Marine Science
Unit 5: Part 1 – Biology
Review and
Ocean Microbes
By Mrs. Shaw
1. List the levels of classification from
domain to species
Opening
Assignment
2. Create a graphic organizer to categorize
these terms –
All Life, Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea,
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia,
Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Protista,
Kingdom Fungi
Unit 5: Part 1
Biology
Review and
Ocean
Microbes
Day 2:
Opening
Assignment
First – please check your schedule and make sure you
have 7 classes with a course code (does not include
homebase, career, or senior seminar).
Then start opening assignment - basics of biology
below.
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a
eukaryote?
2. Most bacteria’s are under Domain
__________________ but Protists are under Domain
__________________ , Kingdom Protista.
3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living
things?
Unit 5: Part 1
Biology Review
and Ocean
Microbes
Day 2: Opening
Assignment
ANSWERS
Copy and answer the following questions in your
notebook
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote
and a eukaryote? Prokaryotes do not have a
nucleus or membrane bound organelles like
mitochondria.
2. Most types of bacteria’s are under Domain
___Bacteria____ but Protists are under Domain
_____Eukarya_, Kingdom Protista.
3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living
things? Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and
Nucleic Acids
Learning Goals
for Unit 5:
Part 1 Biology
review and
Ocean
Microbes
Students will be able to:
1. Explain the requirements for life to be sustained
2. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells
3. Explain the various types of reproductive
strategies in marine organisms
4. Differentiate between bacterial cells and protists
Part 1: Review
of Basic
Biology
 The process of life involves an intricate
series of interactions among an immense
variety of chemicals
The
Ingredients of
Life
 The most important of these chemical
compounds is water (H2O) .
 Water is the universal solvent, which means
MOST substances dissolve in water which
breaks them down into smaller subunits to
be digested and used.
 All living things need chemical energy to
live.
All living things need chemical elements
and compounds to function.
4 main
macromolecules
The 4 main macromolecules (molecules
found in larger quantities in living things)
of living things are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
 Structure: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
 Function: Carbohydrates serve as the main source
of energy for most living things and also for
structural support. The simplest carbohydrate is
glucose.
 Examples: table sugar (sucrose), bread, pasta, fruits
(fructose)
Lipids
 Structure: made of carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
 Function: Lipids are used to store energy,
support the structure of the cell, and
provide waterproof properties.
 Examples: fats and oils
Nucleic Acids
Structure: macromolecules that
contain H, N, C , and phosphorus.
Made of nucleotides, monomers, that
combine to form the polymers.
Nucleotides include a phosphate
group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5
carbon sugar.
Function: Nucleic acids store and
transmit hereditary or genetic
information.
Examples: DNA, RNA
Proteins
 Structure: Macromolecules that contain nitrogen,
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins are polymers
of molecules called amino acids.
 Function: Proteins are responsible for MOST
important cellular functions including, controlling
rates of reactions, regulating cell processes,
cellular structures, transporting substances into or
out of cells, and to fight disease.
 Examples: Amino Acids, all meats, beans, eggs,
most animal products
Check for
Understanding
1. Which type of macromolecule is used as the
primary energy source in all living things?
2. Which type of macromolecule holds and
transfers genetic information?
3. Which type of macromolecule helps to
waterproof our cells?
4. Which type of macromolecule is responsible
for regulating chemical reaction rates in your
body?
3 main
processes
involved in life
functions
Making the
Fuel
 Photosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use
light to MAKE their own food. (glucose a
carbohydrate)
3 main
processes
involved in life
functions
Making the
Fuel
 Chemosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use
chemicals to MAKE their own food. (glucose a
carbohydrate)
CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O
CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Hydrothermal
vents and
chemosynthesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69h
GvCsWgA
 Cellular Respiration: ALL organisms take the glucose
and create energy (ATP) for all the functions of a cell.
3 main
processes
involved in life
functions
Burning the
Fuel to make
energy
 It happens in the Mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells
and in the plasma (cell) membrane of prokaryotic cells

 Some organisms require Oxygen for cellular
respiration (aerobic) and some do not require Oxygen
(anaerobic)
1. What is the purpose of Photosynthesis
and Chemosynthesis?
Check for
Understanding
2. What is the purpose of Cellular
Respiration?
3. Which process happens in the
mitochondria of all plant and animal
cells?
1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type
Check for
Understanding
#2
of macromolecules are in the sandwich?
Ham: ________________________
Bread:________________________
Mayo:________________________
2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make
their own food is known as
_____________________________.
3. Cellular respiration happens in the
_________________________ of eukaryotic cells and in
the _______________________________ of prokaryotic
cells.
1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type
Check for
Understanding
#2
ANSWERS
of macromolecules are in the sandwich?
Ham: _protein_________________
Bread:____carbohydrates________
Mayo:_____lipids_______________
2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make
their own food is known as
___chemosynthesis__________________________.
3. Cellular respiration happens in the
_mitochondria_____________ of eukaryotic cells and in
the ___cell membrane________ of prokaryotic cells.
Structurally
Simple Cells
Prokaryotes are simple,
very small, lack a nucleus
and membrane bound
organelles, and are able
to carry out all of life’s
functions within a single
cell.
