Pharmacy history
Pharmacy in ancient times
 It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water,
plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on
wounds and ailments.
 Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities
of priest, physician, and pharmacist
 some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay
cuneiform tablets that date about 200 B.C.
Pharmacy in ancient times
 An ancient china (circa 200 B.C)-investigation of the medical
properties of hundreds of herbs
 Retailers of drugs were concentrated on certain street in
Babylon by 2111 B.C
Pharmacy in ancient times
 Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. The Ebers papyrus dates
from 1900-1100 B.C . it contains 800 prescriptions using 700
drugs, of particular note in the papyrus is inclusion of quantities
of substances.
 Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers
papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, lotions, ointments…..)
Pharmacy in ancient times
 Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300
B.C) , his observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs
have proven to be very accurate
 Hippocrates surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance
of bad humors
Pharmacy in ancient times
 Ancient Rome, Galen (A.D 130-200) .
 Developed principles of preparing and compounding medicinal
agents
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 Pharmaceutical knowledge and the number of drugs available
grew considerably during the Middle Ages, thanks primarily to
the Arabic world.
 Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately
owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.
 First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 18th
century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe
during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern
France
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 Ibn Sina Canon Medicinae brought together the best knowledge
of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
 German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240 that
legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern Italy and
Sicily. Known as the Magna Carta of Pharmacy, the edict
contained three decrees:
1- The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the
medical profession
2- The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially
3- pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably,
according to skilled art, and in a uniform suitable quality.
The Arabian Influence
The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry
led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop
pharmacology.
Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) (865-915), for instance,
acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi(Abulcasis) (936-1013) started the
preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation.
Ibn Sina too, described no less than 700 preparations, their
properties, mode of action and their indications.
Sabur Ibn Sahl (869), was, however, the first physician to
initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs
for diseases.
Al-Biruni(973-1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic
works on pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book
of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the
properties of drugs and summarized the role of pharmacy
and the functions and duties of the pharmacist.
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
 Following the middle ages, many parts of European society Re-
examined the Greek and roman studies.
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
 Pharmacy become separated from medicine
 Pharmacy Regulation Began
 University education for pharmacists was now required
 Extensive Pharmaceutical Literature was created
 New chemicals were introduced
Pharmacy in the united state: the early days
 With the Increased recognition and application of the scientific
method in the 1700s, modern pharmacy emerged.
 Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and
chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically
based profession to a knowledge based one
Pharmacy in the united state: the early days
 Many types of pharmacist could be found in the Americas by the
18th century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the
general store, and the wholesale druggist.
 Dispensing physicians became less and less common, dying out
around the end of the nineteenth century.
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
 1800s states were issuing licenses to apothecaries
 1st licenses to apothecaries was south Carolina
 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy (PCP) was founded,
1st pharmacy organization in the united states , other schools
followed quickly
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
 Begin manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s, this
was the basis of establishing pharmaceutical companies
 World was changing from agriculturally based economy to an
industry based one and pharmacy found itself caught in this
shift.
 Manufacturing of some drugs using newly discovered principles
of chemistry
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
 In the later half of the nineteenth century, pharmacy apprentices
with several years’ experience in apothecary shops would attend
school for a limited amount of time before coming licensed
pharmacist
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
 More and more products were produced ready to dispense,
pharmaceutical industry become stronger
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
 Problems with adulteration and quackery caused the united states
congress to pass the pure food and drug act in 1906.
 In Germany, new discoveries in organic chemistry were making
possible the increased rational design of drugs
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
 The technology, scientific knowledge and need were present all
at once and post-world war II pharmaceutical industry began
producing drugs that were much more powerful and specific
than those available previously.
Twentieth century pharmacy
 The art of compounding rapidly become less important.
 The knowledge about the drugs, their mechanisms of actions,
and their side effects become much more complicated.
Eras
 Ancient Era Beginning of time to 1600 AD
 Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940
 Industrialization Era -1940 to 1970
 Patient Care Era 1970 to present
Patient Care Era
New problems – complications like allergic reactions ,
multiple drug interactions with other drugs and foods
Increased the therapeutic duties of patient care in the
pharmacies and hospitals
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