1 CHAPTER 52 TAX IMPLICATIONS OF OWNING SHARES 1 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 2 1.OVERVIEW OF THE THIS SECTION The next two chapters will explore the taxation legislation that relates to the calculation of taxable income for shares and share related transactions. This is split into two distinct sections, namely: 1. Taxation implications for the taxpayer that owns the shares 2. Taxation implications for the issuer of the shares When looking at the taxpayer that owns shares, separate consideration will be given to: Share dealers owning shares for speculative reasons and Taxpayers holding shares for investment purposes When looking at the taxation implications for the issuer of the shares, separate consideration will be given to: Taxation implications on issue of shares, and Taxation implications when the company makes distributions to shareholders 2.GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE OVERVIEW TAXATION RULES FOR SHARES TAXATION IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HOLDER OF SHARES TAXPAYERS HOLDING SHARES FOR SPECULATIVE REASONS SUCH AS SHAREDEALERS TAXPAYERS HOLDING SHARES AS AN INVESTMENT THIS IS COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER TAXATION IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ISSUER OF SHARES TAXATION IMPLICATIONS ON THE ISSUE OF SHARES TAXATION IMPLICATIONS OF DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS THIS IS COVERED IN THE NEXT CHAPTER 2 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 3 3. REASONS FOR HOLDING SHARES Taxpayers hold shares for many possible reasons. These include: Speculative reasons Investment reasons Business reasons 2.1 SPECULATIVE REASONS Shares may be owned for speculative reasons where a taxpayer believes that profit will be made through the trading of shares in the short term. This could be a taxpayer that carries on the trade of a share dealer. At the other extreme, it could be a taxpayer that buys shares in a scheme of profitmaking due to receiving a share stock tip that a share was about to increase in value substantially. Example of a share dealer/person buying shares in a scheme of profitmaking A person receives a stock tip, and buys shares in a company for R100,000. They then sell such shares for R180,000 3 months later at a substantial profit. Consider this – As this is a scheme of profitmaking, the proceeds on the disposal of shares should be included in gross income. 2.2 INVESTMENT PURPOSES Certain taxpayers may hold shares for investment purposes and believe that returns may be found through the long term holding of shares and the receipt of dividends over time.. Such taxpayers will obtain returns through the receipt of dividends and the capital appreciation made on the ultimate disposal of shares. Example of shares held for investment purposes A taxpayer buys shares for R100,000 with the intention of holding the shares for a substantial period of time. He believes that the accumulated dividends plus the eventual selling price of the shares will lead to an investment that will deliver an excellent investment return over the next 10 to 15 years. The taxpayer never changes his intention and upon retirement sells his shares. The taxpayer sells the shares in the current year for R450,000 (thus holding the shares for a long period of time). During the many years the shares were owned by the taxpayer, dividends of R80,000 were received from time to time. Consider this – The proceeds on disposal of the shares will be treated as proceeds for capital gains purposes. 3 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 4 Business reasons Shares may also be held for a business purpose. Consider where shares may be bought for the following reasons: The company has a government license to do something that your company has no ability to receive a license for. Thus if you wanted a license to run a public TV service, you may consider buying ETV. The company is a supplier of yours and you want to secure a continuous supply of raw materials. The company is in the same industry as yours and you want to buy a competitor. (SA Breweries buying Miller) The above 3 situations are an example of many such types of transactions where shares are bought for a business purpose. The business purpose the shares are bought for is generally not speculative, and such shares will be held as investments. Each of the above will be discussed individually. 