Fall 2010 Microbiology Assignment III Presentation
Jia Ying Liu
Novenber 25, 2010
THE HISTORY OF HEPETITIS B VIRUS
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had been recognized by physicians for centuries but no idea its cause until
the 1940s when this disease came to suspect that a virus carried in human
blood was responsible.
Intensive research confirmed to isolate the infectious agents that caused
hepatitis A and hepatitis B in 80s.
Researchers continued found a protein that reacted extremely rarely with
the antibodies, which is called antigen Aa. However, HBV still a mystery virus
in human beings.
follow by, scientist found that there was a link between the antigen Aa and
hepatitis, and significantly convinced that Aa was part of the virus that
caused hepatitis B
In further continue discovery, scientist found an effective vaccine that
subunits of the virus that could preventing deaths from liver cancer
(BeyoundDiscovery).
DISEASE OVERVIEW
Cased by both acute and chronic liver infections (HBV)
which infect to liver and hominodia (wikipedia)
Primary virus shape arrangement: spherical, and the
viral sequence in the integrated DNA are highly re- arranged indicated by the solid lines plotted along the
outside genetic map (Stannard & Millman)
A species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (a part of
the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses) (Hunt)
Photo provided by CDC posted in Wikipedia
Gram staining: gram negative (Norton)
Double stranded DNA viruses, surrounded by a host
cell-derived envelope heat- and pH resistant, The nucleic acid
is enclosed in capsid structure which is composed of
capsomeres (WHO)
Nutritional class: chemo-heterotrophic
HBV TRANSMISSION
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Reservoir in liver and lead to liver inflammation
Can easily spread by direct contact with the blood or body
fluids of an infected person
Sex active with infected people who are hepatitis B virus
carriers (heterosexual / homosexual )
Live with people who with hepatitis B virus in the same house
Has hemophilia
Illegal drugs injection
Travel often to the area that with hepatitis B patients in
common
Share dairy life supplies with people who with hepatitis B virus
HBV TRANSMISSION (CONT’S)
Graph provided by Dr. Loh Keng Yin, IMU Clinical school
HBV EPIDEMIOLOGY IN WORLDWIDE
Estimated that 350 million individuals
worldwide are infected with the virus, which
causes 620,000 deaths worldwide each year
(CDC). Especially in some Asian countries and
Africa.
 Approximately 46,000 new cases of hepatitis B
occurred in the United States in 2006, from
aged 25 to 44 (CDC).
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HBV SYMPTOMS
Appetite disorder
 Tiredness
 Abnormal pain in muscles,
joints, or stomach
 Diarrhea or vomiting
 Jaundice (yellowing of the skin
and whites of the eyes)
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Photo source from www.istockphotos.com
HBV DIAGNOSES
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Blood test: measure liver function and identify HBV antigens.
The following table is about sets of results from hepatitis B
blood tests ( MedicineNet):
Most Likely Status*
Tests
Results
Susceptible, not infected, not immune
HBsAg
anti-HBc
anti-HBs
negative
negative
negative
Immune due to natural infection
HBsAg
anti-HBc
anti-HBs
negative
positive
positive
Immune do to hepatitis B vaccination
HBsAg
anti-HBc
anti-HBS
negative
negative
positive
Acutely infected
HBsAg
anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc
anti-HBs
positive
positive
positive
negative
Chronically infected
HBsAg
anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc
anti-HBs
positive
positive
negative
negative
LIVER DAMAGE LEVEL BY HBV
“This damage can happen even before symptoms appear. However, not all patients
progress to serious liver damage. About 15% to 40% of people with chronic hepatitis B
develop serious liver disease including cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer” (FaceHep.org).
*Photos and statement provided by FaceHepB.org
HBV TREATMENTS
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So far, there is no treatment can cure HBV.
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But multifaceted approach is the most effective way to treat
this disease recently:
*Prevention - avoiding behaviors and situations that put a person at a high risk of
catching hepatitis, and getting the hepatitis B vaccination. Also,
people who with HBV should prohibit from alcohol, supplement
intake, over-counter-medications, or prescribed drugs without
health professionals consulting, because these factors can cause
the serious liver damage.
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Most people with Hepatitis B will recover within weeks to
months. For serious cases of Hepatitis B, which has lead to the
rare complication of liver failure, and hospitalizations needed.
HBV INFECTION POPULATION & REGIONS
*Graph cited from Norah Terrault, UCSF
PREFERENCES
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CDC. "File:Hepatitis-B virions.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web.
26 Nov. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hepatitis-B_virions.jpg>.
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FaceHepB. "
FaceHepB - Potential Risks of Chronic Hepatitis B ."
FaceHepB - Homepage . N.p.,
n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://www.facehepb.com/Potential-Risks-of-Chronic-Hepatitis-B.aspx>.
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"Hepetitis B Virus." Doctors of Health Promotion and Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<www.dhpe.org/infect/hepb.html>.
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"Malaysian Family Physicians - Review Articles: Hepatitis B infection." Malaysian Family Physicians - eJournal. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.e-mfp.org/v1n1/hepatitis_B_infection-printcopy.htm>.
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MedicineNet.com. "Hepatitis B (HBV)." MedicineNet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_b/article.htm>.
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Millman, Irving, Toby K. Eisenstein, and Baruch S. Blumberg. Hepatitis B: the virus, the disease, and the vaccine.
New York: Plenum Press, 1984. Print.
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Norton, Jeffrey A.. Essential practice of surgery basic science and clinical evidence. New York: Springer, 2003. Print.
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Stannard, Linda M . "Hepatitis B Virus." University of Cape Town / Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010.
<http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/hepb.html>.
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Terrault, Norah . "Hepatitis B - a knol by Norah Terrault." Knol - a unit of knowledge: share what you know, publish
your expertise.. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://knol.google.com/k/norah-terrault/hepatitisb/1w026jckgcwg2/3#>.
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"The Hepetits B Story." Beyonddiscovery.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=265>.
THANK YOU!
HAPPY THANKSGIVING!
MERRY CHRISTMAS!
HAPPY NEW YEAR!
NOV.25,2010