Biography of a Memory: Storing a Memory Encoding Storage Consolidation Sensory Input ShortTerm Memory Working Memory LongTerm Memory Biography of a Memory: Retrieval Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Recall Recognition Memory Retrieval • Memory retrieval therefore requires re-visiting the nerve pathways the brain formed when encoding the memory, and the strength of those pathways determines how quickly the memory can be recalled. • Recall effectively returns a memory from long-term storage to short-term or working memory, where it can be accessed, in a kind of mirror image of the encoding process. It is then re-stored back in longterm memory, thus re-consolidating and strengthening it. http://www.human-memory.net/ Wagon Wheel • Read 2 of the 3 handouts and respond to the four questions on the worksheet • We’ll break into groups to run a Wagon Wheel discussion http://www.televisiontunes.com/rawhide.html Wagon Wheel • Q 1: 10 minutes • Outside rotates clockwise • Q2: 10 minutes • Rotate, repeat • After Q4: Summarize • Large group discussion Working Memory: Chimps vs Humans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsXP8qeFF6A And now… a wee bit o’ neuroscience Carleton Unviersity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vso9jgfpI_c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0JKCYZ8hng http://musicandmemory.org/ Brain Specimen Coasters from ThinkGeek Module 1: Brain Parts Week 1 Week 2 Module 2: Senses Week 3 Week 4 Module 3: Evolution Week 5 Week 6 ONLINE COURSE Evolutionarily Speaking…. 1. Which of the following is TRUE about how environmental conditions have changed since the time life began on earth? A. Conditions have remained about the same everywhere on earth, with only minor changes from year to year. B. Conditions have remained the same in the oceans but have changed on land. C. Conditions have remained the same except for a few sudden changes in certain locations due to disasters, such as a meteorite striking the earth. D. Conditions have changed in significant ways everywhere on earth, with some of these changes happening suddenly and others more gradually. 2. A population is a group of individuals of the same species. According to the theory of natural selection, what is likely to happen to a population when a change occurs in its environment (for example, the amount of rainfall decreases or the temperature increases)? A. The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable traits. B. All of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce in the changed environment. C. Some of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce, and the other individuals would die. D. Because all individuals of the same species have the same traits, one individual would never have an advantage over another in its population. They would either all survive or all die. 3. A population is a group of individuals of the same species. Could a population living today differ from their ancestors from many generations ago? Why or why not? A. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental change can cause individuals in each generation to try to change some of their inherited traits to ones that are better suited to the new environment. B. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental change can affect which inherited traits are most helpful, and therefore which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce. C. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental change can cause individuals to use some of their inherited traits more than before and pass down better versions of those traits to their offspring. D. No, they could not differ after many generations because all members of a population are the same species and therefore have the same set of inherited traits. 4. Could individuals of a species look different today than individuals of the same species did many generations ago? Why or why not? A. Yes, all individuals can change a little and pass those changes on to their offspring. B. Yes, some individuals can change a little and pass those changes on to their offspring. C. Yes, some individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on to their offspring. D. No, species do not change even after many generations, so individuals of the same species would not look different Stand up and write your best friend’s name in the air with your left elbow 5. Some of the individual members of a species of organism were moved to a new location that had different environmental conditions than their original location. According to the theory of natural selection, what could happen after many generations to the descendants of the organisms that had been relocated A. The descendants would look the same as the original individuals because species do not change. B. The descendants would look different from the original individuals in some ways, and they would look the same in some ways. C. The descendants would become a completely different species that would have no similarities to the original individuals. D. The descendants would look the same as the original individuals because the environment does not affect how species look. 6. Which of the following is REQUIRED for the process of natural selection to occur? A. Numerous species must have recently become extinct. B. A food source must disappear. C. There must be a sudden environmental change. D. Traits must be inherited from one generation to the next. 7. Which of the following is TRUE about living species and extinct species? A. If a species living today and an extinct species have many similarities, they could share a common ancestor, but if they have few similarities they could not share a common ancestor. B. A species living today and an extinct species could share a common ancestor that lived a very long time ago, even if the two species have few similarities. C. No species living today could share a common ancestor with an extinct species. D. Species living today could share a common ancestor with each other, but extinct species could not share a common ancestor with each other because extinct species are the ancestors of species living today, never of each other. 8. Which of the following correctly describes what happens when a population of bacteria becomes resistant to an antibiotic? Note: a bacterium is one individual in a group of bacteria. A. During treatment with an antibiotic, each individual bacterium tries to become resistant to the antibiotic. Only some are able to willingly become resistant, and these individuals survive to pass this trait to their offspring. B. During treatment with an antibiotic, all of the bacteria gradually become more resistant to the antibiotic the more they are exposed to it. They all survive and pass this trait to their offspring. C. During treatment with an antibiotic, a population of bacteria usually dies. Sometimes by chance, all members of the population become resistant at once, survive, and pass their resistance to their offspring. D. During treatment with an antibiotic, only those individual bacteria that already have a trait that helps them survive the effects of the antibiotic will live. Their offspring in the next generation will also have this trait. http://assessment.aaas.org/ • Traits are inherited from one generation to the next. • The individuals that have traits better suited to a changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce • A population could differ after many generations because an environmental change can affect which inherited traits are most helpful, and therefore which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce • The descendants would look different from the original individuals in some ways, and they would look the same in some ways. • New traits are introduced into a population through mutation NOT adaptation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qc3QIk__aJw http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/becoming-human.html Difficulty of Study Human Brain Evolution • Direct vs indirect evidence • Brains don’t fossilize well • Prevalence of hominin fossils (upright primates) Trends of Evolution and the Human Brain • • • • • • • Brain size/Brain arrangement Frontal Lobe/Occipital Lobe Bipedalism Climate change/Genetic bottleneck effect Survival strategies/ Movement Competition Theory of Mind/Mirror Neurons Mirror Neurons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xmx1qPyo8Ks What’s Next • Submit Week 3 assignment: Your Wagon Wheel worksheet and any other thoughts • Week 4 Discussion: Little D • Week 4 Assignment: Zadina, Ch 7: Executive Function Next Face-to-face session: May 16th 8:00am- 1:00pm Reminder: Next F2F bring a lesson using brain-based approaches DMNS Sci-Fi Film Series $12 member, $15 nonmember, $8 student (per film) $50 member, $65 nonmember (series) Snowpiercer Her Planet of the Apes (1968) Interstellar Blade Runner: The Final Cut Wednesday, July 8, 7 p.m. Wednesday, July 15, 7 p.m. Wednesday, July 29, 7 p.m. Wednesday, July 22, 7 p.m. Wednesday, August 5, 7p.m. Teacher Workshop: Date: June 10th Time: 3-6pm, plus evening event with Lead Scientists Stipend: $25, dinner Registration opens soon Limit: 30 participants