3. DEDUCTIBILITY OF EXPENSES IN RESPECT OF SHARE OWNERSHIP Section 23(f) states that an expense may not be claimed in instances where there is no underlying income. It is necessary to understand the term income. Income = Gross income minus Exempt Income. Consider the following: A taxpayer buys a share as an investment, and takes out a loan to buy the shares Interest of R7,000 is paid in the current tax year on this loan A local dividend of R10,000 is earned The taxation implications will be as follows: R10,000 local dividend is gross income R10,000 local dividend is exempt Income = R10,000 – R10,000 = R0. As income is R0, the deduction for the interest is not allowed as section 23(f) does not allow this deduction to be claimed. If the above example were changed by adding the following dynamic: The shares were acquired for speculative reasons for R100,000 The shares were sold for R130,000 The solution would change as follows: R10,000 local dividend is gross income R10,000 local dividend is exempt R100,000 purchase price of the shares will be allowed as a deduction of trading stock R130,000 selling price would be included in gross income as this is the amount collected on the sale of this trading stock. Interest of R7,000 would be allowed as a deduction, being an amount incurred in the production of income not of a capital nature. 4 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 5 If shares are bought for business reasons, in most circumstances the interest will be deductible. This may occur in the following circumstances: Buying shares in a competitor Buying shares in a supplier Buying shares in a company that has a business license you want to use Buying shares in a company that owns a patent you want to use in your business Buying shares in a company that owns a trade name you want to use in your business Thus if a small hotel chain bought “holiday inn” so that they could rename all their hotels holiday inn, the interest on the loan to acquire the shares would be deductible. Each case should however be assessed on its merits. ILLUSTRATION 3B For each of the following indicate whether the expense is deductible 1. Investor (not a share dealer)incurs interest of R10,000 for a loan used to specifically buy shares in B Ltd. B Ltd earned dividends of R15,000. 2. Share dealer incurs interest of R10,000 for a loan used to specifically buy shares in B Ltd. B Ltd earned dividends of R15,000. 3. Investor (not a share dealer)incurs interest of R10,000 for a loan used to specifically buy shares in B Ltd. B Ltd earned dividends of R15,000. The shares were bought in a competitor so that the company could obtain synergistic benefits in respect of cost cutting between the companies (1 debtors department not 2, 1 sales department not 2, etc.). SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 3B 1. R15,000 dividend is gross income, but full R15,000 is an exempt local dividend. This income = R15,000 – R15,000 = 0. As there is no income, there is no deduction for the R10,000 interest incurred. 2. R15,000 dividend is gross income, but full R15,000 is an exempt local dividend. This income = R15,000 – R15,000 = 0. However as a share dealer will include the proceeds on disposal of the shares into gross income, the R10,000 interest will be allowed as a deduction. 3. R15,000 dividend is gross income, but full R15,000 is an exempt local dividend. This income = R15,000 – R15,000 = 0. However as the shares were acquired for business purposes (cost cutting synergistic benefits), the R10,000 interest will be allowed as a deduction. Other expenses related to ownership of shares would have similar rules. Consider brokers fees. For a share dealer, these brokers fees would be treated as a deduction for taxation purposes, whilst for a person holding shares as an investment, the brokers fees on sale would be added to the base cost. Selling expenses are added to the base cost for transactions that involve capital gains. There would have to be a link between the ownership of the shares and the expense incurred by the taxpayer. 5 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 6 4.PRINCIPLES RELATING TO INCOME AND DEDUCTIONS FOR HOLDERS OF SHARES 4.1SHARE DEALERS Share dealers acquire shares for speculative purposes. 