Psychology - Trainings

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THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
Global College Psychology Discipline Team
US Marketing
US Editorial - Psychology
US Editorial - Graduate Level
Counseling
Marketing Manager
Senior Acq. Editor
Senior Acq. Editor
Lisa Brown: 7447
Reid Hester: 7351
Kassie Graves: 7545
Marketing Associate
Associate Editor
Assistant Editor
Anna Guico: 7517
Nathan Davidson: 7561
Maggie Stanley: 7256
Digital Content Editor
Editorial Assistant
Lauren Habib: 7505
Elizabeth Luizzi: 7134
UK Editorial
Psychology
Senior Acquisitions Editor
Michael Carmichael
Micahel.carmichael@sagepu
b.com
Marketing Manager
Alison Borg
alison.borg@sagepub.com
Editorial Assistant
Sarita Sarak: 7133
Discipline Overview & Key Market Trends Impacting the Discipline
Discipline Overview
Psychology encompasses many areas of specialization and most students, regardless of their major, will be required to
take more than one course in their pursuit of a Bachelor’s degree. The courses vary from industrial and organizational
psychology for your Business majors, child development for your Education majors, learning theory for Instructional
Designers, and bio-psychology for Pre-med. Psychology isn’t just for aspiring Psychologists!
One of the largest departments in the Social Sciences, Psychology has moved from being considered a “soft” science to
one that is rich in scientific quantitative research. The field continues to grow and develop as more researchers contribute
to the very large body of evidence that now exists that helps us to understand who we are, how we think, react, learn,
develop, and a growing field of research on what happens as we begin the journey into advanced aging.
The advances in our understanding of cognitive processing, neuropsychology, and abnormal psychology have led to near
miraculous treatments for those suffering from mental illness, brain trauma, and PTSD. The research that has been
conducted in learning has influenced how we teach and brought about a revolution in education and instructional design.
The field of forensic psychology has helped to profile criminals, deepen the understanding of the reasons for criminal
behavior, and advanced the ability to sentence criminals appropriately. The strides made in understanding the interconnectivity of all of these individual fields has led to break-through techniques for counselors and therapists.
SAGE Publications has been an important reporting mechanism for this scholarship and supports the researchers and
scholars in this field by continuing to publish in the upper levels of this field. SAGE publishes 70 academic journals in the
many fields of Psychology including the journals for all of the divisions of the APS (Association of Psychological Science)
and many for the APA (American Psychological Association). SAGE is well thought of in the community of psychology,
and you can be confident that you will be welcome in this discipline as you call on it.
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PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
Learning About The Discipline
Schools
The study of Psychology at the undergraduate level is undertaken for general education courses as well as for Psych
majors in the discipline. Typically two undergraduate courses in Psychology are required as general education course
work for those pursuing an Associate’s Degree or a Bachelor’s degree for all discipline majors. Along with the required
Introduction to Psychology course, a student may take an elective in Psychology. The most popular courses for that
second course are Bio-Psychology, Human Sexuality, Abnormal Psychology, Child or Lifespan Development, or Social
Psychology. These courses are taught at the four year schools and community colleges.
Most four year schools have a specific Psychology department. At the two year level, Psychology may be housed in the
Social Science department, but larger schools will have a separate Psych department too.
In 2012, over 100,000 students graduated with an undergrad degree in Psychology. @ 20,000 with a graduate degree.
Majors, Advanced Degrees, and Other Programs of Study
At the Bachelor’s level, a student can follow a few different paths in Psychology. Below are the categories and the
individual courses that are associated with them.
