Spatial Economics
• Primary Sector: Agriculture and Extraction
– Covered last chapter
• Secondary Sector: Manufacturing
• Tertiary Sector: Services
– Pay Scales:
• Primary: 0  $
• Secondary: $  $$
• Tertiary: $  $$$
Industry: Manufacturing
http://www.china-consulting-sourcing.com/Img/xin_b18be03cc16511d69cfb00c04f4adb90.jpg
http://www.tickintsofcentralohio.org/images/Historical/MODEL_T_ASSEMBLY_LINE.jpg
http://faculty.virginia.edu/hius341/images/objects/fordassemblyline.jpg
Beginnings: Cottage Industry
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/w9500e/w9500e72.jpg
Steam Engine, by James Watt
Heralded the Industrial Revolution
• Pumped mine water
• Drove machinery
• Drove railroad engines
• (Before the steam engine,
machinery driven manually, by
wind, or by water.)
http://www.glasgowmuseums.com/assets/slideShows/Watt%20Steam%20Engine.jpg
Steam Application: Locomotive, Railroad
•
•
•
•
Faster, more efficient land transportation, with larger loads
Steam engine + wheels + rails
U.K.  Germany France, U.S., etc.
Engines considerably sped up local development.
•http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01249/imagesc/locomotive.jpg
Example: Smithsonian Museum
(Modern Museum of Industries)
http://sc94.ameslab.gov/TOUR/smithsonian.gif
Land Cost Example: Tokyo Bay
• Purple is
built-up.
• Green is
vegetation
• High land
rents
• Land built in
the bay
•http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/un-seahorse/images/tokyo-bay.gif
Density  Higher land rent
•
http://homepage1.nifty.com/sukusuku/photo/tdr/2003/020-tokyo-bay.jpg
Educated Large Labor Force  Growth
• http://www.benchmarkstaffing.com/images/pics/client_img.gif
Skilled labor  higher productivity, profits
Key to manufacturing
• Literacy
• Technical skills
• Strong in EU, US,
Russia, China, etc.
• Weak in Africa, parts of
Asia and S. America
•http://www.benchmarkstaffing.com/images/pics/client_img.gif
Lax Laws: Child Labor  more profits
 Then: U.S.
Now: Third World
•
•
•
Information: http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/empty.jpg
http://www.kenlight.com/photos/childlabor/beads.jpg
Site: Capital and Interest Rates
• Negotiable
• Varies by
country, and
over time…
• Sometimes
varies by
region, site
http://www.norges-bank.no/english/speeches/annual-2004/charts/chart1.gif
Situation: Bulk Reducing: Copper
Processing reduces shipping costs.
http://mining.ubc.ca/cimarchive/Smelter/AnodCast/10000039.JPG, http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~wegryn/images/Morenci3.JPG
http://stoner.eps.mcgill.ca/HomeImage/open_pit_copper_mine_arizona.jpg
Situation: Bulk Gaining:
Locations near the customer
• Reduces distribution costs by adding bulk near the consumer.
• Example, Coke: Just add water and carbonation…
•http://www.texasescapes.com/Signs/CocaCola/CocaColaRoswellNewMexicoCBarclayGibson.jpg
By-products: Steel Mills Pollution
•
http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/images/0ChinaBeijSteelPol.jpg
Transportation
• Transportation: part of services sector (Tertiary sector, next chapter.)
• Picking sites with good transportation at the location is a site decision.
• Location central to customers, and near transportation modes, are situation
decisions.
http://www.theclydebankstory.com/images/TCSM00108_m.jpg
http://www.speakeasy.org/~peterc/nicaragua/drycanal/containr/images/dblstac1.jpg
http://www.airliners.nl/images/DAS_Air_Cargo_280204.jpg
Market Decline and Stagnation
Market Decline can destroy companies , while stagnation stalls growth.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_4jIlyJ10uJU/TPFEHXh6K9I/AAAAAAAAKic/ICj7os7vJFU/s1600/Sur%2BGoods.JPG
Stagnation: Agricultural Sector and Trade
• Demand is flat, sometimes declining!
• No market growth  little incentive to enter market.
• (Example grains, from agriculture, same principle works here.
http://www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1999/99-05/graint3.gif
Problem: Capacity Exceeds Demand:
• Could be SUVs, Trucks… Remember the present and past.