4.1.1Gross income implications for share dealers Such taxpayers receive various receipts from the company. These are: Dividends received on shares in the normal course of business, and The proceeds on disposal of shares when shares are sold, and Amounts paid to the share dealer by the company that are not dividends in the normal course of business. Examples of this are share buybacks and amounts received on liquidation or deregistration of the company. Dividends Dividends are included in gross income. Paragraph k of the gross income definitions specifically includes dividends into gross income. Proceeds on sale of shares Proceeds from the disposal of shares by a share dealer will also be gross income. This is due to the fact that shares owned for speculative purposes Consider the example where a share dealer buys shares with speculative intent for R100,000 He sells the share 3 months later for R180,000, This is paid to him by his broker in cash. The gross income definition includes the R180,000 amount into gross income if: Requirements of the gross income definition Discussion of whether the type of income is included in gross income The total amount There is an amount of value received for the share sale. It is R180,000 In cash or otherwise The amount of R180,000 was received in cash Received by or accrued to the taxpayer The taxpayer has received an amount of R180,000 for his own benefit (Alternately the taxpayer is unconditionally entitled to receive R180,000) Not of a capital nature The intention of the taxpayer was a scheme of profitmaking – holding the shares speculatively and selling them at a profit. Thus the R180,000 will be gross income. Summarising for share dealers, who have bought shares with speculative intent When local dividends are received, such dividends are included in gross income. Such dividends may also be exempt from income. Proceeds on the disposal of shares are included in gross income when the shares are sold. 6 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 7 Liquidation and deregistration of an enterprise There is an amount that is payable to shareholders once a company has been liquidated or deregistered. Consider the following: The total amount distributed to shareholders is equal to all the reserves plus pure share capital once all assets have been paid and liabilities have been settled. Note that this is because of the accounting equation where OWNERS EQUITY = ASSETS LIABILITIES How much has been received as a dividend and how much has been received from a return in capital will need to be determined to establish: o How much dividends tax is payable, o How much dividends has the owner of the shares received. o How much return on capital has the owner of the shares received. 4.2 EXEMPT INCOME IMPLICATIONS FOR SHARE DEALERS Local dividends received by sharedealers are exempt from dividends in most circumstances. An exception for this is that up till 1 April 2012, any dividends received by a share dealer on buyback of shares will not be exempt for tax purposes. 4.3 DEDUCTIBILITY OF EXPENSES As share dealers are carrying on a trade to produce income, any expenses actually incurred not of a capital nature will be deductible. 5.SHARES HELD FOR INVESTMENT PURPOSES 5.1 GENERAL Units help in equity unit trusts and property unit trusts will in most circumstances be held for investment purposes, rather than in a scheme of profitmaking. For shares owned by a taxpayer directly, one should consider the intention of the taxpayer upon buying the shares. This section covers the situation where shares were bought for investment purposes, where return is received in the form of dividends and long term capital appreciation. 5.2 GROSS INCOME AND EXEMPT INCOME TAX IMPLICATIONS Local dividends are included in gross income, but are exempt in terms of section 10(1)(k) of the Act. Normal rules for unit trusts will apply. 7 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 8 5.3 CAPITAL GAINS The proceeds on disposal of investment shares will be treated as proceeds for capital gains The base cost of shares will be the amount paid on acquisition of the shares. 1/3 (one third) of interest paid on the acquisition of listed shares may also be added to the base cost. 5.4 DEDUCTIBILITY OF EXPENSES As the investment produces dividend income that is exempt from income, the expenditure is not allowed as a deduction unless there is a business reason for the expense. See the section previously on deductibility of expenses. 