Most common example
is bacteria.
Structurally
Complex
Cells
Eukaryotes are complex, larger, cells that
have a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles. Most eukaryotic organisms
require many cells to carry out all of life’s
functions.
Some examples include protozoans,
algae, all plants, and all animals.
Simple
Complex
Modes of
Reproduction
 Asexual Reproduction: reproduction where
one parent cell divides to create two identical
daughter cells. (process of Mitosis in
eukaryotic cells)
Parent cell has a full set of
chromosomes (diploid) for that
specific type of organism.
Modes of
Reproduction
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
 Binary Fission: means “division in half” and refers
to the method where cells divide into two nearly
identical daughter cells. Most common in
prokaryotes (bacteria)
Binary Fission
Budding
 Budding: new organism develops from an
outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell
division at one particular site. The new organism
remains attached as it grows, separating from the
parent organism only when it is mature.
More types of Asexual Reproduction:
Modes of
Reproduction
Vegetative
Reproduction
 Vegetative Reproduction: A form of asexual
reproduction in plants, in which multicellular
structures become detached from the parent plant
and develop into new individuals that are
genetically identical to the parent plant.
Budding
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo
Binary fission
 http://video.about.com/biology/What-Is-Binary-Fission-.htm
Vegetative
Reproduction
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdiibRXXJ6g
Modes of
Reproduction
 Sexual Reproduction: The reproduction of cells
caused by the union of two separate special
parent cells called gametes. Two different haploid
gametes combine (fertilization) to form a unique
cell (zygote).
Sexual reproduction is the reason we have
biodiversity! 
Sea Sponge
Reproduction
 Sea Sponge
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laJgUrSsO_k
1.
The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is
called a ______________________.
Final Check for
Understanding
2. __________________ is the type of asexual
reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into
two identical daughter cells.
3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud
forms on the side of an organism and then matures
and falls off creating a new organism is called
______________________.
4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction?
1.
The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is
called a _____prokaryote________.
Final Check for
Understanding
ANSWERS
2. _Binary fission____ is the type of asexual
reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into
two identical daughter cells.
3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud
forms on the side of an organism and then matures
and falls off creating a new organism is called
__Budding________.
4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction?
Genetic Diversity = Biodiversity 
Day 3 Opening
Assignment
1. In the video short we watched
yesterday the man cut the bamboo
shoot and planted it (like 30 times!
). The cutting then developed into
a new plant. What type of asexual
reproduction is this?
2. Compare and contrast sexual and
asexual reproduction using a venn
diagram.
Day 3 Opening
Assignment
1.
In the video short we watch yesterday the man
cut the bamboo shoot and planted it. The
cutting then developed into a new plant. What
type of asexual reproduction is this? Vegetative
Reproduction (propagation)
2.
Compare and contrast sexual and asexual
reproduction using a venn diagram.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Requires only one parent
Requires two parent cells
Is faster
Results in genetic diversity
Requires less energy
Unit 5: Part 1
Ocean
Microbes
Day 3
Assignment
Read Chapter 5 – The microbial world in
your Marine Biology textbook pages 8799 and answer the questions given.
This is a 1-2 day assignment so make
good use of your time and be ready to
turn the assignment in at the end of class
on Monday.
Unit 5: Part 1
Ocean
Microbes
Day 4
Opening
Assignment
1. What are the four shapes of bacterial
cells?
2. How do bacteria play a role in the
bioluminescence of some deep sea
animals and what type of symbiotic
relationship is this?
3. How do microorganisms help to cycle
nutrients like carbon and nitrogen ?
Day 4
Opening
Assignment
ANSWERS
1. What are the four shapes of bacterial cells?
Spheres, spirals, rods, and rings
2. How do bacteria play a role in the
bioluminescence of some deep sea animals?
The bacteria use the host organism to help
produce the light involved in bioluminescence in
a mutualistic symbiotic relationship.
3. How do microorganisms help to cycle nutrients
like carbon and nitrogen ?
Microorganisms like decomposers break down dead
organic matter and put the elements back into the
soil or water where other microorganisms and larger
species take in the nutrients.
Day 4
Assignment
Finish reading Chapter 5 and answering
questions they are due at the end of class
today 
If everyone finishes early we will start our
review of the material.
1. What life process happens in the
mitochondria of eukaryotic cells?
Opening
Assignment
2. List 3 functions of microorganisms.
3. Where does photosynthesis happen in
red, brown, and green algae?
Review
Chapter 5
Questions
Your Chapter 5 questions have been
passed back. Use them today to review
with me the material that you read
about.
You will also use them to check your
answers.
All life as we know it evolved from
microorganisms and they support all
other forms of life now. (1)
The Microbial
World
Microorganisms directly or indirectly
feed most marine animals, they make
essential nutrients available to other
producers, and they play critical roles in
marine food webs. (2)
Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes are the oldest forms of
life on Earth. (3)
 Prokaryotes in Domain Bacteria
and Domain Archaea are different
from each other in the chemistry of
their cell walls and plasma
membranes, and in the cellular
machinery that manufactures
proteins. (4)
Bacteria
Bacteria come in different shapes. The
four shapes mentioned are spheres,
spirals, rods, and rings. (5)
Staphyococcus
Bacteria are found EVERYWHERE!!!
Bacteria
Decay bacteria break
down waste products
and dead organic matter
and release nutrients
back into the
environment to be used
again. (6)
What are these
organisms called in a
food web?
___________________
Bacteria
 Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are thought
to have had an important role in the
accumulation of oxygen in our atmosphere that
enabled more complex life forms to evolve. (8)
Archaea
Sulfolobus is an extremophile
that is found in hot springs and
thrives in acidic and sulphurrich environments.
Archaea are prokaryotic
microorganisms once thought to be
bacteria, but are more closely related
to eukaryotes.
They were known from extreme
environments, but they are now
known to be common in the marine
environment. (9)
Symbiotic
Bacteria
 Some bacteria are harmful to a host organism
(parasitic relationship) and some are helpful
(mutualistic relationship) by helping the organisms
survive. (10)
.
Remember this parasite??
EWWWWWWWWW!!
Symbiotic
Bacteria
 Symbiotic bacteria are also responsible for the
light, or bioluminescence, that is produced by
some fishes, squids, octupus, and other
animals of the deep. (13)
The squid's bioluminescent bacteria glow light
blue, which the squid fine-tunes by adjusting
the lobes of its light organ depending on how
much moonlight or starlight there is. By
balancing the luminescence of its V. fisheri with
the celestial glow, the squid eliminates its
shadow, allowing it to become invisible, at
least from the point of view of its dinner.
Symbiotic
Bacteria
 Chemosynthetic bacteria are symbiotic with mussels,
clams, and tubeworms that live around deep-sea
hydrothermal vents have a very particular role
manufacturing organic matter from CO2 , and the
abundant hydrogen sulfide from the vents. (14)
Nitrogen
Fixation
 Bacteria are the organisms responsible for converting
nitrogen in the atmosphere into a usable form for plants
and animals in the ocean to use. They also take the
nitrogen wastes and convert it back into a gas to be rereleased into the atmosphere.
Eukaryotic
Microbes
 The microbes we have just been talking about
are all prokaryotic and therefore are simple
cells that lack a nucleus.
 The ocean also has eukaryotic microbes (made
of cells with a nucleus) that are both unicellular,
single celled, and multicellular.
 Algae are a very diverse group of simple, mostly
aquatic, mostly photosynthetic eukaryotes. (16)
Unicellular
Algae
(Protists)
 Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, green,
brown, or red organelles with layers of internal
membranes that contain photosynthetic
pigment. The color of the algae is a result of the
pigment and it’s concentration. (17)
Multicellular
Algae
(Protists)
 Seaweed, though multicellular, are algae that
are generally placed in the Kingdom Protista
mostly because they lack the specialized
tissues of plants. (18 & 19)
 Diatom cells are enclosed by cell walls made largely
of silica, a glasslike material. This glassy shell, or
frustule, consists of two tightly fitting halves often
resembling flat, round, or elongated box. (20)
Diatoms
 Around half of the estimated 12,000 living species of
diatoms are marine.
 Most are planktonic (moving with the current), but
may produce a stalk-like structure for attachment to
rocks and other surface in shallow water where they
significantly contribute to primary production. (21)
 Dinoflagellates are unicellular organisms that have
two unequal flagella. Some are noted for their
production of light, or bioluminescence . (22)
Dinoflagellates
 Zooxanthellae, a type of dinoflagellate, have a
symbiotic relationship with reef building corals. They
fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, release organic
matter used by the coral, and help in the formation
of the coral skeleton. (23)
 Protozoans are
structurally simple
and very diverse
organisms that are
traditionally
considered to be
animal like. (24)
Protozoans
 Like animals,
protozoans ingest
food, are
heterotrophs, and
are eukaryotic. (25)
 Forams, foraminiferans, are protozoans
characterized by their shell usually made of
calcium carbonate. (26)
Foraminiferans
 The shells of bottom living forams can be
important contributors of the calcaneous material
on coral reefs and sandy beaches.
 Radiolarians are planktonic marine protozoans
that secrete elaborate and delicate shells made
of glass (silica) and other materials. (28)
Radiolarians
 Ciliates are protozoans that have many hair like
cilia that are used in locomotion and feeding.
(29)
Ciliates
 Fungi are eukaryotic, mostly multicellular,
heterotrophs that lack chloroplasts and
chlorophyll and cannot perform
photosynthesis. (30)
Fungi
1. Seaweeds are a type of algae that are classified
under Domain _____________________ and
Kingdom __________________.
Check for
Understanding
2. What type of organism is responsible for converting
atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants
and animals?
1. A. Consumers like crabs
2. B. Producers like algae
3. C. Decomposers like bacteria
3.
How are microscopic fungi different than
phytoplankton like algae?
Thursday we will look at some
microorganisms in our lab. To get ready
for that lets see what they may look like
under the microscope.
Video clip
“Life in a drop of Water”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cpB
K2t0Yeo
Video short on
Chemosynthesis
 Chemosynthesis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbpmJiI66wc