Chapter Focus
Section 1 Principles of Government
Section 2 The Formation of
Governments
Section 3 Types of Government
Section 4 Economic Theories
Chapter Assessment
Chapter Objectives
• Principles of Government Identify the
essential features of a state and describe the
theories about the origin of government.
• The Formation of Governments Cite
similarities and differences between unitary and
federal governments.
• Types of Government Summarize the
relationship between democracy and free
enterprise.
• Economic Theories Name the ways the United
States has modified its free enterprise system.
Principles of Government
Key Terms
state, nation, nation-state, consensus, sovereignty,
government, social contract
Find Out
• What are the four main purposes of government?
• How do various theories explain the origin of
government?
Principles of Government
Understanding Concepts
Public Policy Which policies of the government
make your life better? Which do you think make
life worse?
Section Objective
Identify the essential features of a state and describe
the theories about the origin of government.
In the last 50 years the number of
countries in the world has more than
doubled. In 2000, there were 196
independent countries, each with its own
people and government.
I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8)
A. Population, the most obvious essential
feature of a state.
B. An area with fixed boundaries.
C. Sovereignty, or absolute authority, within its
territorial boundaries.
D. A government which maintains order,
provides public services, and enforces
decisions that its people must obey.
I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8)
I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8)
U.S. citizens sometimes complain about
government, claiming it has too much
power and control over their lives. Why
do you think they feel this way?
People usually complain about government
when it affects them directly.
II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8)
A. The state evolved from the family group.
B. One person or a group used force to
establish its authority to govern the people.
C. The rulers of the people were chosen by the
gods to govern.
D. The people gave the government its power to
rule them, and in return the government had
to respect the people’s rights.
II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8)
During World War II the government imposed
hardships, such as the rationing of gasoline
and food, on the U.S. population. Are such
measures justifiable? Why or why not?
When national security is threatened, strong
measures are needed.
III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11)
A. Governments are needed to maintain social
order by making and enforcing laws.
B. Governments provide essential services for
people, such as promoting public health
and safety.
C. Governments protect people from attack by
other states and from internal threats such
as terrorism.
D. Governments pass laws that shape and
control the nation’s economy in various ways.
III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11)
Do you think the government has too much
or too little control over the economy of the
United States?
Answers will vary. Students should support
their opinions with examples.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the
one below, identify four major purposes of
government and give an example of each.
Answers might include: maintain social
order—police and courts; provide public
services—highways and firefighters; provide
national security—army and navy; establish
and regulate an economic system—banks
and currency.
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
A social contract
A. theory that by contract, people
surrender to the state the power
needed to maintain order and the
state, in turn, agrees to protect
its citizens
___
C sovereignty
B. an agreement about basic beliefs
___
E nation
C. the supreme and absolute
authority within territorial
boundaries
___
D nation-state
___
B consensus
D. a country in which the territory of
both the nation and state coincide
E. group of people united by bonds
of race, language, custom,
tradition, and, sometimes, religion
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke.
Aristotle, a scholar in ancient Greece, was one
of the first students of government. He studied
the polis, the ancient Greek city-state.
Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to
theorize on the social contract.
John Locke wrote that people were naturally
endowed with the right to life, liberty, and
property. Locke believed that people had the
right to break the contract when the
government failed to preserve the rights of
the people.
Checking for Understanding
4. Summarize the divine right and social
contract theories.
The divine right theory holds that the state comes
from a god and that rulers are descended from or
chosen by a god. The social contract theory says
people give power to the state so the state may
preserve order and rights.
Critical Thinking
5. Making Comparisons Thomas Hobbes and
John Locke both subscribed to the social
contract theory of government. Analyze their
views of that theory.
Both believed that people surrendered to the
state the power needed to maintain order, but
Locke believed that people had the right to
break that contract when government failed to
preserve the rights of the people. Hobbes did
not believe they had that right.
Public Policy Read news articles
concerning decisions made by foreign
governments. Classify those decisions that
you believe are making life better for their
citizens and those that you believe are
making life worse.
The Formation of Governments
Key Terms
unitary system, federal system, confederacy,
constitution, constitutional government, preamble,
constitutional law, politics, industrialized nation,
developing nation
Find Out
• What are the similarities and differences
between a unitary government and a federal
government system?
