1-1 What is Science?
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Science is an organized way of using evidence
to learn about the natural world.
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The goal of science is to:
Investigate the natural world
Explain events in the natural world
Use those explanations to make useful
predictions.
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What is Science?
Step 1
Scientists propose explanations
that2can be tested by examining evidence.
Step
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Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Let’s summarize the steps of the
Scientific Method:
Step 1: Make Observations!
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Data
Scientists make observations to gather data.
Data: Information gathered from observations.
What are ways to gather data??
Testing your powers of
observations…..
O
Can you find the 5 hidden faces?
B
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How many horses are present?
Step 1: Make Observations!
There are two types of data:
– 1) Quantitative:
– expressed in numbers.
– Usually by counting or
measuring.
– 2) Qualitative:
– Descriptive
– Involves specific characteristics
Data
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Inferences- are logical interpretations based on prior
knowledge.
Step 2: Using this data
and knowledge you
can develop a
question!
Step 2: Ask a Question or State the
Problem!!!
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The problem identifies what you want to find
out.
Develop a clear statement defining the
problem.
State the problem in the form of a question??
Hypothesis
Step 3: Hypothesis
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HypothesisA proposed
scientific
explanation for a set
of observations.
Scientists generate
a hypothesis by:
Using prior
knowledge,
Making logical
inferences
(interpretations)
Using their creative
imagination.
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IMPORTANT:
Hypothesis
MUST be
testable!!
Step 4: Experiment
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Experiments
A Hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only 1
variable changes at a time= Controlled Experiment.
Controlled Variable: variables that are not changed.
Manipulated Variable: variables that are changed.
The Safe Sneeze
With the flu season approaching, we must
determine the “safest” sneezing technique which
will help reduce the spread of germs.
With your BioBuddy:
 Brainstorm the many ways people sneeze.
 Choose 2 of the sneezing techniques you discussed and
brainstorm an experiment which can be used to
determine which sneezing technique best reduces the
spread 1.
ofIdentify
germsthe
. control and manipulated variable(s)
within your experiment.
Myth Busters
As you watch the video please answer the following:
1.
Record the control variables of the experiment
2. Record the manipulated variables of the experiment.
3. Is this experiment “scientifically valid”? Why or Why
not?
Step 4: Experiment
Independent vs. Dependent Variables
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An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE= what is changed within between
the control group and experimental group.
– What did I change?? What did I give the experimental group?
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The DEPENDENT VARIABLE= the data that is being collected
Hypothesis: If you eat carrots then your vision will improve.
Control gp:
Experimental gp:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
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T
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E
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R
Y
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Theory: A well
tested explanation.
However, no
theory is
considered a fact!
As new evidence
is discovered
theories may be
revised or
replaced with a
more accurate
explanation.
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!
Super Bubbles: Patrick & SpongeBob love to blow bubbles! Patrick read
an ad that claimed that Super Bubble Soap will produce bubbles that are
twice as big as bubbles made with regular bubble soap. Patrick and
SpongeBob made up 2 samples of bubble solution. Sample A was made
with 5 oz. of Super Bubble Soap & 5 oz. of water, while Sample B was
made with the 5 oz. of water & 5 oz. of regular bubble soap. Patrick &
SpongeBob blew 10 bubbles and measured the bubbles diameters.
Trial
Calculate the avg. diameter for each solution.
Super Bubble = ______ cm
Regular Soap = ________ cm
1) Which sample is the control group?
2) Which sample is the experimental group?
3) What is the independent variable?
4) What is the dependent variable?
5) Does the bubble solution work?
1
Super Bubble
(cm)
15
Regular Soap
(cm)
10
2
14
5
3
12
16
4
18
14
5
22
11
6
13
12
7
16
11
8
18
15
9
15
15
10
12
6
Simpsons
Controlled
Experiment
Worksheet
1. Please complete
the Simpsons
Worksheet.
2. If you have
questions please ask
your BioBuddy or
Mrs. O.
3. When you have
finished please work
on your hwk.
