Biography of a Memory: Storing a Memory
Encoding
Storage
Consolidation
Sensory
Input
ShortTerm
Memory
Working
Memory
LongTerm
Memory
Biography of a Memory: Retrieval
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
Recall
Recognition
Memory Retrieval
• Memory retrieval therefore requires re-visiting the
nerve pathways the brain formed when encoding
the memory, and the strength of those pathways
determines how quickly the memory can be
recalled.
• Recall effectively returns a memory from long-term
storage to short-term or working memory, where it
can be accessed, in a kind of mirror image of the
encoding process. It is then re-stored back in longterm memory, thus re-consolidating and
strengthening it.
http://www.human-memory.net/
Wagon Wheel
• Read 2 of the 3
handouts and
respond to the four
questions on the
worksheet
• We’ll break into
groups to run a
Wagon Wheel
discussion
http://www.televisiontunes.com/rawhide.html
Wagon Wheel
• Q 1: 10 minutes
• Outside rotates
clockwise
• Q2: 10 minutes
• Rotate, repeat
• After Q4:
Summarize
• Large group
discussion
Working Memory: Chimps vs Humans
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsXP8qeFF6A
And now… a wee bit o’ neuroscience
Carleton Unviersity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vso9jgfpI_c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0JKCYZ8hng
http://musicandmemory.org/
Brain Specimen Coasters from ThinkGeek
Module 1:
Brain Parts
Week 1
Week 2
Module 2:
Senses
Week 3
Week 4
Module 3:
Evolution
Week 5
Week 6
ONLINE COURSE
Evolutionarily
Speaking….
1. Which of the following is TRUE about how
environmental conditions have changed since the
time life began on earth?
A. Conditions have remained about the same everywhere on
earth, with only minor changes from year to year.
B. Conditions have remained the same in the oceans but
have changed on land.
C. Conditions have remained the same except for a few
sudden changes in certain locations due to disasters, such
as a meteorite striking the earth.
D. Conditions have changed in significant ways everywhere
on earth, with some of these changes happening suddenly
and others more gradually.
2. A population is a group of individuals of the same
species. According to the theory of natural selection, what
is likely to happen to a population when a change occurs in
its environment (for example, the amount of rainfall
decreases or the temperature increases)?
A. The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment
would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable
traits.
B. All of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could
survive and reproduce in the changed environment.
C. Some of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could
survive and reproduce, and the other individuals would die.
D. Because all individuals of the same species have the same traits, one
individual would never have an advantage over another in its
population. They would either all survive or all die.
3. A population is a group of individuals of the same
species. Could a population living today differ from their
ancestors from many generations ago? Why or why not?
A. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental
change can cause individuals in each generation to try to change some of
their inherited traits to ones that are better suited to the new
environment.
B. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental
change can affect which inherited traits are most helpful, and therefore
which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce.
C. Yes, they could differ after many generations because an environmental
change can cause individuals to use some of their inherited traits more
than before and pass down better versions of those traits to their
offspring.
D. No, they could not differ after many generations because all members of a
population are the same species and therefore have the same set of
inherited traits.
4. Could individuals of a species look different today
than individuals of the same species did many
generations ago? Why or why not?
A. Yes, all individuals can change a little and pass those changes
on to their offspring.
B. Yes, some individuals can change a little and pass those
changes on to their offspring.
C. Yes, some individuals with certain traits are more likely to
survive and pass those traits on to their offspring.
D. No, species do not change even after many generations, so
individuals of the same species would not look different
Stand up and write your best
friend’s name in the air with your
left elbow
5. Some of the individual members of a species of organism
were moved to a new location that had different
environmental conditions than their original
location. According to the theory of natural selection, what
could happen after many generations to the descendants of
the organisms that had been relocated
A. The descendants would look the same as the original individuals
because species do not change.
B. The descendants would look different from the original
individuals in some ways, and they would look the same in some
ways.
C. The descendants would become a completely different species
that would have no similarities to the original individuals.
D. The descendants would look the same as the original individuals
because the environment does not affect how species look.
6. Which of the following is REQUIRED for the
process of natural selection to occur?
A. Numerous species must have recently
become extinct.
B. A food source must disappear.
C. There must be a sudden environmental
change.
D. Traits must be inherited from one generation
to the next.
7. Which of the following is TRUE about living species
and extinct species?
A. If a species living today and an extinct species have many
similarities, they could share a common ancestor, but if they have
few similarities they could not share a common ancestor.
B. A species living today and an extinct species could share a common
ancestor that lived a very long time ago, even if the two species
have few similarities.
C. No species living today could share a common ancestor with an
extinct species.
D. Species living today could share a common ancestor with each
other, but extinct species could not share a common ancestor with
each other because extinct species are the ancestors of species
living today, never of each other.
8. Which of the following correctly describes what happens
when a population of bacteria becomes resistant to an
antibiotic? Note: a bacterium is one individual in a group of
bacteria.
A. During treatment with an antibiotic, each individual bacterium tries to become
resistant to the antibiotic. Only some are able to willingly become resistant, and
these individuals survive to pass this trait to their offspring.
B. During treatment with an antibiotic, all of the bacteria gradually become more
resistant to the antibiotic the more they are exposed to it. They all survive and
pass this trait to their offspring.
C. During treatment with an antibiotic, a population of bacteria usually
dies. Sometimes by chance, all members of the population become resistant at
once, survive, and pass their resistance to their offspring.
D. During treatment with an antibiotic, only those individual bacteria that already
have a trait that helps them survive the effects of the antibiotic will live. Their
offspring in the next generation will also have this trait.
http://assessment.aaas.org/
• Traits are inherited from one generation to the next.
• The individuals that have traits better suited to a
changed environment would be more likely to survive
and reproduce
• A population could differ after many generations
because an environmental change can affect which
inherited traits are most helpful, and therefore which
individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce
• The descendants would look different from the original
individuals in some ways, and they would look the same
in some ways.
• New traits are introduced into a population through
mutation NOT adaptation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qc3QIk__aJw
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/becoming-human.html
Difficulty of Study Human
Brain Evolution
• Direct vs indirect evidence
• Brains don’t fossilize well
• Prevalence of hominin fossils (upright
primates)
Trends of Evolution and the Human Brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brain size/Brain arrangement
Frontal Lobe/Occipital Lobe
Bipedalism
Climate change/Genetic bottleneck effect
Survival strategies/ Movement
Competition
Theory of Mind/Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xmx1qPyo8Ks
What’s Next
• Submit Week 3 assignment: Your Wagon
Wheel worksheet and any other thoughts
• Week 4 Discussion: Little D
• Week 4 Assignment: Zadina, Ch 7:
Executive Function
Next Face-to-face session:
May 16th 8:00am- 1:00pm
Reminder: Next F2F bring a lesson using brain-based approaches
DMNS Sci-Fi Film Series
$12 member, $15 nonmember, $8 student (per film)
$50 member, $65 nonmember (series)
Snowpiercer
Her
Planet of the Apes (1968)
Interstellar
Blade Runner: The Final Cut
Wednesday, July 8, 7 p.m.
Wednesday, July 15, 7 p.m.
Wednesday, July 29, 7 p.m.
Wednesday, July 22, 7 p.m.
Wednesday, August 5, 7p.m.
Teacher Workshop:
Date: June 10th
Time: 3-6pm, plus evening event with Lead Scientists
Stipend: $25, dinner
Registration opens soon
Limit: 30 participants