Story:http://www.potashcorp.com/investor_relations/investor_overview/industry_overview/2005/phosphate/page_19.zsp
Image: http://www.potashcorp.com/common/images/content_images/markets/industry_overview/2005/graphs/S519_New-DAP-Cap-vs-Demand.gif
Increasing Product Supply:
• Plastic ‘Stuff’:
– When you get your plastic stuff, see where it comes from.
• Japan
• Korea
• China
• India
• Shoes:
– When you shop for shoes, look at the tags.
• Was Indonesia (but we boycotted sweat shops, so…)
• Now made in China
Resource Demand: Oil
• Increased demand, but old
supplies dwindle
• More demand, less supply 
higher prices
http://www.kkrva.se/images/energi/priddle2.jpg
US Petroleum Supply, Energy Use:
•
•
•
•
Total demand increases
Local production falls
Foreign oil purchases, dependency
Foreign oil supply and foreign policy are critical.
Images: http://www.azgs.az.gov/images/winter0106.gif http://www.cpast.org/Articles/Artfiles/000/000/014/f14_6.gif
Innovation: Assembly Line
•
•
http://www.tickintsofcentralohio.org/images/Historical/MODEL_T_ASSEMBLY_LINE.jpg
http://faculty.virginia.edu/hius341/images/objects/fordassemblyline.jpg
MDC perspectives
• Trading Blocks: Example of cooperation…
– Politics chapter
• Competitive trade advantages (NAFTA, OPEC, &)
• Internal disparities within countries and unions
– areas of growth and decline…
• (Rust Belt, R&D regions such as Silicon Valley)
• Older, shrinking established populations, immigration
– Population and Migration,
• (Western E.U. and Japan, Scandinavia, Russia)
• Transnational Corporations
– Globalization of production
• Outsourcing
LDC perspectives
•
•
More Disadvantages:
–
distance to (external) markets,
–
inadequate infrastructure: (transportation, communications, goods,
services, tools, machines)
–
entrenched competition,
–
inconsistent governance and laws,
–
government instability,
–
low literacy
More Advantages:
–
low labor costs,
–
local raw materials (if any)
–
fewer legal restrictions, (e.g. easier to pollute)
–
Large labor pools
–
Few or no benefits (health, retirement, vacation, etc.)
Services:
Service:
• Any activity that fulfills a human want or need
and returns money to those who provide it.
(Not Manufacturing…)
• Not people making ‘stuff’.
Service Types:
•
•
•
•
Consumer Services
–
Services for people who enjoy them
• Retail Services: sales to individual consumers
• Personal Services: services for the well being and personal
improvement of individual consumers.
Producer Services:
–
Services for people who use services for their work.
• banks, insurance, real estate, financial, law, engineering, wholesale
Transportation and Information Services,
–
Railroads, trucking, phone, airlines, UPS, cable
Public Services
–
Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
–
Provide benefits to society as a whole.
• (Includes teaching)
Situation patterns
• Dispersed Settlements:
– more self-sufficient,
– lower demand for goods/services
– Example: Mid-Atlantic US  Midwest
• Clustered Settlements:
– more interdependent
– produce better goods by specializing
– Examples: New England, Europe
Site Patterns:
– Circular (defensible),
– Linear (along rivers, roads),
– Grid (Chang-An, Nara, Kyoto),
– Long-lot (France, Canada)
Central Place Theory
• (important!)
– (What do I do when things are important?)
• Why is it important?
– Helps explain the distribution of services, and why
a regular pattern develops.
– Helps explain migration patterns.
– Half of the explanation for cities, the next chapter.
Threshold and Range
• Threshold: minimum population required to survive.
• Range: maximum distance people travel for a service.
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%206/
urbannotes_files/image002.jpg
Increasing Competition
A: Less competition: circles
B: More competition: overlapping service ranges
C: Select the closest store  lines service boundaries
This produces hexagons.
http://www.csiss.org/learning_resources/content/g5/materials/G5
_Image_Library/de_Blij_figures/IMAGE_56.JPG
Hexagon: Basic shape
• Highly competitive market:
– all areas are served.
• Equal services:
– Go to the closest service.
• Boundaries form the lines of a
hexagon.
• http://www.uwec.edu/Geograp
hy/Ivogeler/w111/circle4.gif
3
• http://wwwpersonal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/courses/NR
E501_W1999/501w/cptk7.jpg
Central Place Theory: Pattern
•
•
Stores requiring a larger market threshold
must serve more than one settlement to
survive. These stores serve a market area
encompassing neighboring settlements within
their range.