6. SECTION 9C Section 9C deems the disposal of a share to be capital in nature if it has been held by the taxpayer for 3 years or more. The application of this section is not optional. Any share held for 3 years or more will automatically become capital. Shares are deemed to be held on a FIFO basis when determining the 3 year period. Even a share purchased for speculative reasons, that remains to be held speculatively, the disposal of the share will be treated as capital in nature by application of this section. Section 9C is activated on disposal of trading shares. Shares continue to be treated as speculative until actual disposal takes place. The disposal will then be treated as a disposal for capital gains purposes and the base cost of the share will be determined using the deductions that have now been reversed. ILLUSTRATION 6A A Ltd has a December year end. A Ltd bought 100,000 shares in B Ltd for speculative reasons on 1 November 2009 for R100,000. The shares were held for speculative purposes. The shares were sold as follows On 16 October 2011, 30,000 shares for R57,000 On 12 December 2012, 50,000 shares for R88,000 on 15 March 2013 20,000 shares for R42,000. What are the tax implications from 2009 to 2013 years of assessment? 8 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 9 SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 6A CGT Income/Expense 2009 Purchases deduction Closing stock (100,000) 100,000 2010 Opening stock deduction Closing stock income (100,000) 100,000 2011 Opening stock deduction Gross income Closing stock income (100,000) 57,000 70,000 2012 Opening stock deduction Reversal stock deduction section 9C Proceeds CGT Base cost Closing stock income (70,000) 50,000 88,000 (50,000) 20,000 2013 Opening stock deduction Reversal stock deduction section 9C Proceeds CGT Base cost (20,000) 20,000 42,000 (20,000) All deductions that have been claimed on the shares disposed will be reversed. Shares are deemed to be held on a FIFO basis when determining the 3 year period. If a listed share is owned, and interest has been incurred on this share, 1/3 (one third) of the interest may be capitalized into the base cost of the shares. 9 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 10 ILLUSTRATION 6B Mr Camel, a sharedealer, bought shares in Marlboro Limited, a company listed on the JSE. The shares were acquired as follows: 10,000 shares were acquired for R50,000 on 1 February 2009 15,000 shares were acquired for R90,000 on 31 May 2010 Sold 4,000 shares on 18 September 2010 for R90,000 Sold 8,000 shares on 12 February 2012 for R160,000 Mr Camel took out a loan to acquire the 1st tranche of shares. The loan was repaid on 25 July 2010 after R10,000 interest had been paid on the loan. Calculate the taxable income for the February 2012 year end SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 6B 2012 tax year Opening stock deduction tranche 1 6,000/10,000 X R50,000 Opening stock deduction tranche 2 Section 9C – Reversal of interest paid 6,000/10,000 X R10,000 Section 9C – shares held over 3 years sold Proceeds 6,000/8,000 X R160,000 Base cost Base cost 1/3 X 6,000 (interest on listed company) Gross income 2,000/8,000 X R160,000 Closing stock 13,000/15,000 X R90,000 (30,000) (90,000) 6,000 30,000 120,000 (30,000) (2,000) 40,000 78,000 Note that shares transactions must use the first in first out (FIFO) basis for section 9C. ILLUSTRATION 6C Mr Albertyn, a share dealer, had the following transactions for his shareholding in BHP Ltd, an unlisted company Billiton, a company listed on the JSE. He bought 7,000 shares were bought in BHP Ltd on 1 February 2010 for R70,000. Another 3,000 shares were purchased on 26 February 2010 for R45,000. A loan was taken out to buy the 7,000 shares and interest of R2,000 was claimed as a deduction in the 2010 tax year and R10,000 in the 2011 tax year when the loan was repaid. 2,500 shares were sold on 15 January 2013 for R74,000 and 5,500 shares were sold on 16 February 2013 for R125,000. What are the tax implications for the 2010 – 2013 tax years for the shareholding in B (Pty) Ltd 10 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 11 SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 6C CGT Inc/Expense 2010 tax year Purchases deduction Purchases deduction Interest deduction Closing stock (70,000) (45,000) ( 2,000) 115,000 2011 tax year Opening stock deduction Interest deduction Closing stock (115,000) 10,000 115,000 2012 tax year Opening stock deduction Closing stock (115,000) 115,000 2013 tax year Opening stock Gross income on sale of the shares (held for less than 3 years) Gross income only 1,000 out of 5,500 shares held for less than 3 years FIFO basis applies – 1,000/5,500 X 125,000 = 22,727 Proceeds = 102,273 (4,500/5,500 X 125,000 Base cost = 45,000 (4,500/7,000 X 70,000) Reversal of opening stock deduction 45,000 treated as income (4,500/7,000 X 70,000) Reversal of interest deduction = 7,714 (4,500/7,000 X 12,000) added to income Closing stock added to income (2,000/3,000 X 45,000) (R115,000) R 74,000 R 22,727 102,273 (45,000) 45,000 7,714 30,000 Note that even though the closing stock has been held for more than 3 years, it will be treated as a trading share until disposal. The stock deduction is only reversed on disposal of the shares. Interest is not capitalised into base cost as the company that he invested in is not listed. 