Lab Equipment
DIRECTIONS:
1.
Number your paper 1 to 11 skipping 2 lines
between each number.
2.
After each number you are going to put an “a.”
and then on the next line a “b.”
3.
For each image write
(a.) name of the lab equipment
(b.) the use of that piece of equipment.
Lab Equipment
1.
Lab Equipment
2.
Lab Equipment
3.
Lab Equipment
4.
Lab Equipment
5.
6.
Lab Equipment
7.
Lab Equipment
8.
Lab Equipment
9.
Lab Equipment
10.
Lab Equipment
11.
Assessing Scientific Design
1) Hazel was investigating how fast it took Gus to
react to different sounds. Identify the dependent
variable.
 A) the different sounds
 B) how fast Gus reacted
 C) playing the trumpet over and over
B
Assessing Scientific Design
2) Nick Foles wanted to see how different types of
music affected students' pulse rates. He played
different types of music: heavy metal, rap, R&B,
alternative, pop, country, and classical music.
Identify the dependent variable.
 A) Nick
 B) pulse rate
 C) classical music resulted in the highest pulse rate
 D) types of music
B
Assessing Scientific Design
3) Jeremy Maclin also wanted to see how different
types of music affected students' pulse rates. He
carried out the same experiment as his friend
Nick.--playing different types of music: heavy
metal, rap, R&B, alternative, pop, country, and
classical music. Identify the independent variable.
 A) Jeremy
 B) pulse rate
 C) classical music resulted in the highest pulse rate
 D) types of music
D
Assessing Scientific Design
4) Beyonce who is usually flawless, blows her nose
using Kleenex tissues however her snot keeps
leaking through the tissue. She decided she is going
to create an experiment to find out if there is
something better. What is her control group?
 A) Beyonce
 B) amount of tissue
 C) mass of the snots the tissue can hold
 D) Kleenex
D
Assessing Scientific Design
5) Blue Ivy also blows her nose using Kleenex tissues
and just like her mom her snot keeps leaking
through the tissue. She decided to carry out the
same experiment as her mommy. What is the
dependent variable?
 A) Blue
 B) type of tissue
 C) mass of the snots the tissue can hold
 D) Kleenex
C
Assessing Scientific Design
6) Jesse Decker was investigating how fast it took her
husband Eric to react to different sounds. Identify
the Independent variable.
 A) different sounds
 B) how fast Eric reacted
 C) playing the trumpet over and over
 D) how much time it took Eric to react
A
1-3 Studying Life
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Bio= life
-0logy = the study of
Biology= the study of life.
Biologist= someone who uses scientific
methods to study living things.
BIOTIC vs. ABIOTIC
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Ecosystems are shaped by Biotic (living) & Abiotic
(nonliving) factors.
Biotic factor=living parts of an ecosystem.
Abiotic factors= nonliving parts of the ecosystem
Biotic OR Abiotic
Rain
• Temperature
• Rabbit
• Sunlight
• Oxygen
• Grass
•
CO2
• Moss
• Bacteria
• Mushrooms
• Rocks
• Cricket
•
Background
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1.
Made up of
Cells
3.
Based on genetic
code
2.
Reproduction
4.
Grow and
Develop
5.
Need for
materials and
energy
7.
Maintaining
internal
balance
6.
Response to
environment
8.
Evolution
Characteristics of Living Things
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LIVING THINGS SHARE THE FOLLOWING 8
CHARACTERISTICS:
1.) Living things are made up of units called cells.
2.) Living things reproduce. (two types)
3.) Living things are based on a genetic code.
4.) Living things develop and grow.
5.) Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
(metabolism)
6.) Living things respond to their environment.
7.) Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
(Homeostasis)
8.) As a group living things change over time (Evolve)
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DR. G. CHEER
#1
Made up of Cells
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A cell is the smallest unit of an
organism that can be considered alive.
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Unicellular organisms- living
things that consist of only a single cell.
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Multicellular organisms- consist
of 2 or more cells.
