Chapter 11: Industry
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Origin of industry
– Industry:
production of
goods in factories
– From cottage
industries to the
Industrial
Revolution
Figure 11-2
Where is Industry
Distributed?
• Origin of industry
– Impacts of Industrial Revolution
• Iron
– Steam Engine
• Coal
– Energy source
• Transportation
– Canals & Railroads
• Textiles
– Cottage industry to factories
• Chemicals
• Food processing
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Industrial regions: Europe
– Late 19th & early 20th c.
– United Kingdom: steel &
textiles to high-tech industry
– Rhine-Ruhr Valley: iron &
steel
– Mid-Rhine: consumer
market & iron ore
– Po Basin: textiles
– NE Spain: textiles &
motor vehicles
– Moscow, St Petersburg,
Volga, Donetsk, Silesia:
wide variety
Figure
11-4
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Industrial regions: N. America
– Arrived later but spread faster
– NE U.S.
• New England: cotton textiles
• Middle Atlantic: largest U.S.
market
• Mohawk Valley: steel & food
processing
• Pittsburg-Lake Erie: steel
• W Great Lakes:
transportation hub; steel
• S California: aircraft
industry; today = variety
– SE Canada
• SE Ontario: steel, motor
vehicles, textiles, etc.
Figure 11-5
Where is Industry
Distributed?
• Industrial regions: East
Asia
– Isolation from world markets
– Japan
• Large quantity of goods to be
sold at low prices
• Today = high quality
automobiles, electronics, etc.
– China
• Largest labor supply
• 1 of largest consumer markets
Industrial Regions
Figure 11-3
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to inputs
– Bulk-reducing industries
• Inputs weigh more than
outputs
– Examples:
• Copper
–
–
–
–
Mining
Concentration
Smelting
Refining
• Steel (iron alloy)
– 19th c.
– 20th c.
Figure 11-8
Why Are Situation
Factors Important?
• Proximity to markets
– Bulk-gaining industries
• Product gains volume
during production
– Examples:
• Fabricated metals
– Making parts from metal
– Bend, forge, stamp, form &
parts
• Beverage production
– Water = largest input
Figure 11-10
Why Are Situation
Factors Important?
• Proximity to markets
– Single-market
manufacturers
• Specialized
• “Just-in-time” delivery
– Perishable products
• Delivered ASAP
– Fresh food
– Newspapers
Why Are
Situation
Factors
Important?
• Ship, rail, truck, or air?
– The farther something is
transported, the lower the cost
– 4 modes
•
•
•
•
Truck = short-distance travel
Train = longer distances (1 day +)
Ship = slow, but low cost
Air = most expensive, but fast
– Break-of-bulk point: mode
transfer location
Why Are Site Factors Important?
• Labor: most important
– Labor-intensive industries
• Textiles (less-skilled, low cost labor)
– Textile & apparel spinning (spin fibers to
make yarn or thread)
– Textile & apparel weaving (weave or knit
yarn or thread into fabric)
– Textile & apparel assembly (cut & sew fabric
into products)
– Capital-intensive industries
Textile Production
Figures 11-16, 17, 18
Why Are Site Factors Important?
• Land
– 1st factories in cities
– Today: rural sites
• Space for production line
• Environmental factors
– Climate, topography,
recreation, culture,
energy, etc.
• Capital
– Need $ to start or
expand factories
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial regions
– Changing industrial distribution in MDCs
• Interregional shift within the U.S.
– Right-to-work laws
– Textile production
Figure 11-21
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Interregional shifts in
Europe
– Convergence shifts
» E & S Europe
– Competitive &
employment regions
» W Europe
Figure 11-23
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new
industrial regions
– International shifts in
industry
• East Asia
– China, Japan, S
Korea
• South Asia
– India
• Latin America
– Maquiladora plants
– Changing
distributions
World Steel Production
Figure 11-24
Why Are Location
Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial
regions
– Outsourcing
• Transnational corporation
• New international division of labor
• Vertical integration
Figures 11-25, 26
Why Are Location
Factors Changing?
• Renewed attraction of
traditional industrial
regions
– Proximity to skilled labor
• Fordist (mass production)
• Post-Fordist (lean
production)
• Just-in-time delivery
The End.