If the range encompasses one neighboring
settlement, it encompasses all six.
Central Place Theory: Pattern
•
•
This results in hexagons containing 7 settlements.
The central settlements contain these (larger market
threshold and range) stores serving more communities
are larger, and are also known as more central
places. (This gives the name to the theory.)
Stores with still larger thresholds and ranges
encompass clusters of these larger communities, and
are located at cluster centers.
Applied Central Place Theory
–
CPT pattern affects migration
• Jobs,
• services,
• convenience
– Concentration and mixture of cultures, development
of subcultures
• Faster dispersion of:
– new ideas, activities, things,
– cultural change
Rank Size:
•
•
•
•
Small Towns: serve local region, with small range stores that
contain the population threshold.
–
Castroville: often, small store, gas, motel?
Medium Towns: Sell to small towns within a larger local region or
service area.
–
King City: supermarkets, auto sales, mall & CBD
Small Cities: Serve medium towns within an even larger region.
–
Salinas: Wal-mart/K-Mart/Cosco, Community College
Larger Cities: Market to small cities within an increasing, larger
service area
–
San Jose: University, convention center, international airport,
wide range of services
Largest City Comparisons:
•
Rank Size Rule: (pattern) The nth city (or city rank) has
approximately 1/n * the population of the largest city.
– When the rank size rule does not work for the second
city, the first city is extremely dominant.
•
Primate City Rule: (pattern) The largest city in a region
has more than twice the population of the second largest
city.
You have one OR the other, but not both!
Cities: History
– Ancient cities: ex: Ur, Chang-an, Athens, Rome
(wall, temples, market, housing, & road networks)
– City states: independent self-governing
communities that included a nearby countryside
– Medieval cities: ex: Paris, London (often charters
of rights, more personal freedom/less serfdom)
– Modern World Cities: ex: NYC/Tokyo/London
(global reach/service area, e.g. finance, influence)
Central Place Theory: Review
• A threshold population is needed for success
• This population must be in range for them to buy.
• With overlapping ranges, people pick closest store.
– (This defines the service area in the simplest case.)
• Hexagons result from closest packing.
• Then, services need a threshold (population) within
the service area.
• A beehive pattern is optimal for consumer access.
• We find a nested pattern of larger and smaller
communities, larger communities also have stores
with larger range, serving smaller communities.
Resource Issues
Manufacturing and Services
Environment and Economics
Total energy consumption per capita
2003
World
1,674.40
2003
Developed Countries
4,623.10
Developing Countries
910.1
ISO
2003
2000
1,633.80
2000
1990
1,633.30
1990
4,576.80 ..
840.1
2000
705.7
1990
Brazil
BRA
1,067.60
1,068.10
896.6
China {1}
CHN
1,138.30
946.4
791.7
France
FRA
4,518.40
4,345.10
4,005.90
Germany
DEU
4,203.10
4,173.00
4,484.50
India
IND
512.4
501.4
425.7
Mexico
MEX
1,533.20
1,502.40
1,475.00
United Kingdom
GBR
3,918.10
3,970.20
3,738.10
United States
USA
7,794.80
8,109.00
7,543.40
Kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person
http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.php?years=1990-1990,2000-2000,20032003&variable_ID=351&theme=6&cID=26,38,63,70,85,122,189,190&ccID=0,9,10
Global carbon consumption per capita:
1980
World
4.24
1980
1990
4.06
1990
2000
3.95
2000
Developed Countries
12.48
11.94
11.11
Developing Countries
1.25
1.55
1.91
ISO
1980
1990
2000
China
CHN
1.54
2.2
2.72
France
FRA
9.03
6.65
6.16
Germany
DEU
14.05
12.23
10.42
India
IND
0.46
0.76
1.03
Mexico
MEX
3.83
3.66
3.86
United Kingdom
GBR
10.66
10.16
9.4
United States
USA
20.87
19.22
20.29
(Down? Not. Population still increases.)
http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.php?theme=3&years=1980-1980,1990-1990,20002000&variable_ID=466&cID=38,63,70,85,122,189,190&ccID=0,9,10&years_rev=1
Resources:
• Energy
– Petroleum
– Natural Gas
– Coal
– Nuclear
• Minerals
– Ferrous: Iron, et. al.
– Non-Ferrous: Many more.
• Crucial to the world as we know it today.
Pollution:
• Pollution occurs when more waste products are
generated than a resource (local system) can
accommodate.
– Natural
• Volcanoes, Floods, etc.
– Human
•
•
•
•
•
Manufacturing
Transportation
Consumption
Discarded products
Waste Products
By-products: Solid Pollution
•
http://www.pools-hottubs.com/Dump%201.JPG
Land and Water Pollution: Tailings
Tailings:
• Leavings of the mine
• Unwanted by-product
Tailings also produce:
• Dust
• Contaminated runoff
http://www.robinsonforest.org/mining/strip_mine_runoff.jpg
Mining and Mountain Topping:
• http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/images/home_left.jpg
Abandoned industries & Superfund sites
•
•
http://www.blm.gov/aml/graphics/pregpond.jpg
BLM abandoned mine work: http://www.blm.gov/aml/alphindex_aml.htm
By-products: Liquid Pollution
•
•
•
•
Agricultural
Manufacturing
Services
Sewage
http://www.motherjones.com/news/feat
urex/2006/03/runoff_265x347.jpg
Population and Consumption:
What happens if the present population
increases consumption to the present
first world consumption rate?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Use present consumption information
Compare the industrial world and the
rest of the world.
Set the world to industrialized world
consumption
Compare present and fully
industrialized consumption.
1) Find a relative consumption factor:
MDCs
• 20% of population uses 80% of resources.
• 0.2 * R1 = 0.8
• R1 = 0.8 / 0.2 = 4
• (4 * AVERAGE!)
LDCs
• 80% of population uses 20% of resources.
• 0.8 * R2 = 0.2
• R2 = 0.2 / 0.8 = 0.25
• (1/4 OF AVERAGE!)
2) Compare the MDCs and LDCs:
• Try a ratio:
• R1 / R2 = 4 / 0.25
• R1 / R2 = 16
• If still true, the First World (MDCs)
uses 16 times the amount of resources
per capita as the rest of the world.
• (Amazing!)
3) Set the world to MDC consumption:
Old total consumption:
• (MDCs) + (Everyone Else) = 1
• (20% * 4) + (80% * .25) = 1
Fully industrialized total consumption:
• 100% * 4 = 4
• 4 * present average… (Problem!)
Q1: Is this supportable? Realistic?
• We would run out of oil approx. 4 times as fast.
• We would have 4 * the demand for raw materials.
• We would have 4 * the demand for steel and other industrial
products.
• The world would in theory eat a similar calorie and meat diet.
• The world also would adopt our approach wholesale.
– (All are doubtful.)
(Another Estimate)
http://ww
w.uwsp.
edu/busi
ness/ec
onomics
wisconsi
n/e_lect
ure/pop_
images/
pop_gro
wth.jpg
Article: World Population Change: Boom or Bust?
– http://www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_lecture/pop_sum.htm
When do we run out? What do we do?
Assumptions are used in
each model:
• Proven Reserves,
• Potential Reserves,
• Reasonable production
costs, &
Note: This estimate
assumes no coal,
nuclear by 2050, but
both are now major
contributions.
• Is this the ‘best’ mix?
• What is ‘best’? Why?
• Who picks? How?
http://www.hdg-online.net/data/comp_images/1248/0202_29_tab1_e.jpg
Local, Regional,
Global Effects
Sources:
• Transportation
• Energy
consumption
• Manufacturing
http://www.torontoenvironment.org/image/view/154
http://www.wnbiodiesel.com/smog.jpg
Local  Regional: Smog in China
http://www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Unique/Smog/2004/UNIchina008_MO.jpg
•
http://www.osei.noaa.gov/Events/Unique/Smog/2004/UNIchina008_MO.jpg
Smog: combustion engines, industry
•
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/photochemical_smog.gif
Oil Drilling used to be easy.
•
http://www.bfcollection.net/indphoto/jpg/02294s.jpg
Harder Sites: Offshore Oil, and Slicks
• Background:
– Oil platform
• Foreground:
– Oil Slick
• Site:
– Santa Barbara
Channel
http://www.countyofsb.org/energy/images/1969Blowout.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.countyofsb.org/ene
rgy/images/1969Blowout.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.countyofsb.org/ener
gy/information/1969blowout.asp&h=374&w=255&sz=23&hl=en&start=1
3&tbnid=ubcKu3hGTJKE2M:&tbnh=122&tbnw=83&prev=/images%3Fq
%3Doil%2Bplatform%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe
%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official_s%26sa%3DG (Text)
US Petroleum Supply, Energy Use:
•
•
•
•
Total demand increases
Local production falls
Foreign oil purchases & dependency
Foreign oil supply and foreign policy become critical.