Social Psychology – Human Sexuality, Sex and Gender, Prejudice, Multicultural, Human Relations,
Industrial/Organizational, Health, Group Dynamic, Women, Sports, Positive Psychology
Developmental Psychology – Lifespan, Child & Adolescent Development, Adolescent, Adulthood, Aging, Death &
Dying, Aging, Cognitive Development, Language Development
Cognitive Psychology – Intro to Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Learning, Memory, Sensation and
Perception, Motivation and Emotion, Psych of Language, Learning Theory, Memory
History and Systems – History of Psychology, Cross-Cultural Psychology
Physiological Psychology – Neuropsychology,Neuroscience, Biological Psychology, Physiological Psychology,
Psychopharmacology, Evolutionary Psychology
Research – Research Methods, Statistics, Testing and Measurement, Experimental Design
Clinical Psychology – Introduction to Clinical Psychology, Personality, Marriage and Family Counseling, Psychoanalysis,
Learning and Conditioning, Intro to Counseling Skills, Counseling Theory, Behavior Modification, Community Psychology,
Violence
There are typically four areas of concentration for those pursuing a graduate degree in Psychology:
Counselor/Therapist – counseling skills, assessment, and treatment
School Counselor – counseling skills with children and adolescents, child abuse, drug abuse
Clinical Psychologists -- counseling skills, assessment, and treatment for the mentally ill
Experimental Psychologists –research methods, assessment, experimental testing, psychometrics, statistics. These
psychologists typically pursue a Ph.D.
Other areas of concentration for Psychology majors are: Forensics, Sports, Health, Law, Behavioral Medicine,
Industrial/Organizational, and Human Factors.
For the purposes of identifying where our counseling titles fit, you will find concentrations for a counselor in M.A. or M.S.
program in Psychology are typically Clinical/Counseling Psychology, Applied Psychology or Marriage and
Family. These courses offer more rigorous advanced study in testing and assessment, research methods, and statistical
analysis.
Desired Knowledge, Skills, and Certification
At the undergraduate level, there is a concentration on understanding each field of Psychology on a broad basis in the
first two years, and then an area of specialization is generally decided upon. For those that will be pursuing an advanced
degree in Psychology, it is necessary to understand the influence of social and biological factors on one’s Psychology in
addition to the cognitive and neurological influences.
At the graduate level, the skills, desired knowledge, and certifications depend on the path the student is pursuing.
Counselors, clinicians, and therapists all need to be licensed by their state to practice. There is a skill set required to
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PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
know the latest advancements in testing, assessment, and evaluation as well as therapeutic techniques. For researchers,
a deep understanding of statistics, research methods, and conducting experiments is necessary.
At least an M.A. and the state licensure are required for all counselors, clinicians, and therapists beyond drug counselors.
Career Paths and Employment Trends for Students of Discipline
At the Bachelor’s level, a Psych major is qualified to be a:
Psychometrist or Clinician – this is someone who can conduct assessments and administer psychological tests in a
variety of settings including schools, clinics, and HR departments.
Substance Abuse Counselor – this is someone who works at a clinic, rehabilitation organization, agency, or community
based program.
Nurse – nurses will pursue a Psych degree before or after their initial RN degree is conferred upon them.
Human Resource Specialist – those pursuing a career in HR are very well equipped for their jobs with a BA in Psych. It
prepares them with a little of everything for including research, assessment, training, and an overview of positive psych as
well as abnormal.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology (IO) – typically work in HR, training and design, and business settings.
Graduate level:
Depending on their course work, a student may pursue a career as a Counselor, Marriage and Family Therapist, School
Counselor, Educational Psychologist, Clinical Psychologist, Experimental Psychologist – or Research Psychologist,
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist, Human Factors Engineer, Forensic Psychologist, Sports Psychologist, and
NeuroPsychologist to name a few!
The Student and Instructor of the Discipline
Students pursuing a degree in Psychology at the undergraduate level often think that these are easy courses until they
take them. There is still the impression that Psychology is not as rigorous a discipline as it is. Students often find thes e
courses to be challenging, and they quickly learn that every course in Psychology requires the same amount of effort as
their other classes, sometimes more. Stats and Research Methods are often dreaded courses for the Psych major and
difficult for them to understand, and it is important to be cognizant of these challenges that professors face here. As with
most disciplines, once a student is over the hurdle of their first year or two, they are ready for the more academically
rigorous concentration areas.
Most Bachelor’s programs require the Intro Psych course plus one elective. Those electives are in the intro level for
Psychology majors, and Abnormal Psych and Human Sexuality are popular electives for the GE requirement. Bio-Psych
is often a required course for pre-med students, and Education majors are required to take a development course;
however these are intro level elective courses too and can be used to fulfill the GE requirement.
Instructors in Psychology come from clinical, counseling, and research backgrounds. It’s important to know what they
want their textbook to do – offer a different perspective or the same. Current research and trends are important to them,
and meeting the students’ needs is as well.
An instructor’s background not only influences the kinds of courses they’re likely to teach but also the kinds of books and
approaches they are likely to prefer for more general courses that all instructors teach (like Intro, Methods, and Stats). A
social psychologist is going to take a different approach to teaching methods than a cognitive person, for example. You
can ask the simple question, “what other courses do you teach?”, but finding out about a professor’s background and area
of concentration within the discipline answers that question and many others (like what courses MIGHT they teach in the
future or what kind of writing might they be likely to do).
Market Trends / Hot Topics:
More interest in the coverage of cognitive development, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology included in all texts.
The overview of Psychology is much more balanced now. Where Social Psychology approaches were the dominant
focus of most undergraduate course, they now need to include the Science of Psych.
“Psych of…” courses within psychology tend to be fairly fluid and change based on the latest topics of interest within
academia more generally. For example Psych of Diversity appears to be growing (or it may be a general course title for a
THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
course that’s really being taught as Psych of Prejudice), Psych of Women seems to be transitioning to Psych of Gender,
Psych of Law is morphing into Forensic and Legal Psych.
Whenever a course is transitioning from one approach to another the title of the course won’t be as revealing as the book
in use, so it’s really important to do your homework before sampling a book or pitching something to a professor in an
interview.
Another trend developing is more interest in process and not just a focus on content. So courses like Cognitive
Psychology are likely to now have a lab component so that students can see for themselves how classic Cognitive
experiments really work. These lab components open up opportunities for us to sell workbooks, lab manuals, and online
products like StatLab.
Active-learning and learner-centered instruction are trending right now due to the research of the past twenty years on
constructivist learning theory. Constructivism is defined by the learner being able to construct his or her own
understanding of the learning material through active participation. Students are given the path plus clear guidelines,
directions, and tools. Often students are asked to do research projects. There is ample evidence that when a learner is
an active participant in the construct of their own understanding of a subject that the retention of understanding is greater
and the learning more in-depth.
Case-based learning and problem-based learning are additional strategies that can be used in active learning
environments.
THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
CURRICULUM OVERVIEW
Psychology
Minors:
Majors:
Intro Psychology
Research Methods
Abnormal Psychology
Statistics
Bio-Psychology
Ethics
Personality
History of Psychology
Human Sexuality
Testing &
Measurement
Child Development
Clinical
Devleopmental
Cognitive
Social/Community
Physiological
Psychology
Industrial Organization
Forensic
Sports - Health
Evolutionary
Courses SAGE
Publishes in
Courses SAGE does
not yet publish in
THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
Course Overview
Freshman /
Sophmore
Courses
Child
Development
350K
Junior / Senior
Courses
Clinical
Psychology
Upper Level
Electives /
Graduate
Courses
Group Dynamics
25K
60K
Applied Social
Psychology
20K
Intro to
Counseling
Skills
80K
Abnormal
Psychology
350K
Positive
Psychology
35K
Multicultural
Counseling
60K
Statistics
250K
Multi and Cross
Cultural Psych
60K
Memory
35K
Research
Methods
300K
Psychology of
Prejudice
20K
Evolutionary
25K
Developmen
tal Research
Methods
30K
Advanced
Research &
Stats
50K
Family
Counseling
45K
Testing &
Measurement/
Psychometrics
75K
Learning
45K
Ethics
60K
Experimental
Psychology
35K
Forensic
Psychology
30K
African American
Psychology
20K
Cognitive
Psychology
80K
Intro to
Cognitive
Science
25K
Bio-Psych
400K
Courses SAGE Publishes in
Courses New to SAGE
Cognitive
Development
15K
History of
Pscyhology
40K
THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE
Discipline Selling Dynamics
Attribute
Decision Dynamics
Faculty Dynamics
Student Dynamics
Student Technology
Dynamics
Instructor Technology
Dynamics
Format/Length Dynamics
Price Dynamics
Decision Dynamics
Attrition Rate Dynamics
Impact (Opportunities, Challenges) /Key Questions
 It varies across schools whether adoptions can be by committee or
individual choice. Typically, the lower the course on the curriculum level, it
tends to split between committee and individual. The more upper-level /
graduate courses tend to be almost always individual.