• What are the main purposes of a constitution?
The Formation of Governments
Understanding Concepts
Global Perspectives The United States
Constitution is the oldest written constitution still in
use. What does this imply about the stability of
government in the world?
Section Objective
Cite similarities and differences between unitary and
federal governments.
One of the smallest nations in the world also
has one of the oldest governments.
Switzerland began in 1291 as a confederation
of 3 small cantons, or provincial governments,
and today includes 23 cantons.
I. Government Systems
(page 12)
A. A unitary system of government gives all key
powers to the national or central government.
B. A federal system of government divides the
powers of government between the national
government and state or provincial
governments.
I. Government Systems
(page 12)
What are the major advantages of a
federal system of government?
Security against a concentration of power;
participation at more levels of government.
II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13–14)
A. A constitution is a plan that provides the
rules for government.
B. Whether written or unwritten, a constitution
organizes the structure of government and
the way it operates.
C. Constitutions set out the goals and purposes
of government as well as the ideals shared
by the people.
D. Constitutions provide the supreme law for
states and their governments.
II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13–14)
How important do you think a written
constitution is to a democratic form of
government?
Answers will vary. Students should note the
need for limited government.
III. Politics and Government (pages 14–15)
A. Politics is the effort to control or influence
the policies and actions of government.
B. Individuals and groups use politics to seek
benefits from government.
C. Although special interest groups seek
special benefits, politics also provides
benefits for all the people.
III. Politics and Government (pages 14–15)
Why do some U.S. citizens consider
“politics” negative?
The negative side of political news often
receives more attention.
IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16–17)
A. The world today is divided into industrialized
nations, developing nations, and newly
industrialized nations.
B. These groups of nations have many
differences, but they are interdependent in
many ways.
C. Other groups besides nations, including
multinational corporations, political
movements, terrorist groups and
international organizations, are important in
today’s world.
IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16–17)
What responsibility does the United States
bear for the welfare of other nations?
Answers will vary. Students may point out
that our welfare is closely linked to that of the
rest of the world.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea In a Venn diagram like the one
below, show the similarities and differences
between a constitutional government and a
government that merely has a constitution.
Constitutional government: Constitution authorizes the
government to operate within limits set by the constitution.
Government with a constitution: Government operates
by its own authority with few limits. Both: A written plan
exists for organizing and operating the government.
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
D confederacy
___
E preamble
___
B politics
___
C constitutional law
___
A constitution
A. a plan that provides the rules
for government
B. the effort to control or
influence the conduct and
policies of government
C. law that involves the
interpretation and application
of the U.S. Constitution and
state constitutions
D. a loose union of independent
states
E. a statement in a constitution
that sets forth the goals and
purposes of government
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify The Federalist.
The Federalist was a series of articles written
by James Madison that addressed issues
concerning the launching of a new government.
Checking for Understanding
4. Analyze how events in the Middle East illustrate
economic interdependence.
The U.S. and other nations rely on oil from the
Middle East and have intervened militarily and
diplomatically to protect oil supplies and
maintain order.
Critical Thinking
5. Analyzing Information James Madison
wanted to prevent “factions,” or special interest
groups. Would it be possible to have
government without special interest groups?
Explain.
In a democratic society, government without
special interest groups is probably impossible
since people want to influence government for
their own benefit or that of their communities.
In a totalitarian state most political activity is
repressed.
Global Perspectives Choose five foreign
nations and find out about each nation’s
basic structure of government. When was its
constitution adopted? Is the government
democratic? Obtain information from a local
library or on the Internet.
Types of Government
Key Terms
autocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, democracy,
republic, political party, free enterprise
Find Out
• What are the main characteristics of a
democracy?
• Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth
and preservation of democracy?
Types of Government
Understanding Concepts
Cultural Pluralism How does a representative
democracy provide a good government for
diverse peoples?
Section Objective
Summarize the relationship between democracy
and free enterprise.
Over 100 million Americans voted in the
presidential election of 2000.Yet nearly twice
that number were eligible to vote. George W.
Bush was elected president with less than 50
percent of the popular vote.
I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20)
A. Governments may be classified according to
who governs the state.
