• What is life reading DUE 1/9
(Thurs)
• Summary Questions DUE
1/10 (Fri)

PLAN OF STUDIES
3 rd Nine Weeks
1.
Introduction to biology/ characteristics of life
2.
The chemistry of biology
3.
The cell & cell organelles
4.
Cellular Reproduction
4 th Nine Weeks
1.
Evolution
2.
Ecology

Details
• No book- Use the online textbook for reference
• Review Daily
• Make flash cards to learn new terms!
• YOU NEED a Binder for this class!
• All notes, labs, handouts, homework
MUST be kept in this binder
• There will be periodic binder checks for points.
• Set of dividers (at least 5)
• Binder is DUE by Mon. 1/14

4

SWBAT:
BIO.A.1.1 Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.
BIO.A.1.1.1 Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.
BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).

Biology – The Study of Life
• Section 1: The World of Biology
• Section 2: Themes in Biology

Introduction to Biology
• Biology: The study of life
• Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago in Archean eon of Precambrian period
• First organisms (living things) were single celled
(unicellular); Only life on Earth for millions of years
• First multicellular organisms arose in the
Proterozoic eon of Precambrian period between
550 million and 2.5 billion years ago!
•Organisms changed over time (evolved )

Introduction to Biology
• New organisms arose from older kinds !
Today, estimates suggest 10 – 100 million organisms may exist!!!!!!!!! Only
1.5 million of these have been named!
• 99% of organisms that EVER existed may already be extinct, having never been identified and named!!
• 99% of all animal species are smaller than bumble bees!
• Organisms inhabit almost EVERY region of the Earth today!

BIO.A.1.1 Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.
BIO.A.1.1.1 Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
The World of Biology
• Biology: The study of life
• Characteristics of life
1. Organization and Cells
2. Response to Stimuli
3. Homeostasis
4. Metabolism
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Change Through Time

1. Organization and Cells
• All living things are composed of one or more cells
• Cells are the smallest units that can perform all life’s processes
• In multicellular organisms, many are specialized to perform specific functions
• Cells are always very small
• The size of multi-celled organisms depends on the number of cells NOT their size

BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.
BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).
Organization and Cells, cont.
• Organized at both the molecular and cellular levels
• Take in substances from the environment and organize them in complex ways
• Specific cell structures
(organelles) carry out particular functions

BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.
BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).
• In multicellular organisms, cells and groups of cells are organized by their function (hierarchy of life)
• Atom  Biological Molecule  Organelle  Cell 
Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism

Want more? How about the whole
1 st Level of Organization
• Organism:
An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

2 nd Level of Organization
• Population:
A group of organisms, all of the same species , which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time .

3 rd Level of Organization
• Biological
Community:
All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time and interact (solely biotic in terms of composition).

4 th Level of Organization
• Ecosystem:
Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area, along with the abiotic components (physical and chemical) of that area.
[ terrestrial or aquatic]

• Biosphere:
5 th Level of Organization
Broadest, most inclusive level, i.e., the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life (5 to 6 miles above surface to deepest part of the oceans)
•Earth:apple::biosphere:skin of apple

2. Response to Stimuli
• Organisms can respond to a stimulus, or a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment

3. Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing, e.g., body temperature, water content, glucose levels

4. Metabolism
• The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Metabolism
• ALL energy comes from the SUN (directly or indirectly)
• Photosynthesis is the process by which some organisms capture the energy from the sun (solar) and transform it into energy (chemical) that can be used by living things
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Metabolism
• Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs
• Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get energy
• Convert H
2
O and CO
2 into sugar and O2
• Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes to get energy
• Organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs are called heterotrophs
Consume autotrophs (herbivores), other heterotrophs (carnivores) or both (omnivores) for their energy needs
• Complex chemicals are broken down and reassembled into chemicals and structures needed by organisms

5. Growth and Development
• All living things grow and increase in size from the division and enlargement of cells
• Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult; involves cell division and cell differentiation, or specialization

6. Reproduction
• Production of new organisms is essential for the continuation of a species
• Hereditary information is transferred to offspring during two kinds of reproduction
• Sexual reproduction – hereditary information recombines from two organisms of the same species
• Asexual reproduction – hereditary information from different organisms is not combined ~ original and new organisms are genetically the same

7. Evolution or Change Through Time
• Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time to better adapt to changing conditions
• Charles Darwin’s SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST through the process of natural selection

THEMES IN BIOLOGY
1. Diversity and Unity
• Unity in the Diversity of Life
• Three Domains of Life
2. Interdependence of Organisms
3. Evolution of Life
• Natural Selection

1. Unity in the Diversity of Life
• Genetic code: rules that govern how cells use the hereditary information in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid
– makes up our genes or instructions for life)
• Presence of organelles: carry out all cellular activities
• “Tree of Life” – suggests all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor; thus, all of life is connected

Three Domains of Life
• Bacteria
• Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria)
• Archaea
• Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)
• Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Protists

2. Interdependence of Organisms
• Ecology: branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment
• Ecosystems: communities of living species and their physical environments; e.g., minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, etc.

3. Evolution of Life
• Descent with modification: process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop
• Natural Selection : organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits
• Adaptations : traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

Exit Slip 1/8
List the 7 characteristics of living things.