 This is one of the most popular majors. Their classes are packed (esp. at
the lower level), and they have a lot on their plates. They don’t have a lot of
time and patience to deal with textbook decisions
 Inertia regarding changing textbooks runs rampant—due in part to workload
 Instructors are increasingly relying on TAs to share the workload
 Students think they are going to learn how to help people. Why that is
certainly one component of psychology, they also have to learn
biopsychology, neuroscience, stats, etc.—i.e. topics they didn’t think they’d be
studying.
 Intro. / lower-level students typically aren’t too interested in reading the
required text(s)
 Students absolutely need/insist on companion sites with exercises, data
sets, quizzes, videos, links, etc.
 Many instructors teaching at the lower-level undergraduate level won’t even
consider adopting a textbook without a seriously robust ancillary package for
both students and themselves. On the instructor end, they require PPs,
Blackboard, syllabi, quizzes/tests, in-class assignments, etc. There is more
leeway in the upper-level undergraduate / graduate level area.
 They demand CURRENT research – especially in the upper levels where
we publish.
 Instructors have a hard time getting students to purchase the required text,
let alone reading it. They want a highly accessible but comprehensive text for
their course. The text(s) cannot be overly long.
 The ever-rising cost of texts is a major concern for both instructors and
students.
 The competitors are playing a lot of price games out there. Watch it! They’ll
drop the price down if they know they may lose the adoption. Price should
always be on the table but know that the Cengage, MHHE, and Pearson reps
will play this card in larger adoptions.
 SAGE should continue to trumpet our price advantage to help offset
customer dissatisfaction
 It varies across schools whether adoptions can be by committee or
individual choice. Typically, the lower the course on the curriculum level, it
tends to split between committee and individual. The more upper-level /
graduate courses tend to be almost always individual.

100,000 students graduated with an undergraduate degree in Psychology
in 2012 up from @ 90,000 in 2011. (http://nces.ed.gov)
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Psychology Top Sellers
Author
Title
Pub Date
LOE
Units / Sales
8,782/
$642,683
7,214 /
$346,223
4656 /
$282,306
Garrett
Brain & Behavior
11-3-2010
Levi
Group Dynamics for Teams
4/28/2010
Levine
Child Development
9/16/2010
Pomerantz
Clinical Psychology, 3e
9/24/2012
Galotti
Cognitive Psychology, 5e
1/3/2013
Privitera
Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences
9/7/2011
2,929 /
$218,987
Snyder
Positive Psychology
9/14/2010
4,188 /
$220,727
McBride
The Process of Research in
Psychology
3/20/2012
2,493 /
$154,907
Schwartz
An Easy Guide to APA Style
2/15/2011
8,158 /
$154,246
Fisher
Decoding the Ethics Code, 3e
9/11/2012
380 /
$20,055
Evans
Methods in Psychological Research
7/20/2012
2676 /
$151,582
111 /
$8,746
1st Year
BPE Units /
Sales
-
2800/
$233,744
3500 /
$274,050
2,705 /
$153,957
2,925 /
$146,965
THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE
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Key Course Areas (Key Frontlist A-AAA Titles Publishing in Q1 2013 and some Q4 2012)
Course: Cognitive Psychology
Course Overview: Cognitive psychology is the study of the mind; how we perceive the world, remember, reason, think,
and learn. This course will present an overview of cognitive psychology; its findings, theories, and approach.
Key SAGE Product: Galotti, Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e
PRIORITY: AA (in an AA market)
Course: Introduction to the Cognitive Science
Course Overview: A team taught course highlighting development of the field and the broad range of topics covered in
the major. Topics include addiction, analogy, animal cognition, human-computer interaction, language, neuroimaging,
neural networks, reasoning, robots, and real-world applications.
