy is an applied science which is concerned with acquiring knowledge of crude drugs by the application of various scientific disciplines

Pharmacognosy deals with NATURAL products and is described as: the study of medicinal or therapeutic agents of natural origin, i.e.

Plants

Animals

Mineral sources

It also includes the study of their history, distribution, cultivation, collection, preparation, identification, evaluation, preservation & commerce

O RIGINS AND HISTORY OF P HARMACOGNOSY

Pharmacognosy is regarded as the mother of all sciences

History of Pharmacognosy represents the history of pharmacy and medicine.

Pharmacognosy had its origin in the health related activities of the most primitive human race of the remote past.

The early man sought to alleviate his sufferings of illness and injuries by using plants.

Studies of the use of medicinal plants is pre-historic

Discovery of the medicinal properties of plants and other natural products started in the very early days of man’s existence.

M

ETHODS

U

SED

Trial and error

Observation of animal instinct on plants

Divination

By superficial resemblance between the plant parts & the affected organs, that is, by examining the

“Signature of Nature”

By accidental discovery

These contributed to the acquisition on knowledge and conservation of the medicinal properties of natural products

Such pieces of information laid the foundation for medicine.

H

ISTORY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

IN MEDICINE

Records of medicinal properties of plants dates back to creation

Ezekiel 47:12

Earliest known medical document is a 4000-year-old

Sumerian clay tablet that recorded plant remedies for various illnesses (6 th -2 nd millennium B.C.)

Papyrus Ebers from Egypt (1550 B.C.)

E

GYPTIANS

(E

BERS PAPYRUS

, 1550 BC)

Other documented history is that of the use of

Chaulmoogra oil form spp of Hydnocarpus, which was known to be effective in the treatment of leprosy.

Recorded in the pharmacopoeia of the Emperor Shen

Nung of China between 2730 B.C. and 3000B.C

Biblical references.

A UTHORS OF ANTIQUITY

H IPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)

“T HE F ATHER OF M EDICINE ”(400 HERBAL

REMEDIES

)

T HEOPHRASTUS (370-287 B.C.)

H ISTORIA P LANTARUM

P EDANIUS D IOSCORIDES (40-80 AD)

D E M ATERIA M EDICA ” (600 MEDICINAL PLANTS )

Galen (130-201 A.D.)

Introduced dosage forms and standardised dosages.

Dale’s Pharmacologia separated Therapy from Preparation of drugs. Which led to founding of Medicine and Pharmacy as two separate professions.

P HARMACOGNOSY

This term was introduced by C.A. Seydler, a

German medical student in 1815.

Pharmakon- drug/medicine

 gnosis- knowledge

 gignosis- to acquire knowledge

Pharmacognosy therefore means knowledge of drugs.

Alexander Tschirch (1856- 1939), regarded as one of the founders of Modern

Pharmacognosy.

Defined Pharmacognosy as the science whose object is to study scientifically drugs of plant and animal origin from every view point with the exception of their physiological action.

Pharmacognosy relates largely to botany and organic chemistry and covers

Origin of plant drugs

Source and distribution- Botanical and Geographical sources

Cultivation

Collection and Preparation for the market

Identification- Botanical and chemical

Constituents

Use of plant drugs

C ONSTITUENTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Plants contain chemical compounds

Some of these compounds are responsible for the effectiveness of the plants as medicinal agents these compounds are described as

CONSTITUENTS

I MPORTANCE / ROLES OF PLANT

CONSTITUENTS

1.

2.

3.

4.

Some take on characteristic histological features useful for plant identification

Produce characteristic colours with reagents

(useful for identification)

Influence factors for preparing plant drugs for the market

Time and temperature for drying (E.g. cardiac glycosides and essential oils)

5. Storage conditions (E.g. Cascara increases in medicinal vale with long storage)

6. Useful in biosynthetic studies

7. Important for pharmacological and therapeutic activity

8. Useful as excipients and flavouring agents

T YPES OF CONSTITUENTS

1.

These range from simple compounds, e.g. sugars, amino acids to complex molecules, e.g.Steriods

and Vitamins

Active constituents- those that are responsible for activity, E.g. tannins and alkaloids

2.

Inactive/inert constituents- these are present in the plants but do not produce any therapeutic activity. E.g. lignin, cellulose and suberin

F ORMATION OF CONSTITUENTS

Simple compounds, e.g. sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, plant acids are produced as a result of the plant’s basic metabolism

Products obtained are referred to as PRIMARY

PLANT METABOLITES.

These give rise to more complex products called

SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES, through biological and biochemical processes called

BIOSYNTHESIS or BIOGENESIS

Most active plant constituents are secondary plant metabolites

C

LASSES OF CONSTITUENTS COMMONLY

ENCOUNTERED

Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of C, H, O as polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone alcohols, with H and O usually present in ratio 2:1.

May be divided into;

1.

SUGARS, e.g. glucose, sucrose, etc

2.

NON-SUGARS, e.g. Starch, cellulose, gums

Glycosides

Compounds which on hydrolysis breakdown into:

A SUGAR portion

And NON-SUGAR portion called AGLYCONE

There are various classes of glycosides including

Cyanogenetic glycosides- yield HCN on hydrolysis

Anthraquinone glycosides

Cardiac glycosides- have activity on heart muscles

Saponin glycosides- froth forming

Tannins

Lipids

Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols

Include fixed oils, fats and waxes

Volatile/essential oils

Odoriferous principles found in plants

Volatile in steam and

Made up of terpene derivatives

Alkaloids

Nitrogenous compounds usually heterocyclic, basic character with pharmacological activity

Steroids

Derivatives of cyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton

TERMINOLOGIES

Preparations

Decoction: A tea made from boiling plant material, usually the bark, rhizome, roots in water.

Infusion: A tea made by pouring water over plant material (usually dried flowers and leaves, though fresh material may also be used), then allowed to steep. The water is usually boiling, but cold infusions are also an option.

Tincture: An extract of a plant made by soaking herbs in a dark place with a desired amount of either alcohol or vinegar for a period of time. The liquid is strained from the plant material and then used therapeutically.

Poultice: A therapeutic topical application of a soft moist mass of plant material (such as bruised fresh herbs) on the skin

Medicinal plant: Any plant which in whole or part contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs.

Herbal medicine: The study or use of medicinal plants to prevent and treat diseases and ailments or to promote health and healing OR A drug or preparation made from a plant or plants and used for any of such purposes

M EDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

Abortifacient- Inducing abortion

Adjuvant- aiding the action of a medicinal agent

Analgesic- relieve pain

Anesthetic- induces loss of sensation or consciousness due to the depression of nerve function

M EDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

Antifungal- destroying or inhibiting the growth of fungus

Antihemorrhagic- controlling hemorrhaging or bleeding.

Aperient- a very mild laxative

Aperitive- stimulating the appetite for food

Aphrodisiac- substance increasing the capacity for sexual arousal

Astringent- substance is a chemical compound that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues , usually locally after topical medicinal application

M EDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

Antipruritic- preventing or relieving itching

Antipyretic- agent that reduces fever

Antispasmodic- calming nervous and muscular spasms or convulsions

Antitussive- controlling or preventing cough

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