B. In an autocracy, such as a dictatorship or
absolute monarchy, power and authority
reside in a single individual.
C. In an oligarchy, such as a communist
country, a small group holds power in the
government.
D. In a democracy, such as the United States,
the people hold the sovereign power of
government.
I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20)
I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20)
Critics argue that the low voter turnout in
recent national elections is a weakness in
our democratic system. Do you agree or
disagree? Explain your viewpoint.
Answers will vary. Students should support
their views with thoughtful analysis.
II. Characteristics of Democracy
(pages 20–23)
A. Government works to secure an equal
opportunity for people to develop their
own abilities.
B. Government is based on majority rule through
the people’s elected representatives, but
respects the rights of minorities.
C. Government is based on free and open
elections in which every citizen has the
right to vote, every vote has equal weight,
and candidates for office can freely express
their views.
D. Political parties choose candidates for office,
respect the voters’ decisions in elections, and
act as loyal opposition.
II. Characteristics of Democracy
(pages 20–23)
Why do you think that nations with wide gaps
between the rich and the poor are less likely
to have successful democracies?
Where there are wide gaps between rich and
poor there is less agreement on basic issues.
III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24)
A. Certain conditions or environments favor
the development of the democratic system
of government.
B. Countries where citizens participate fully in
civic life are more likely to maintain a strong
democracy.
C. Stable, growing economies with a large
middle class help strengthen democracies.
D. A public school system open to all people
helps promote democracy.
III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24)
E. A strong civil society in which a network of
voluntary organizations (including economic
groups, religious groups, and many others)
exists independent of government helps
democracy to flourish.
F. The people accept democratic values such
as individual liberty and equality for all in a
social consensus.
III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24)
As a society, what steps do you think we
might take to encourage more people to
participate in our democratic government?
Better education about democracy, simpler
voting methods, or more direct democracy.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the
one below, show who rules the state in each of
Aristotle’s three classifications of government.
autocracy—one person
oligarchy—few people
democracy—many people
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
D monarchy
___
E republic
A. the opportunity to control one’s
own economic decisions
B. a system of government in which
a small group holds power
___
A free enterprise
C. a system of government in which
___
C autocracy
the power to rule is in the hands
of a single individual
___
B oligarchy
D. autocracy in which a king,
queen, or emperor exercises
supreme powers of government
E. a government in which voters
hold sovereign power; elected
representatives, responsible to
the people, exercise that power
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify “one person, one vote.”
This is the principle that everyone’s vote carries
the same weight and a characteristic of free
elections found in a democracy.
Checking for Understanding
4. What other characteristics of democracy
distinguish it from other forms of government?
Answers may include individual liberty, majority
rule with minority rights, free elections with
secret ballots, and rival political parties.
Critical Thinking
5. Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Suppose
you are assigned to interview the president of
the Republic of Mauritania. What questions
would help you determine if democracy exists
there?
Answers may include: How many political parties
are there? Do people vote by secret ballot? Do
people have equal opportunity to develop
talents? How are minority rights protected?
Cultural Pluralism How well are the
will of the majority and the rights of
minorities being preserved in the United
States? Ask several people their
opinions. Come to class prepared to
share your findings.
Economic Theories
Key Terms
economics, capitalism, free market, laissez-faire,
socialism, bourgeoisie, proletariat, communism,
command economy
Find Out
• In what three ways has the United States
modified its free enterprise system?
• According to Karl Marx, what was the ultimate
goal of true communism?
Economic Theories
Understanding Concepts
Free Enterprise What features of the American
economy provide incentive for people to achieve
economic goals?
Section Objective
Name the ways the United States has modified its
free enterprise system.
Before William Fagots was 40 years old, he
was the richest person in the United States.
He made his billions as head of Microsoft
Corporation. By the late 1990s, Gates was
also the richest person in the world.
I. The Role of Economic Systems
(page 26)
A. Governments provide for many different
kinds of economic systems.
B. Economic systems make decisions about
what goods and services should be
produced, how they should be produced,
and who gets them.
I. The Role of Economic Systems
(page 26)
Why is some government involvement
necessary for economic systems to function?
Government must provide the basic structure
in which an economic system may function.
II. Capitalism (pages 26–28)
A. Capitalism is based on free enterprise, or
individual economic choices.
B. Capitalism developed gradually from the
economic and political changes in medieval
and early modern Europe.
C. The United States has a capitalist economy,
but government plays a role.
II. Capitalism (pages 26–28)
D. Government’s role in the U.S. economy has
increased since the early 1900s.
E. Today the United States has a mixed
market economy, incorporating both free
enterprise and government regulation of
business and industry.
II. Capitalism (pages 26–28)
What are some of the advantages and
disadvantages of capitalism?
Advantages: incentives to achieve individual
potential, freedom
Disadvantages: extremes of wealth and poverty
III. Socialism (page 28)
A. Under socialism, government owns the
basic means of production, plans the use of
resources, distributes many products and
wages, and provides basic social services.
B. Socialism developed in Europe during the
nineteenth century.
III. Socialism (page 28)
C. Some socialists favored taking over the
government by means of revolution, while
other socialists believed in democratic
socialism, in which economic conditions
change peacefully and people have some
freedoms and rights.
D. Socialist governments have taken power in
several countries; however, critics argue that
this economic system fails to solve most
economic problems.
III. Socialism (page 28)
What groups benefit most from socialism?
Those who use more government services, such
as health care and public transportation, benefit
most from socialism.
IV. Communism (pages 29–30)
A. Communism is based on the nineteenthcentury ideas of Karl Marx, who argued that
capitalism exploited workers to benefit a
small group of capitalists who controlled
the economy.
B. Marx predicted workers would eventually rise
in a violent revolution, which would result in
government ownership of all means of
production and distribution; when all property
was held in common, there would be no need
for government.
IV. Communism (pages 29–30)
C. In communist nations, government makes
all economic decisions; owns the land,
natural resources, industry, banks, and
transportation system; and controls all
mass communication.
IV. Communism (pages 29–30)
Why have governments of communist nations
such as China used a system of five year
plans for the economy?
To show the government’s commitment to
progress, elicit support, and provide a
measuring unit.
Checking for Understanding
1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the
one below, identify three functions of economic
systems.
Economic systems decide: what is produced,
how it is produced, and who gets what
is produced.
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
C free market
A. workers who produce the
goods
___
D laissez-faire
___
A
___
B
B. an economic system in
which the government
proletariat
controls the factors of
production
command economy
___
E bourgeoisie
C. economic system based on
private ownership of the
means of production and on
individual economic freedom
D. the philosophy that
government should keep its
hands off the economy
E. capitalists who own the
means of production
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Adam Smith, Karl Marx.
Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and
economist who provided the basic idea of
laissez-faire economics, as it applied to a free
market system.
Karl Marx, a German thinker and writer, was a
socialist who advocated violent revolution and
wrote The Communist Manifesto.
Checking for Understanding
4. What did Marx believe would happen in a true
communist economy?
There would be no need for government.
Critical Thinking
5. Making Inferences What ideas presented by
Karl Marx appealed to people in nations where
wealth was unevenly distributed?
Workers would revolt against capitalists,
property would be held in common, and one
class would evolve.
Free Enterprise Competition is an
important factor in the United States
economy. Find advertisements in
newspapers that illustrate various kinds of
competition. Display these ads on a bulletin
board. Should the government regulate
prices? Why or why not?
Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the terms below into the following paragraph to
describe the nature of government and differing political and
economic systems. Each term should be used only once.
constitution
sovereignty
democracy
communism
autocracy
capitalism
state
free market
republic
command economy
Reviewing Key Terms
Every (1) has a form of government
that has (2) within its territorial
boundaries. A (3) is a government of
and by the people that may have a (4)
that protects the rights of the
people—unlike an (5) that
concentrates power in the hands of
one person. The United States is a (6)
with elected representation. It has a
mixed economy based on (7). The (8)
allows buyers and sellers to make
economic decisions about what to
produce, how much to produce, and
who gets the goods and services
produced. In contrast, under (9), the
People’s Republic of China and other
states have operated a (10) with
government planning.
1. state
2. sovereignty
3. democracy
4. constitution
5. autocracy
6. republic
7. capitalism
8. free market
9. communism
10. command
economy
Recalling Facts
1. Why did the thirteen British colonies in America
become known as “states”?