11 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 12 7. COST OF A CAPITALISATION SHARE Capitalisation issues are not dividends as defined. As they are not treated as dividends, these shares have a nil cost. Also consider that shares are valued on a FIFO basis for section 9C. ILLUSTRATION 7A Horror Ltd own 1,000 shares in Suspense Ltd that cost R102,000. These shares were acquired on 12 January of the current year for R10,000. On 23 March, Suspense Ltd had a 1:1 capitalisation issue. On 29 July, 1,600 shares in Horror Ltd were sold for R90,000. At year end the shares were trading at R8 a share. Horror Ltd has an August year end. What are the tax implications of the above. SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 7A Purchases deduction Capitalisation issue (not a dividend) Sale of shares – Gross income Closing stock – 400 shares at R0 cost (FIFO used) (102,000) 0 90.000 0 8.WRITEDOWN OF SHARES Shares are trading stock to a share dealer. Usually trading stock is valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value, but for shares, trading stock cannot be written down. ILLUSTRATION 8A Horror Ltd own 10,000 shares in Suspense Ltd that cost R102,000. These shares were acquired on 12 January of the current year for R102,000. On 23 March, Suspense Ltd had a 1:1 capitalisation issue. At year end, the shares were trading at R8 a share. Horror Ltd has an August year end. What are the tax implications of the above. SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO ILLUSTRATION 8A Purchases deduction (102,000) Capitalisation issue (not a dividend) 0 Closing stock 10,000 original shares cost R102,000 MV R80,000 no write-down 102,000 Closing stock – 10,000 cap issue shares at R0 cost 0 12 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 13 9. TEACHING EXAMPLE A Ltd is a share dealer that has a 30 June 2013 financial year end. The following details are relevant to A Ltd: Closing stock last year Share 10,000 shares in B Ltd 8,000 shares in C Ltd 12,000 shares in C Ltd 10,000 shares in E Ltd Date acquired 14 April 2011 25 July 2009 17 August 2011 16 April 2005 Cost on acquisition R100,000 R40,000 R75,000 R300,000 Market value beginning of year R160,000 R30,000 R45,000 330,000 The shares in E Ltd were bought after taking out a loan from the bank. Interest of R30,000 was paid on the loan in the 2005 – 2008 tax years. E Ltd is a listed company. In addition to the above, the company had a non trading share portfolio where shares were held for capital purposes as investments. Investment share Date acquired Cost on acquisition Market value beginning of year 5,000 shares in D Ltd 15 January 2012 R125,000 R80,000 Dividends of R23,000 was received was declared and paid by B Ltd to the company on 18 December 2012. Dividends of R10,000 were declared to the company by C Ltd on 17 June 2013 to shareholders registered on 2 July 2013, payable on 14 July 2013. On 17 September 2012, B Ltd bought back 2,000 shares in B Ltd for R35,000. Each share in B Ltd had a share capital of R2 and the directors decided to use R2 as the contributed tax capital per share.. Various shares in C Ltd were sold: 2,000 shares in C Ltd were sold on 2 July 2012 for R38,000. 7,000 shares in C Ltd were sold on 15 January 2013 for R140,000. In addition, 2,000 shares in D Ltd were sold for R83,000. Interest of 6,000 was paid this year on a loan taken out to buy shares in D Ltd. The whole shareholding in E Ltd was sold for R510,000 on 13 March of the current year. 13 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 14 Shares acquired during the year 3,000 shares were acquired for trading purposes in Z Ltd for R30,000. Z Ltd had a 1:1 capitalisation issue and thereafter the company sold 4,000 shares for R25,000. 