Name:
Hour:
KEY: Sponges and Cnidarians / Mr. Lemmons / Zoology / DCHS
Answer these on separate sheets of notebook paper; number each answer; you do NOT have to re-write
the question. Staple this sheet on the top of your answers for full credit.
1. What characteristics do all animals share? Multicellular; eukaryotic heterotrophs; lack
cell walls (p. 657 key concept)
2. What type of tissue covers or lines body surfaces? Epithelial (p. 657)
3. What type of tissue has cells which contain proteins that enable them to move by
contraction? Muscle (p. 657)
4. What type of tissue provides support? (Includes bone and cartilage) Connective (p. 657)
5. What type of tissue carries information throughout the body via threadlike projections?
Nervous (p. 657)
6. What are invertebrates and what % of animals is invertebrate? Animals that do NOT have a
backbone or vertebral column; 95% (p. 657)
7. Most animals ingest (eat) food; what do carnivores eat? Carnivore = meat Herbivores?
Plants Detritivores? Decaying organisms Filter feeders? Strain tiny floating organisms
from water (p. 658)
8. All animals respire; this means they take in_____ and give off _____? Oxygen; Carbon
Dioxide (p. 658)
9. How do small aquatic animals transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste among the cells of their
bodies? Diffusion (p. 658)
10. Your kidneys remove nitrogenous metabolic waste from cells (found in urine). They are part
of which body system? Excretory = Excretion (p. 659)
11. Some animals are sessile, meaning they mainly stay in a single spot; what is the term for
when animals move about in their environment? Motile (p. 659)
12. In what ways are complex animals different from simple animals? Have high levels of cell
specialization & internal body organization, bilateral symmetry, a front end or head
with sense organs, and a body cavity ( p. 660 key concept)
13. Tissues work together to form ______, which work together forming ______. Organs;
Organ Systems (p. 660)
14. In a Protostome, the blastopore becomes a ______; in a Deuterostome it becomes a _______.
Of animals, which are Deuterostomes? Mouth; Anus; Echinoderms & Chordates (which
includes Vertebrates) (p.661)
Name:
Hour:
15. Illustrate and label the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry. (Figure 26-5 on
p.662)
16. Sponges are the simplest animals (no tissues!) living on the earth; where can they be found?
Mainly oceans from Arctic to Antarctic to the tropics; shallow and deep (p. 664)
17. Sponges are in Phylum Porifera. What does “porifera” mean? Pore-bearers (p. 664)
18. Why are sponges classified as animals? They are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell
walls, and contain a few specialized cells (p. 664 key concept)
19. How do sponges use water to carry out essential functions? Feeding; Respiration;
Circulation; Excretion (p. 665 key concept)
20. Why does water move through a sponge? Has cells with flagella that move water (text for
Figure 26-8 on p. 665)
21. Illustrate water moving through a sponge. (Left-hand side of Fig 26-8 on page 665)
22. Describe the different types of sponge skeletons. Harder sponges = spicules made of
calcium carbonate or glasslike silica; Softer sponges = spongin (flexible protein fibers)
(p. 665)
23. What type of nervous system do sponges have? None (p. 666)
Name:
Hour:
24. Sponges are involved in many symbiotic ecological relationships. Illustrate one that is
commensalism. (Snapping Shrimp and Sponge = Fig 26-10 on p.667)
25. Jellyfishes, hydras, sea anemones, and coral all belong to which Phylum? Cnidaria (p. 669)
26. What is a cnidarian? Soft-bodied carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles
arranged in circles around their mouths. They are the simplest animals to have
specialized tissues. (Key Concept on p. 669)
27. Cnidarians utilize the stinging cells termed cnidocytes in what ways? Defense & Capture
Prey (p. 669)
28. Cnidarians have radial symmetry. What two body plans exist in their life cycle? (Key
Concept on p. 670) Polyp & Medusa. Illustrate & Label each (Figure 26-12 on p. 670)
29. Cnidarians have two tissue layers. The ___________ and the ___________. Epidermis;
Gastroderm (p. 670)
30. After feeding, food in the gastrovascular cavity undergoes extracellular digestion, and then
absorbed for intracellular digestion. Where does digestive waste leave a cnidarian? The
Mouth (p. 671)
Name:
Hour:
31. Illustrate the nerve net of a cnidarian which allows it to detect stimuli such as touch. (Figure
26-13 on p. 671)
32. Cnidarians can detect the direction of gravity using statocysts (thus they don’t end upsidedown); what do ocelli detect? Light (p. 671)
33. Cnidarians can reproduce both sexually and asexually. How does the polyp form reproduce
asexually? Budding (p. 672)
34. Jellyfishes belong to which Class? Scyphozoa (p. 673)
35. Jellyfish live primarily as medusas in body form. How large can the bell of a jellyfish and
their tentacles become? 4 meters in diameter and 30 meter long tentacles (p. 673)
36. Hydras and Portuguese man-of-wars belong to which Class? Hydrozoa (p. 673)
37. Sea Anemones and Corals belong to which Class? Anthozoa (p. 674)
38. How can coral reefs live in water that carries few nutrients? Symbiont algae provide 60%
of their energy (p. 675)
39. Many coral reefs are now suffering from human activity such as recreational diving, silt from
farming & mining, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and industrial pollutants. Another
problem is over the last several decades coral bleaching has increased. Describe this
condition and what researchers believe is ultimately behind the increase. High temperatures
kill symbiont algae which leaves transparent cells behind that appear as white
skeletons; Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming (p. 675)
40. To which Domain and Kingdom do sponges and cnidarians belong? Domain Eukarya;
Kingdom Animalia (you should know this! Otherwise…pages 1072-1074)