Objectives:
 Brief overview of profession roots.
 Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia up to the present day.

 BC vs. AD.
 The Middle Ages is a period from the 5 th until the 15 th centuries.
 The 5 th century is the period from 401 to 500.
 Fifteenth century was the century from 1401 to 1500.

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 For as long as the human species has encountered disease, injury, and illness, people have sought relief.
 Empirically based trial and error.
 Knowledge based facts , comprehension.

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient times
 People used the water, plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments.

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
 Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician.


Some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets that date about 2000 B.C.

Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding.

Symbols that appear in the
'world's oldest prescription'

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient times
 An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs.

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung:
 He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book called Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching .
Shen Nung Pen Tsao Ching

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient times
 Egyptian priest, prepared medicines.
 The Ebers papyrus, which dates from
1900-1100 B.C, is the best known pharmaceutical record from ancient history.
 It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs.
 Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient times
 Ancient Greece: The father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C) has observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs.

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 Pharmacy in ancient times
 Hippocrates formulated the theory of the Four humors: four human that parallel the four elements:
 (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile).
 He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humors

Pharmacy events before the middle ages
 In ancient Rome:
 Galen (AD 130-200) practiced and taught medicine and pharmacy.
 He developed principles of preparing and compounding medicinal agents that were followed for 1500 years
 The world galenicals refer to medicinal agents derived from natural sources that are prepared mechanically.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number of drugs available- grew considerably.
 Thanks primarily to the Arab world.
 Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.
 First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8 th century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages

 Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a physician, poet, philosopher, companion of Persian princes and rulers.
 His Canon of Medicine brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240 that legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern
Italy and Sicily

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 German emperor Frederick II: The edict contained three decrees:
1.
The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession.
2.
The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially.
3.
Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art, and in uniform suitable quality.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
 Following the middle ages, many parts of European society
Reexamined the Greek and roman tenets that they had held as a fact.
 Among the ideas that failed to stand up were the humoral pathology concepts of Hippocrates.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
 The Swiss physician Parcelsus (1493-1541) introduced two ideas:
1.
Disease might be localized in a specific organ, and some conditions could be treated internally using the chemical properties of medicinal agents.
2.
Some plants contained minute quantities of active chemical which could be removed by making tincture, extracts.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
 In the 16 th and 17 th centuries believed that disease was produced through imbalance of acid and alkaline substances in the body.
 Homeopathy, treatment of diseases with substances that produced similar symptoms as did the disease.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
 Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically based profession to a knowledge- based one.
 Four types of pharmacies could be found in the Americas by the
18 th century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the general store, and the wholesale druggist.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
 The dispensing physician-
 The physician would be the prescriber as well as the provider of medication.
 Dispensing physicians became Less and less common, dying out around the end of the nineteenth century.
 They have made a comeback, with some physicians establishing dispensing rooms in their offices as an additional profit center.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days
 The apothecary shop was responsible for the compounding, formulating and dispensing medicines to the physician, surgeon, and patients.

The general storethese stores were stocked with goods needed by everyone.
 The wholesale druggistIntermediaries in the chain between manufacturers and retail outlets such as pharmacies.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
 Wholesale druggists and individual apothecaries began manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s; this was the basis for the later establishment of pharmaceutical companies.
 Manufacturing of drugs using newly discovered principles of chemistry.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
 Microbial basis of many disease.
 Smallpox vaccine of Jenner.
 A German chemist, Friedrich Adam, first isolates the drug morphine from opium and therapy created recognition of the alkaloids as a distinct class of medicinal agents.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
 The first Pharmacopeia of the united States was published in
1820.
 What is a pharmacopeia? A pharmacopeia is a Books listing drugs and other medical devices, including standards for their preparation and analysis.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century
 The phrase “USP” at the end of drug names today denotes that the product compiles with the standards set by the United
States Pharmacopeial Convention, which continues to meet every five years to revise standards for the nation’s drugs.
 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy was founded, 1 st pharmacy organization in the united states.

If the preparation of medicine is taken from the apothecary and he becomes merely the dispenser of them , his business is shorn of half its dignity ,and he relapses into a s simple shopkeeper.

 By the twentieth century, the pharmaceutical industry had begun to make an impact on the daily lives of pharmacists.
 Companies were formed which mass produced various mixtures and compounds.
 The amount of products being produced ready to dispense were increasing.

 During world war II, the military had an urgent need for penicillin which had lain dormant in Fleming's laboratory for ten years.
 Post World War II pharmaceutical industry began producing drugs that were much more powerful and specific than those available previously.

 The effect of this on pharmacists was twofold:
1.
2.
The art of compounding rapidly became less important, as most prescriptions could be filled with manufactured dosage forms.
The knowledge about the drugs, their MOA, and their SE became much more complicated.

 Pharmacy had already encountered problems during the first half of the twentieth century in maintaining or gaining recognition as a profession.
 pharmacists were not recognized as professional by the military.
 Pharmacy had responded in 1932 by standardizing pharmacy school curricula as four-year programs.

A major challenge for the leaders of pharmacy lay in store during the latter half of the twenties century.

 Thank you