They became known as “states” to establish
their sovereignty when declaring independence
from Great Britain. At that time each state
considered itself a country.
2. What system of government divides power
among different levels rather than giving all
power to a central government?
The federal system divides power among
different levels.
Recalling Facts
3. Describe three kinds of nonstate groups that
influence national politics.
Political movements, such as national liberation
organizations maintain diplomatic relations with
many states; multinational corporations have
offices and factories in many states—they carry
out activities on a global scale; international
organizations undertake a variety of tasks, often
to serve the needs of member states.
Recalling Facts
4. How is a direct democracy different from a
representative democracy?
In a direct democracy the people govern
themselves by voting on issues individually at
meetings that all citizens may attend. In a
republic, people elect representatives to govern
for them.
5. What is the role of government in a laissez-faire
economic system?
The government avoids interfering except to
ensure free competition in the marketplace.
Understanding Concepts
1. Public Policy List the major advantages of
living under a constitutional government.
Answers may include: The government’s power
is limited by the powers assigned to it and with
held from it; powers are divided among branches
of government; the people maintain sovereignty.
Understanding Concepts
2. Global Perspective Which of the following
ideas do you perceive to be the most powerful
force in the world today: communism, socialism,
or capitalism? Explain.
Students will probably choose capitalism since
many communist or socialist systems have failed
or are faltering. However, students’ reasoning is
more important than the choice of system.
Critical Thinking
1. Understanding Cause and Effect Why is
widespread educational opportunity necessary
for a nation to develop a democratic system?
Without education, people do not have the
skills and knowledge to make informed,
intelligent choices.
Critical Thinking
2. Making Comparisons In a Venn diagram
like the one below, show how capitalism,
democratic socialism, and communism are
alike and different.
Capitalism: private property; business
competition; profit motive; freedom of choice
Socialism: peaceful change; government owns
basic industries and provides social services;
freedom of choice
Communism: violent revolution; no private
property
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
1. What is the subject of the painting in
the cartoon?
It shows the writers of the Constitution, the
Founders of the United States.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
2. According to the painting, who were the
Founders of the United States?
They were white men.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
3. What message is the cartoonist trying to
communicate?
The cartoonist wants to communicate the
absence of women among the Founders.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
4. Do you think women influenced the creation of
the United States government? Why or why not?
Possible answer: Yes, although women were
treated as second-class citizens, they still
influenced society at that time and thus affected
the ideas of the Founders.
Why does Delaware call itself the
First State?
It was the first state to ratify the
Constitution.
1) He felt they could
not coexist.
2) He did not
support it.
3) Yes, they both government or the
state should provide for the wants
of the people.
1) OAS and NAFTA
2) Interpol, the UN, and the
World Trade Organization
3) Possible answers include OPEC, the EU,
the Arab League, or the CIS
1) representative
democracy
2) oligarchy
3) No, some
monarchies
are
democracies
where the
monarch’s
powers are
limited.
1) capitalism with a mixedmarket economy
2) socialism and communism
3) capitalism
Summarizing News Articles Find a news article
pertaining to some topic covered in the chapter,
write a summary of the article, and explain how it
relates to the chapter. Then write three questions
that are answered in the article. Post students’
articles, summaries, and questions on the bulletin
board and vote to choose the five that are most
clearly related to the chapter.
Nationalism fosters both unity and dissension. Slavic
groups wanting their own nation-states created
political unrest in Eastern Europe in the 1800s. After
World War I, Slavic peoples were united to form
Yugoslavia. In fact, until 1929, Yugoslavia was called
the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. In the
1990s, however, nationalism undermined this state.
What was once the nation of Yugoslavia has been
divided into the present-day nations of Serbia and
Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Slovenia, and Croatia.
The Chinese conducted censuses as early as 3000 B.C.
for tax purposes. In ancient Rome, census takers listed
people and property for purposes of taxation and
military service.
After the Constitution was ratified, a member of the
House of Representatives reacted to the job ahead—
launching the new government—by exclaiming, “We
are in a wilderness!”
More About Government in Daily Life In recent
years state and federal governments have passed
laws aimed at protecting Americans’ health.