Images: http://www.azgs.az.gov/images/winter0106.gif http://www.cpast.org/Articles/Artfiles/000/000/014/f14_6.gif
We do not control our oil future.
• (Relate to ANWR.)
• Image: http://oil.server4.com/temp9.gif
Resource Demand: Oil
• Increased Demand, but old supplies dwindle
• New supplies are more costly.
• More demand, less supply  higher prices
http://www.kkrva.se/images/energi/priddle2.jpg
Oil Reserves:
• Extract from proven reserves.
• Note location and regional (in)stability.
http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/proved.versus2.gif
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/proved.versus2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/index2.html&h=404&w=550&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=q41euhCtAOLmeM:&tb
nh=98&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dproven%2Boil%2Bsupply%2Bworld%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official_s%26sa%3DG
What are ‘Recoverable, Unconventional?’
• Unconventional:
– Tar Sands
– Oil Shale
• Recoverable:
– Re-tapping old fields (See ‘fracking’, and associate risks.)
• Many extraction efforts need new technologies
• Deeper wells
• Deep-sea drilling
• Specialized extraction techniques
– Many to be determined, developed, or tested, risks
evaluated.
• If the oil is not recoverable, we run out.
• If the oil is recoverable, we pay more… and we pollute more.
Pollution:
Air / Thermal
• Local:
–
–
–
–
Smog,
Surface Ozone,
Inversions,
Heat Islands
• Regional:
– Smog,
– Acid Rain,
– Changes in rainfall patterns
• Global:
– Warming
• Greenhouse Gases
– Ozone Hole
• CFCs, etc.
http://www.battelle.org/environment/images/air1.jpg
Local Temperature: Heat Island Effect
• This localized effect is different from global warming. It is
caused by energy use (air conditioning, cars, industries, etc.)
Source URL: http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective/images/health_fig2_e.jpg
Regional Effect:
• Acid Rain
– Reduces agricultural output
– Harms species
– Impacts ecosystems
• Ex: Black Forest, Europe
• Ex: Eastern US
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
•
http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/sustainability/images/greenhouse_effect.jpg
• http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/c
limatechange/figure_4.jpg
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
• The greenhouse effect is natural. Gases absorb and re-radiate a lot of
energy.
– Gases: CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, etc.
• The enhanced greenhouse effect is the additional human contribution to
those greenhouse gases.
• The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused in large part by fossil fuel use,
including manufacturing, transportation, and shipping.
• There are other contributions:
– Cow flatulence,
– Rice patties
Why add the word enhanced?
• You are more correct.
• You sound more intelligent.
• You indicate more of the big picture. (!!!)
– The greenhouse effect exists without us.
– Humans enhance it (by burning fossil fuels, etc.)
– Without the greenhouse effect, the world would be a cold
place to live.
– With the enhanced greenhouse effect, the world will be a
hotter place to live than it has been.
Global Warming: Notable
• Abnormal
•http://www.grinningplanet.com/2004/01-27/global-warming-1000-v2.gif
Causes: Identifiable
Ex: Consistent Annual CO2 rise
http://www.uigi.com/mauna_loa_co2.G
IF
Problem:
Estimable:
Gases 
energy storage
in the
atmosphere.
•
http://www.research.noaa.gov/clim
ate/images/observing3.gif
Present Effects: Predictable
• We can model aspects of global warming..
• Models are incomplete, (always will be), but sufficient for prediction.
http://www.ucar.edu/research/climate/images/pcmensembles.jpg
Sea Level Rise
Seas: response lags as the oceans absorb temperature and slowly expand. Land glacial melt combines with this.
http://membrane.com/sidd/topexjason2004.jpg
Effects are notable.
Rate of future change is uncertain.
• Glacial retreat (mountain and continental)
• Sea level rise
– Land loss, population displacement
• More extreme events
– Stronger storms
• Hotter summers
– More heat wave related deaths are expected.
• More droughts
– Poorer crop production is likely.
• Stronger winter cold weather events (!)
– Heat engine: more heat  more circulation.
Consequences are
expected, but when?
• Sea level rise:
Southeast US: + 8 m.
• Greenland Ice Cap = 7 m.
