• Be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, model, theory, variable, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, validity, scientific ethics, technological design, solution design, implementation, evaluation, quantitative, qualitative.
• Be able to describe the purpose of the scientific method.

• Be able to describe the order of steps followed by scientists using the scientific method.
• Be able to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative observations.
• Be able to distinguish between the dependent and independent variables.
• Be able to describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models.
• Be able to identify errors in an experimental design.

Section 1: Scientific Method
• _____________ is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe.
• Most scientific advances result form carefully planned
____________________.
• Science relies on observation,
experimentation, and experience

Section 1: Scientific Method
• Science is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe.
• Most scientific advances result form carefully planned investigations .
• Science relies on observation,
experimentation, and experience

Section 1: Scientific Method
• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the _________ ________ .
• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by
______________ and ______________ _______,
________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data.
• The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method .
• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by
______________ and ______________ _______,
________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data.
• The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method .
• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data , formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data.
• The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method .
• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data , formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data.
• The scientific method is systematic , repeatable and testable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• __________________ – the use of the senses to
obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.
• Two types of data:
• ________________– descriptive in nature; _____-
_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue)
• _________________ - __________________ in nature;
(ex. 5 meters long)

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Observing – the use of the senses to obtain
information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.
• Two types of data:
• ________________– descriptive in nature; _____-
_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue)
• _________________ - __________________ in nature;
(ex. 5 meters long)

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Observing – the use of the senses to obtain
information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.
• Two types of data:
• Qualitative – descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue)
• _________________ - __________________ in nature;
(ex. 5 meters long)

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Observing – the use of the senses to obtain
information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.
• Two types of data:
• Qualitative – descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue)
• Quantitative – numerical in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled __________________ to make observations and collect data.
• Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment
or observation.

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data.
• Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment
or observation.

Section 1: Scientific Method
I. Observing and Collecting Data
• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data.
• Chemists study systems – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or
observation.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and
______________ – they try to make generalizations based on the data.
• ___________________ - statements that apply to a
___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data.
• ___________________ - statements that apply to a
___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data.
• Generalizations - statements that apply to a range of
information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a ________________ – a testable
statement; _________________ __________. The hypothesis serves as basis for making
________________ and for carrying out further experiments.
• Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess . The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments.
• Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

Section 1: Scientific Method
II. Formulating Hypotheses
• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess . The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments.
• Hypotheses are often “ if then ” statements – the
“then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Testing a hypothesis requires _____________________ that provides data to ____________ or ___________ a hypothesis or theory.
• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________.
• Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they
CANNOT be proven correct.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.
• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or
_____________.
• Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.
• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified .
• Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.
• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified .
• Hypotheses can be proven incorrect and they can be supported/proven successful , but they CANNOT be proven correct.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• ____________ – Experimental conditions that remain
______________ during testing.
• ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing.
• Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable.
• Might affect the outcome of the experiment

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing.
• ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing.
• Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable.
• Might affect the outcome of the experiment

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
• Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing.
• Variables – any conditions that change during testing.
• Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable.
• Might affect the outcome of the experiment

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
Two types of variables:
• _______________ - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ______ in an experiment.
• _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the
________________ variable. There
may be more than one dependent variable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
Two types of variables:
• Independent - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
There should only be ONE in an experiment.
• _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the
________________ variable. There
may be more than one dependent variable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
Two types of variables:
• Independent - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
There should only be ONE in an experiment.
• Dependent - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable. There may
be more than one dependent variable.

Section 1: Scientific Method
III. Testing Hypotheses
Two groups:
1. Control group - allows you to observe what is considered
“normal” under a specific set of conditions, so comparisons can be made with the experimental group.
1. Experimental group – this group experiences a change in one variable. Only one variable should be changed at a time

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a ___________– more than just a physical object, it is often an ____________________ of how phenomena occur and how data or events are
_____________.
• Models may be _____________, verbal or
_____________________.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related .
• Models may be _____________, verbal or
_____________________.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related .
• Models may be visual , verbal or mathematical .
• Ex. Atomic model of matter – states that matter is composed of tiny particles – atoms

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• ______________– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
• If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory.
• Theories are considered successful if they can
___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• Theory – a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
• If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory.
• Theories are considered successful if they can
___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• Theory – a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
• If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory.
• Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• Theory – a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
• Ex. Kinetic-Molecular Theory – Theory that explains that the behavior of physical systems depends on the combined actions of the molecules constituting the system
• Ex. Collision Theory – Theory that states that the number of new compounds formed in a chemical reaction is = to the number of molecules that collide

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• ___________________ gives scientists an opportunity to
______________ the work of others and see if they get the
_________ _______________.
• Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

Section 1: Scientific Method
IV. Theorizing
• Publication gives scientists an opportunity to repeat the work of others and see if they get the same results.
• Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

Section 1: Scientific Method
Question
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion