Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Unit 4 Objectives: – Discuss some common plant disease problems of common field crops in IL – Awareness of possible prevention/treatment methods – Understanding of the types of chemicals or treatments necessary for control Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Crop yield and quality is affected by disease each year in IL Disease management strategies should be part of your IPM plan – Resistant or tolerant varieties of crop – Crop rotations – Fungicides Use in conjunction w/ other practices or as a last resort – Appropriate agronomic practices Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Success often depends on amount of scouting, stage of identification, and accuracy of diagnosis – Proper scouting will ensure that controls/treatments are used at the most effective times – Can help prevent an economic loss Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Disease Diagnosis – Accurate diagnosis is critical first step for control – Many diseases or nutrient deficiencies can cause the same symptoms – Must correctly diagnose in order to prevent unnecessary applications – Plants should be collected for identification as soon as disease is suspected Is this always realistic? Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Best to try to identify the disease while the plant is still alive – Samples can either be sent to the Plant Clinic at U of I or be taken to the local Extension Office Read the Label – Make sure you understand all restrictions associated w/ each chemical – These chemicals may not be used as frequently as herbicides or insecticides, so you may not be as up to date w/ them Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Must be purchased and applied by a licensed applicator Fungicide Guidelines – Seed Treatments Greatest benefits found when: – Seed is low quality due to damage or fungal infestation – Seedbed is cool and wet delaying germination and emergence – Low seeding rates Should not be used as a substitute for good quality seed Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Low yields and economic losses will still be realized w/ low quality or damaged seed Selection is crucial – Some treatments may only control specific pathogens – Foliar Treatments May reduce losses in corn, soybeans, and small grains Should only be used on fields w/ an expected disease severity If the disease is diagnosed early, and fungicide applied correctly, should have maximum benefit Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Fungicides applied to corn usually reserved for seed-production fields – – – – Leaf blights Gray leaf spot Rust diseases Generally justified only when disease is prevalent within 1-2 weeks of tasseling – Infections occurring 1-2 weeks or later after tasseling usually not economically controlled Foliar fungicides applied to small grains – Rusts – Septoria Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Leaf blights – Tan spot – These tend to occur after inadequate rotations and during damp weather Most damage occurs from emergence to flag leaf/early milk stage – Fungicides can increase yields, seed weight, and quality – Decisions to spray should be based on the amount of disease at flag leaf emergence Use of adjuvants is recommended (especially for corn and small grains) Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Nematicide Applications – Granular forms for corn and sorghum should be applied as band treatments – Should only be used when soil analysis shows high numbers of parasitic nematodes – Not designed to replace crop rotation or use of resistant varieties Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Alfalfa Seedling Blight – Caused by soil-borne fungi – Often occurs under wet conditions – Usually the first disease stress alfalfa may encounter – Often leads to poor or stunted stands May survive, but yields will be reduced Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Easy way to suspect is if alfalfa stand emerges, but weeds grow quicker Alfalfa usually grows very aggressively and crowds out weeds Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Alfalfa Root rots – Phytophthora, Fusarium wilt, Aphanomyces – Causes poor seedling stands, as well as, root damage – Identified by lesions on the taproot, subsequent disintegration of root tissue, and death – Control w/ resistant varieties Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Corn Gray Leaf Spot – Early symptoms are signified by 1/16” olive spots on the leaves w/ a yellow halo – At two weeks the spots are their signature gray or tan color ¾ to 2 ½” long Run parallel to leaf veins Begins on lower leaves and can spread upward Entire leaf may appear gray under extreme conditions – Moist conditions and 70-85 degrees are ideal Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Corn Stalk Rot – Fusarium Leaves turn from healthy green to dull green Lower stalk yellows Stalk easily collapses and will cause lodging Inside of the stalk may be pink Favorable conditions – Dry early – Above avg. rain midseason – Temps 80-100 degrees – Many other types of stalk rot are known Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Soybean Brown Stem Rot – Soil borne disease that becomes visible late in the season – Survives on plant material that may be buried >1’ deep Infects the roots and stem early in life Grows w/ the plant Often infects the xylem tissue and restricts nutrient and water passage as the plant matures Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Symptoms Typically not visible until late reproductive stages May not be visible at all Internal browning of vascular tissue in stem and/or leaves Leaves may have appearance similar to high temperature scorching May occur in circular patterns – Favorable weather conditions Cool wet conditions either in early development or at reproductive stages Development inhibited above 80º Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Soybean Phytophthora Root Rot – Spores reside in the soil Germinate under wet conditions to form more spores Mobile w/ soil water Encysts on soybean roots – Symptoms Stand reduction either pre or postemergence Leaves may wilt Water soaked lesions on stem and/or roots Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Favorable Conditions >60º temps Very wet soils – – – – – Poorly drained Low areas Compacted soils High clay soils Not restricted to these areas only Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Soybean Cyst Nematode – Very similar symptoms to many other diseases Can go undetected as the cause of economic loss for many years – Will often occur in circular/oval shaped patterns Infected plants will be less vigorous and somewhat yellow May be slow to fill foliage Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Severity of symptoms can vary greatly from nonexistent to very visible – Infections cause dwarfed and stunted root systems Can reduce the number of nitrogen-fixing nodes Roots may be susceptible to other diseases – True identification can only be done by root examination White/yellow oval shaped eggs on the roots Nodes are much smaller than the nitrogen nodes Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Asian Soybean Rust – Severe foliar damage Destroys photosynthetic tissue Early defoliation Early maturation – Yield losses can be 10-80% – 6 hours of wet conditions and temps 59-82º ideal for germination Dry conditions will restrict it Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Spores penetrate cells directly instead of wait for another opening in the leaf 9-10d from initial infection to next stage of spore production – Common hosts include kudzu, vetch, yellow sweet clover – Spreads w/ wind patterns Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Wheat Septoria Leaf Blotch – Recognized by oval shaped lesions on the leaves Centers of the lesions may be grayish May ooze when squeezed under high humidity conditions – Spores only mobile by splashing raindrops – Also infect stems and head Head become purple-streaked Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops – Can result in low test weight and shriveled seeds – Usually survives on straw and inoculates the following crop year – Favorable conditions: Splashing rains Temps between 68-82º Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Wheat Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) – Caused reduced yield and grain quality – May also contaminate grain w/ mycotoxins Vomitoxin – not extremely toxic when fed, but will decrease consumption and feed efficiency (non ruminants most sensitive) – Favorable conditions: Humid during flowering – Identified by bleached spikelets of the head May even kill the developing seed in the dough stage Unit 4: Plant Disease Management for Field Crops Unit 4 Assignment: – Create a treatment protocol for each of the discussed diseases Product and active ingredient Application rate Application methods Time of application – Bring an article on a plant disease One page written summary – 20 points -- Due next time!