#2
REPRODUCTION
All organisms produce new organisms (offspring)
reproduction.
 Two types of reproduction:
 1) Sexual reproduction: two cells
from different parents unite to produce
the first cell of the new organism.
Offspring differ from their parents
in some ways.
 2) Asexual reproduction: new organism has a single
parent. Offspring and parents have
the same traits.
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#3
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Based on a Genetic Code
Organisms store the information they need to live, grow &
reproduce in a genetic code in a molecule called (DNA).
Asexual= offspring is identical to parent.
Sexual= offspring is different from parent
Growth & Development #4
Growth can occur by increasing the size of a single
cell or increasing the number of cells.
 Development is all of the changes
that take place during the life of an organism.
 Differentiation- cells produced look different and
perform different functions.
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#5 Need for Material & Energy
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Organisms take in energy and transform it.
Need constant supply of materials and energy to grow,
develop, and reproduce.
Metabolism= the combination of chemical reactions
through which an organism builds up or breaks down
materials as it carries out life processes.
The way organisms obtain energy varies.
What are ways living things obtain energy?
#6
Respond to their
Environment
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A stimulus is a
signal to which an
organism responds.
**External stimuli = signal comes
from outside the organism
**Internal stimuli
= signal comes from
inside the organism
#7
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Maintain a stable Internal
Environment
Even though conditions in the external environment
(outside the organsism) vary widely, the internal
conditions of most organisms stay fairly constant.
The process by which they do this is called
homeostasis.
A breakdown in homeostasis can result in disease or
even death.
Example: A thermostat in your home maintains a
constant temperature in your home.
Living things change over
time.
#8
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Evolution= when a group of organisms
change over time through the process of
evolution.
Over many generations, groups of organisms
typically evolve.
Adaptation= an inherited structure,
behavior or internal process that enables an
organism to respond to environmental
factors and live to produce offspring.
Characteristics of
Living Things
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LIVING THINGS SHARE THE FOLLOWING 8
CHARACTERISTICS:
1.) Living things are made up of units called cells.
2.) Living things reproduce. (two types)
3.) Living things are based on a genetic code.
4.) Living things develop and grow.
5.) Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
6.) Living things respond to their environment.
7.) Living things maintain a stable internal
environment. (Homeostasis)
8.) As a group living things change over time (Evolve)
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DR. G. CHEER
Branches of Biology
MOLECULES
Biology is divided into different fields based
CELLS
on the types of organisms being studied.
Groups of Cells
•Living things may
ORGANISMS
be studied on
different levels:
POPULATIONS
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
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Branches of Biology
Organism
Groups
of
Cells
Cells
Molecules
Individual
living
thing
Tissues,
organs,
and organ
systems
Bison
Nervous
tissue
Smallest
functional
unit of life
Groups of
atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Brain
Nerve
cell
DNA
Water
Nervous
system
Branches of Biology
Biosphere
The part of
Earth
that contains
all
ecosystems
Ecosystem
Community
and
its nonliving
surroundings
Community
Population
Populations
that
live together
in a
defined area
Group of
organisms of
one
type that live in
the same area
Biosphere
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream,
rocks, air
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Bison herd
Independent Variable?
C
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1) A group of college students were given a short
course in speed-reading. The instructor was
curious if a monetary incentive would influence
performance on a reading test taken at the end of
the course. Half the students were offered $5 for
obtaining a certain level of performance on the test,
the other half were not offered money.
A) The course
B) Students given the money
C) The money
D)Level of performance
Dependent Variable
A
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2) A group of college students were given a short
course in speed-reading. The instructor was
curious if a monetary incentive would influence
performance on a reading test taken at the end of
the course. Half the students were offered $5 for
obtaining a certain level of performance on the test,
the other half were not offered money.
A) Level of performance
B) Students given the money
C) The students NOT given the money
D) The Course
Control Group/Experimental Group
A
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B
3) A group of college students were given a short
course in speed-reading. The instructor was
curious if a monetary incentive would influence
performance on a reading test taken at the end of
the course. Half the students were offered $5 for
obtaining a certain level of performance on the test,
the other half were not offered money.