Key SAGE Product: Sobel, The Cognitive Sciences
PRIORITY: B
Course: Introduction to Statistics
Course Overview: Statistics are used to analyze and make sense of the results of research studies, so this course is
closely connected to the Research Methods course. Objectives and pitfalls of various statistical procedures are studied
throughout this course. The statistics course is heavy with mathematical approaches and terminology such as the
structure of data sets, histograms, means, and standard deviations, correlation and regression, probability, binomial and
normal distributions, interpretation of estimates, confidence intervals, and significance tests.
Key SAGE Product: Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics
PRIORITY: A (In a AAA market)
Course: Advanced Stats or Graduate Level Stats ( Heavy SPSS orientation)
Course Overview: Objectives and pitfalls of statistical studies. Structure of data sets, histograms, means, and standard
deviations. Correlation and regression. Probability, binomial and normal. Interpretation of estimates, confidence intervals,
and significance tests.
Key SAGE Product: Field, Discovering Statistics using SPSS, 4e
PRIORITY: AA (In a AAA market)
Course: Tests and Measurement
Overview: Introduction to the general area of mental measurement. Theory and content of measuring devices in the fields
of intelligence, interests, personality, and special aptitudes will be reviewed. Includes an analysis of the psychometric
procedures used to develop and validate educational and psychological instruments.
Key SAGE Product: Miller/McIntyre: Foundations of Psychological Testing 4/e
PRIORITY: A (In AA market)
Course: Introduction to Clinical Psychology
Course Overview: This course is designed to survey major aspects of clinical psychology such as historical background,
assessment and intervention models, current trends and future directions in clinical practice.
Key SAGE Product: Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 3e
PRIORITY: AA (In a AA
market)
Course: Group Dynamics in Organizations, Psychology of Groups, Teams
Course Overview: This course covers the role of group processes in changing behavior, as well as the principle modes
of counseling and therapy. Also covered are the principles of verbal and nonverbal communication, modes of learning,
key concepts that enhance learning and significant communication.
Key SAGE Product: Levi, Group Dynamics
PRIORITY: A (In a A market)
Courses: Children & the Media, Communication & Media Studies
Course Overview: This specialty course will review the current literature on how media use affects children's mental
health as well as their cognitive, emotional and social development. Discussions will include an examination of
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controversial issues, such as media’s effects on children’s violent behavior, substance abuse, and the potential benefits of
media.
Key SAGE Product: Strasburger, Children, Adolescents, and the Media 3e
PRIORITY: A (In a A market)
Courses: Psychology –ALL Courses
Course Overview: Any course that has a writing assignment/research paper or presentation would be interested in
packaging or assigning the Schwartz, An Easy Guide to APA Style, 2e.
Key SAGE Product: Schwartz, An Easy Guide to APA Style, 2e
PRIORITY: A
Buzzword Glossary
APA: American Psychological Association – SAGE publishes many of its journals including the Teaching of Psychology
division, Counseling Psychologist, Psychology of Women, Assessment, Counseling Outcome Research & Evaluation,
Interpersonal Violence, Child Maltreatment, Traumatology, and many others in related disciplines.
APS: Association for Psychological Science – SAGE publishes all of the APS professional journals.
Ethics: The study of the effective conduct in the practice and science of psychology to preserve and protect the
fundamental rights and welfare of those with whom they work. (The APA has its own code that is established by an Ethics
Committee and is reviewed periodically. The last update was in 2002.)
ANOVA: In statistics – Analysis of Variance
MANOVA: In statistics – Multivariate Analysis of Variance
REGRESSION: In statistics – regression analysis is a technique used to estimate the relationship among variables.
Typically is found in advanced stats or later in intro stats texts.
SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences – widely used statistic software from IBM. Most college campuses
license the program and use it to compute statistical data. Because most schools use SPSS, we have textbooks that give
specific examples of SPSS.
R: Free statistics computation program that is gaining in popularity at college campuses, because it is free. It is a little
more advanced than most intro stats students can handle. Some professors love it, and some find it to be very difficult to
learn.