Examples are the Clean Water Act of 1987, which
authorized $18 billion through 1994 for construction
of sewer plants and cleanup of toxic “hot spots;”
and the Beach Program, which was established in
1997 to detect harmful contaminants in the water of
the nation’s beaches. Information about the water
quality at beaches and potential health risks is
available on the Beach Watch Internet site.
Manifesto, a public declaration of intentions or
political principles, comes from the Latin word
manifestus, meaning palpable, or literally, “gripped by
hand.” The word manifest, which means obvious or
apparent, comes from the same root.
Striking a Note for Liberty
The Liberty Bell was one of America’s earliest symbols of
democracy and freedom. It was made in London, England, in 1752,
for the Pennsylvania State House (now named Independence Hall)
to honor the 50th anniversary of the Charter of Privileges created
by William Penn. Unfortunately, the bell cracked soon after it
arrived in Philadelphia. A new bell was recast from its metal, but it
also broke. Finally, a third bell was placed in Independence Hall in
1753, and it was rung for public announcements, including the first
public reading of the Declaration of Independence, on July 8, 1776.
The bell was rung every July 4th until 1846, when a growing crack
began to affect its sound. After the crack was repaired, the bell was
rung again for a celebration of George Washington’s birthday later
that year. The bell cracked still again (the split is about one-half
inch wide and 24 and one-half inches long) and has remained
silent ever since. The Liberty Bell, which is owned by the city of
Philadelphia, now sits in its own special exhibition building near
Independence Hall.
The Role of Government Many people in the
United States agree with Abraham Lincoln that the
government ought not to interfere in people’s lives
unnecessarily. These people think that government
has become too large and too controlling. Have
students present examples that they feel show an
overabundance of government control, and explain
how we could get along without such control. Allow
students who disagree time to prepare a rebuttal.
Safety versus Freedom Since the fall of the
Soviet Union, the Russian economy has often
teetered on the brink of disaster. People have lost
their jobs, a large homeless population exists, and
organized crime has rapidly increased. Faced with
this situation, some people long for the “good old
days” of communism. Others point to hopeful signs
in the economy and the growth of private
enterprise, saying that this is a transitional period,
and that conditions will improve. Choose a side and
prepare an argument in support of your choice.
Present your argument to the class.
Election Day Find out how you can help on Election
Day. If you are under 18 years old, you probably cannot
do official tasks, but you might run errands, bring coffee
or snacks to election workers, or direct voters to the
appropriate line or room. You could also help those
running for office by carrying signs or distributing flyers.
Literature In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies a
group of schoolboys have crashed on a deserted
island. Their attempts to set up a democratic
society fail, and one boy, Jack, seizes power.
Golding’s premise that humans are basically
savage is revealed in Jack’s brutal reign of terror.
Laura Epstein
The Youth Volunteer Corps of America is just one of
many programs for young volunteers. In Boston, for
example, young people can volunteer for City Year, a
program whose aim is to carry on the legacy of the civil
rights movement. Youths of all ethnic backgrounds earn
$100 per week from September to June, cleaning parks
and playgrounds, planting trees, working as teachers’
aides, and staffing after-school programs for children. At
the end of their service, they receive a $5,000 award in
the form of a scholarship or savings certificate.
Activity: Consider ways in which you could match the
activities of the Youth Volunteer Corps of America or City
Year.
James Madison (1751–1836)
As the primary designer of the Virginia Plan, upon
which the Constitution is based, Madison became
an important member of the Constitutional
Convention. He also kept records of the
proceedings, which were closed to the public.
Published 50 years after the convention, his notes
provide the main source of information about the
convention. Madison later served as the fourth
president of the United States (1809–1817).
To navigate within this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Section Back button return to the beginning of the
section you are in.
Click the Menu button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Click the Audio On button where it appears to listen to relevant audio.
Click the Audio Off button to stop any playing audio.
Click the Exit button to end the slide show. You also may press the Escape
key [Esc] to exit the slide show.
Presentation Plus! features such as the Reference Atlas, Government
Online, and others are located in the left margin of most screens.
Click on any of these buttons to access a specific feature.
This slide is intentionally blank.