A) The students NOT given the money
B) Students given the money
C) The money
D)Level of performance
Independent Variable?
C
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1) A researcher is studying the effect of sleep on
aggression, thinking that less sleep will lead to
more aggression. She has Group A sleep 3 hours
per night and Group B sleep as much as they want.
She then monitors aggressive behavior during
basketball games among participants.
A) The basketball game
B) Students sleeping for 3 hours
C) Amount of Sleep
D) Level of Aggression
D
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Dependent Variable
2) A researcher is studying the effect of sleep on
aggression, thinking that less sleep will lead to
more aggression. She has Group A sleep 3 hours
per night and Group B sleep as much as they want.
She then monitors aggressive behavior during
basketball games among participants.
A) Students sleeping as much as they want
B) Students sleeping for 3 hours
C) Sleep
D) Level of Aggression
Control Group/Experimental Group
D
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B
3) A researcher is studying the effect of sleep on
aggression, thinking that less sleep will lead to
more aggression. She has Group A sleep 3 hours
per night and Group B sleep as much as they want.
She then monitors aggressive behavior during
basketball games among participants.
A) Level of aggression
B) Students sleeping for 3 hours
C) Sleep
D) Students sleeping as much as they want
Independent Variable?
A
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1) A researcher is curious to find out what effect
classical music has on people’s level of relaxation
(as measured by heart rate). He suspects that
listening to classical music will make people feel
more calm and relaxed. He lets one group listen to
classical music for one hour. He lets another group
sit in a quiet room for one hour (i.e they hear no
music). After one hour, he monitors the heart rate
of each participant to measure their level of
relaxation.
A) classical music
B) classical music makes you calm
C) Heart rate level
D) Group who sat in silence
A
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Dependent Variable
2) A researcher is curious to find out what effect
classical music has on people’s level of relaxation (as
measured by heart rate). He suspects that listening to
classical music will make people feel more calm and
relaxed. He lets one group listen to classical music for
one hour. He lets another group sit in a quiet room for
one hour (i.e they hear no music). After one hour, he
monitors the heart rate of each participant to measure
their level of relaxation.
A) Heart rate level
B) Group who listened to the music
C) Heart rate decreased with music
D) Group who sat in silence
Control Group/Experimental Group
D
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B
3) A researcher is curious to find out what effect classical
music has on people’s level of relaxation (as measured by
heart rate). He suspects that listening to classical music
will make people feel more calm and relaxed. He lets one
group listen to classical music for one hour. He lets
another group sit in a quiet room for one hour (i.e they
hear no music). After one hour, he monitors the heart
rate of each participant to measure their level of
relaxation.
A) Classical music
B) Group who listened to the music
C) Heart rate level
D) Group who sat in silence
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Eyepiece- contains
the ocular lens
(10x)
Nosepiece- holds
the high and low
power objective
lenses; can be
rotated to change
magnification.
Arm- used to
support the
microscope when
carried.
Coarse Adjustment
Knob- Moves the
stage up and down
for focusing.
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Objective LensMagnification
ranges from 4 X to
40X
Stage Clips- Hold
the slide in place
Fine Adjustment
Knob- Moves the
stage slightly to
sharpen the image.
Diaphragm- Regulates
the amount of light on
the specimen
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Stage- Supports the
slide being viewed.
Light SourceProjects light
upwards through the
diaphragm, the
specimen, and the
lens.
Base- Supports
the microscope.
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
When finished please do the following:
1. Clean off your “e”slide– make SURE it is dry!
2. Put your microscope away and lock the door
3. All material should be in the bin
4. Work on the REVIEW SHEET  Due
tomorrow!
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
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What happens as the power of magnification increases?
•
Power = 10 (eyepiece) x 4 (objective) = 40
•
Power = 10 (eyepiece) x 10 (objective) = 100
•
Power = 10 (eyepiece) x 40 (objective)= 400