NEUROSCIENCE: Concerned with the study of the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and the molecular biology of
nerves, nervous tissue, and brain function and how these affect behavior and learning.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: The applied science of brain-behavior relationships to assist in assessment and treatment
programs for those with medical disorders, cognitive or learning problems, developmental disorders, or psychiatric
conditions. This is typically a course taken for those who are interested in clinical psychology.
BIO-PSYCHOLOGY: The study of the biological bases of behavior including the molecular and cellular basis of neural
functioning as well as genetic functions and how these systems relate to behavior. Can be called Physiological Psych or
Brain and Behavior
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Study of the physiological basis of behavior and the physical factors that affect the
nervous system, including heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet. An experimental science,
physiological psychology relies heavily on laboratory research and quantitative data. Can be called bio-psychology.
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fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a procedure that has brought loads of innovation and excitement to
virtually all areas of psychology, and it is largely responsible for the growing interest in adding neuropsychology coverage
to most course areas. This procedure measures blood flow in the brain while specific tasks (functions) are being
performed. The goal of fMRI data analysis is to detect correlations between brain activation and a task the subject
performs during the scan. FMRI is used in both the research world and in the clinical world.
COGNITION: The mental process of thought. The cognitive sciences explore the concept of thought in all living creatures
and computers (artificial intelligence). Cognitive psychology focuses specifically on the process of human thought.
Cognitive Psychology vs. Cognitive Development: Cognitive psychology explores how one processes thought, how
biological, sociological, and cultural influences can affect it, and how both affect one’s perception, learning, memory,
behavior, and reactions. Cognitive development explores the construction (development) of the thought process from
birth to adulthood (into aging). It is studied in community psychology, neuroscience, and developmental psychology.
Psych of Prejudice vs. Multicultural Psychology: The psychology of prejudice focuses on why people discriminate
against others, the individuals own cultural bias, and the roots of prejudice. Multicultural psychology focuses on how
one’s cultural upbringing affects the individual and the group, and how that group or individual interacts with other cultures
both positively and negatively. Both of these areas have opened the definition of culture to include socio-economic status
and class. Also, issues of gender, sexual identity, and disability have influenced the view of culture as well.
Nature vs. Nurture: In the early part of the last century, most psychologists believed that ones’ psychology and behavior
was based on their ‘nature’ – that the personality and mental capabilities you have are based on your hereditary history.
Subsequently, the trend in the middle part of the 20th century psychologists was to research the theory that the way you
were treated and conditioned as a child shaped ones’ behavior and personality – these psychologists were considered to
be behaviorists. The nature vs. nurture debate was born. In the later 20th century, discoveries and advances of our
understanding of biology (including genetics), bio-chemistry, and brain functions have revealed that our psychology is
shaped by all of these factors. Now, the nature vs. nurture is primarily a non-issue.
Topical vs. Chronological: In human development, one can teach the course topically or chronologically. This simply
means that the course goes through the stages of development by age group (chronologically) or by topics like physical
development, cognitive development, language, family, emotional, and/or social (topically). Professors in early childhood
education and other more applied departments tend to teach this course chronologically. In the four year market as a
course in Psychology and not in education, you will find more professors approaching the subject topically.
Developmental Psychology Course - The difference between Lifespan and Child Development?
Child & Adolescent Development:(60% chronological and 40% topical), focuses on how children behave and
develop, taking either a chronological approach or a topical approach. This course is usually required of education, human
development, family studies majors, and is often taught in multiple departments on any single campus.
Lifespan/Human Development: Chronological or topical approach. Covers the wide range of issues in physical,
cognitive, and social development of humans from the prenatal stage to death. Also called the womb to tomb course.
Social-cultural Psychology: Social psychologist focus their study and research on interactions between humans on the
individual and societal levels and the influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behavior of others. Some
common “buzzwords” within social psychology are phenomena like “hindsight bias” (our tendency to overestimate our
powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event) and “fundamental attribution error” (our tendency to
favor personality-based explanations over situational ones).
Psychodynamics: Psychoanalysts (clinical psychologists who use this specific approach) approach their work through
this perspective which evaluates human behavior based on a set of mental and emotional processes that develop starting
in early childhood.
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