– Note: Miami, New
Orleans, US East Coast
cities
http://www.benfieldhrc.org/climate_change/sea_level_rise/UK7m.rise.jpg
•http://www.fao.org/sd/SDimages/EIre0045.GIF
http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~tk/climate_dynamics/fig5.gif
Now for the bad news…
• Long-term consequences of this initial change are
difficult to calculate.
• There are positive and negative feedbacks that complicate
the long-term results, including:
– Economics
– Population Growth
– Energy Efficiency
– Energy Sources,
– New Technologies
• Technology adoption
Why is it taking so long?
•
•
•
•
Greenhouse gases take time to be absorbed.
Greenhouse gas production is going up, not down.
New habits and technologies (translation, you) are needed.
Any new states and transitions will take time to complete.
Example: oceans.
– Sea level rise is a function of amount of water and its
temperature.
– The oceans heat up slowly over time, matching the surface
temperature regime over centuries. The effect is cumulative,
but glacially slow.
Alternative Energy Source Options:
• Solar
– Needs dependable sunlight.
• Wind
– Needs dependable high winds.
• Bio-fuel
– Takes much farmland from food production.
– Low total yields.
• Fission (?) Fusion (???)
– Still in search of solutions: radiation, efficiency
• Hydrogen (??) This is a storage medium, e.g. hydrogen cells
– Need an energy source for splitting water. (N/A)
• This is actually like a battery. It stores energy.
Option: Solar
• Needs reliable sunlight
– Southwest
• More flexible than wind
– Can place on objects
• Rooftops, etc.
• Often related do demand
– Hot sunny days  want A/C
• Not good everywhere
– Bad in the North in Winter
• New England.
• Midwest
http://www.solartude.net/solar_farm_1.jpg
http://www.greenprophet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/brightsource2_620px111-499x394.jpg
Option: Wind
• Strong winds
• Reliable winds
• Few people
– Not popular
– NIMBY
• Noisy
• Kills birds
• Visual
intrusion
http://www.tva.gov/news/files/buffmtn/turbines3.jpg
Option:
Hydropower
Needs
•water,
•reservoir
•(head)
Environmental
concerns, siltation
•
http://www.arizona-leisure.com/gfx/hoover-dam-photo-3.gif
(Another Estimate)
http://ww
w.uwsp.
edu/busi
ness/ec
onomics
wisconsi
n/e_lect
ure/pop_
images/
pop_gro
wth.jpg
• World Population Change: Boom or Bust?
– http://www.uwsp.edu/business/economicswisconsin/e_lectur
e/pop_sum.htm
LULU: Locally Undesirable Land Use
• Everyone wants some
products.
• No-one wants waste products,
etc.
• Many want new ‘stuff’
• Few want the old junk.
• We make them and dump
them someplace. Where?
• Not in my back yard!
(NIMBY)
• So… Whose back yard?
http://www-csgc.ucsd.edu/STORIES/DNPP.02Lo.jpg
http://www.pools-hottubs.com/Dump%201.JPG
1/3 of Nuclear Power production is in the U.S.
• (Where is this?)
http://www-csgc.ucsd.edu/STORIES/DNPP.02Lo.jpg
Nuclear Power Concerns:
Accidents
– Chernobyl
• Terrorism
• Bomb Material
– Theft or sale
• LULU
• Thermal Pollution
• Radiation
– I understand that radiation
from coal plants is
comparable.
http://www.bb-elec.com/images/nuclear-power-plant-closer.jpg
HDI and Consumption:
• Compare US, Japan, Brazil
• Source URL: http://www.lib.utah.edu/gould/1998/Figure_9.gif
• Source info: http://www.lib.utah.edu/gould/1998/lecture98.html
Combating Pollution
• Recycle reusable resources.
– Change discarded items from waste products to resources.
• Reduce consumption.
– Reduce waste produced in manufacture and distribution.
• Reuse components.
– Includes re-purposing.
• Research less polluting methods
– Includes changing products, and changing methods.
• Replace present polluting methods with better methods.
– We already have some alternative methods that work. (Prev. slides.)
Questions?
Comments?
Combating Pollution (repeat)
•
•
•
•
•
Recycle reusable resources.
Reduce consumption.
Reuse components until they die.
Research less polluting methods
Replace present polluting methods with better methods.
Have a Merry Christmas!
(Happy Consumption Festival!)
(or) have a happy vacation!
(Consume wisely.)