2,000 shares were acquired in Y Ltd for share dealing purposes on 15 July 2012 for R39,000. Brokers fees of R1,000 were paid on acquisition. On 1 January, when the share price was R25 a share, A Ltd decided to move the shares from the trading portfolio to the investment portfolio. On 27 June 2013, 100 shares in Y Ltd were sold for R4,000. On 28 August, 5,000 shares in X Ltd were acquired for the investment portfolio at a cost of R50,000. On 1 January when the value of the shares was R72,000, the company decided that X Ltd should be part of the share dealing portfolio of shares. Calculate the taxable income of A Ltd. 14 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 15 SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO TEACHING EXAMPLE - SHAREDEALERS CGT Opening stock B Ltd Opening stock C Ltd Shares in D Ltd Shares in E Ltd Dividend received B Ltd Local dividend exempt Dividend received C Ltd Companies are not allowed to write down shares held as trading stock This is not treated as trading stock as it is part of the investment portfolio in the company and is not held for trading purposes. Until the date of sale, the 3 year rule is not applied. Thus even though these shares have been held for greater than 3 years, they are treated as trading stock till the date of sale Deduction Income (100,000) (115,000) 0 (300,000) 23,000 (23,000) Not included in the current year as the last date to register was after year end 0 15 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 16 CGT Share buyback B Ltd Deduction Income Shares held less than 3 years thus 9C does not apply Gross income Return of share capital is R2 X 2,000 shares = 4,000. Dividend Dividend is total received of R35,000 less share capital of R4,000. Dividend exemption There is no dividend exemption for a share dealer where shares are bought back. 4,000 31,000 (0) It should be noted that if the shares had been held for more than 3 years, as per section 9C, the R31,000 be exempt as the share would be treated as capital. Closing stock B Ltd Sale of shares in C Ltd on 2 July 2011 Sale of shares in C Ltd on 15 January 2012 B Ltd shares 6,000 left after 2,000 bought back 8,000/ 10,000 X 100,000 80,000 Shares valued on FIFO basis for section 9C to apply. Thus first in is first out. Sale 2,000 shares Shares not yet held for 3 years thus gross income Next 6,000 shares on FIFO basis were held for more than 3 years thus not gross income 38,000 0 16 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 17 CGT C Ltd Section 9C C Ltd 120,000 C Ltd Base cost (30,000) C Ltd The next 1,000 shares are from the next acquisition. These have not been held for 3 years and the sale is subject to gross income. 1,000/7,000 X 140,000 = 20,000 C Ltd shares 11,000 left after 1,000 shares sold 11,00/12,000 X 75,000 Interest on loan D Ltd Sale of shares in D Ltd Closing stock D Ltd E Ltd Section 9C E Ltd Section 9C E Ltd Proceeds on sale E Ltd Base cost 20,000 68,750 D Ltd is part of the investment portfolio thus the interest on the loan is not tax deductible. Capital as shares formed part of an investment portfolio Proceeds Base cost 2/5 X 125,000 (0) 83,000 (50,000) Investment shares not in closing stock Reverse stock deduction for E Ltd as shares now sold and held for greater than 3 years Reverse interest deduction for E Ltd shares as interest deduction cannot be claimed on capital shares Stock reversal Income 30,000 Proceeds on disposal 6,000/7,000 X 140,000 Closing stock C Ltd Deduction Reversal of opening stock deduction 6,000/8,000 X 40,000 = 30,000 300,000 30,000 510,000 (300,000) 17 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012 18 CGT E Ltd Base cost interest Capitalise 1/3 of interest paid on listed shares thus 30,000 X 1/3 Deduction (10,000) Sale of Z Ltd shares Purchase of 3,000 Z Ltd shares Closing stock Z Ltd 25,000 Purchase deduction (30,000) Capitalisation issue shares have a nil cost. Shares are treated on a FIFO basis. Purchase Y Ltd shares Deemed sold at market value of R25 Sale Y Ltd shares Proceeds Base cost 100 X 25 Closing stock Y Ltd Part of the investment portfolio after change of intention thus not included in closing stock Change of intention X Ltd shares 0 Purchase deduction Purchase deduction Brokers fees Change intention Y Ltd shares Deemed disposal when intention changed – Shares in X Ltd Proceeds Base cost (39,000) (1,000) 50,000 4,000 (2,500) 0 72,000 (50,000) Deemed acquisition at market value. Thus opening stock deduction (72,000) Closing stock X Ltd Capital gains inclusion Taxable income Income 72,000 355,500 X 66,6666% 237,000 XXXXX 18 Taxation implications relating to shares and share related transactions Steven Lever © Updated 05/2012