THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Global College Psychology Discipline Team US Marketing US Editorial - Psychology US Editorial - Graduate Level Counseling Marketing Manager Senior Acq. Editor Senior Acq. Editor Lisa Brown: 7447 Reid Hester: 7351 Kassie Graves: 7545 Marketing Associate Associate Editor Assistant Editor Anna Guico: 7517 Nathan Davidson: 7561 Maggie Stanley: 7256 Digital Content Editor Editorial Assistant Lauren Habib: 7505 Elizabeth Luizzi: 7134 UK Editorial Psychology Senior Acquisitions Editor Michael Carmichael Micahel.carmichael@sagepu b.com Marketing Manager Alison Borg alison.borg@sagepub.com Editorial Assistant Sarita Sarak: 7133 Discipline Overview & Key Market Trends Impacting the Discipline Discipline Overview Psychology encompasses many areas of specialization and most students, regardless of their major, will be required to take more than one course in their pursuit of a Bachelor’s degree. The courses vary from industrial and organizational psychology for your Business majors, child development for your Education majors, learning theory for Instructional Designers, and bio-psychology for Pre-med. Psychology isn’t just for aspiring Psychologists! One of the largest departments in the Social Sciences, Psychology has moved from being considered a “soft” science to one that is rich in scientific quantitative research. The field continues to grow and develop as more researchers contribute to the very large body of evidence that now exists that helps us to understand who we are, how we think, react, learn, develop, and a growing field of research on what happens as we begin the journey into advanced aging. The advances in our understanding of cognitive processing, neuropsychology, and abnormal psychology have led to near miraculous treatments for those suffering from mental illness, brain trauma, and PTSD. The research that has been conducted in learning has influenced how we teach and brought about a revolution in education and instructional design. The field of forensic psychology has helped to profile criminals, deepen the understanding of the reasons for criminal behavior, and advanced the ability to sentence criminals appropriately. The strides made in understanding the interconnectivity of all of these individual fields has led to break-through techniques for counselors and therapists. SAGE Publications has been an important reporting mechanism for this scholarship and supports the researchers and scholars in this field by continuing to publish in the upper levels of this field. SAGE publishes 70 academic journals in the many fields of Psychology including the journals for all of the divisions of the APS (Association of Psychological Science) and many for the APA (American Psychological Association). SAGE is well thought of in the community of psychology, and you can be confident that you will be welcome in this discipline as you call on it. THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Learning About The Discipline Schools The study of Psychology at the undergraduate level is undertaken for general education courses as well as for Psych majors in the discipline. Typically two undergraduate courses in Psychology are required as general education course work for those pursuing an Associate’s Degree or a Bachelor’s degree for all discipline majors. Along with the required Introduction to Psychology course, a student may take an elective in Psychology. The most popular courses for that second course are Bio-Psychology, Human Sexuality, Abnormal Psychology, Child or Lifespan Development, or Social Psychology. These courses are taught at the four year schools and community colleges. Most four year schools have a specific Psychology department. At the two year level, Psychology may be housed in the Social Science department, but larger schools will have a separate Psych department too. In 2012, over 100,000 students graduated with an undergrad degree in Psychology. @ 20,000 with a graduate degree. Majors, Advanced Degrees, and Other Programs of Study At the Bachelor’s level, a student can follow a few different paths in Psychology. Below are the categories and the individual courses that are associated with them. Social Psychology – Human Sexuality, Sex and Gender, Prejudice, Multicultural, Human Relations, Industrial/Organizational, Health, Group Dynamic, Women, Sports, Positive Psychology Developmental Psychology – Lifespan, Child & Adolescent Development, Adolescent, Adulthood, Aging, Death & Dying, Aging, Cognitive Development, Language Development Cognitive Psychology – Intro to Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Learning, Memory, Sensation and Perception, Motivation and Emotion, Psych of Language, Learning Theory, Memory History and Systems – History of Psychology, Cross-Cultural Psychology Physiological Psychology – Neuropsychology,Neuroscience, Biological Psychology, Physiological Psychology, Psychopharmacology, Evolutionary Psychology Research – Research Methods, Statistics, Testing and Measurement, Experimental Design Clinical Psychology – Introduction to Clinical Psychology, Personality, Marriage and Family Counseling, Psychoanalysis, Learning and Conditioning, Intro to Counseling Skills, Counseling Theory, Behavior Modification, Community Psychology, Violence There are typically four areas of concentration for those pursuing a graduate degree in Psychology: Counselor/Therapist – counseling skills, assessment, and treatment School Counselor – counseling skills with children and adolescents, child abuse, drug abuse Clinical Psychologists -- counseling skills, assessment, and treatment for the mentally ill Experimental Psychologists –research methods, assessment, experimental testing, psychometrics, statistics. These psychologists typically pursue a Ph.D. Other areas of concentration for Psychology majors are: Forensics, Sports, Health, Law, Behavioral Medicine, Industrial/Organizational, and Human Factors. For the purposes of identifying where our counseling titles fit, you will find concentrations for a counselor in M.A. or M.S. program in Psychology are typically Clinical/Counseling Psychology, Applied Psychology or Marriage and Family. These courses offer more rigorous advanced study in testing and assessment, research methods, and statistical analysis. Desired Knowledge, Skills, and Certification At the undergraduate level, there is a concentration on understanding each field of Psychology on a broad basis in the first two years, and then an area of specialization is generally decided upon. For those that will be pursuing an advanced degree in Psychology, it is necessary to understand the influence of social and biological factors on one’s Psychology in addition to the cognitive and neurological influences. At the graduate level, the skills, desired knowledge, and certifications depend on the path the student is pursuing. Counselors, clinicians, and therapists all need to be licensed by their state to practice. There is a skill set required to THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE know the latest advancements in testing, assessment, and evaluation as well as therapeutic techniques. For researchers, a deep understanding of statistics, research methods, and conducting experiments is necessary. At least an M.A. and the state licensure are required for all counselors, clinicians, and therapists beyond drug counselors. Career Paths and Employment Trends for Students of Discipline At the Bachelor’s level, a Psych major is qualified to be a: Psychometrist or Clinician – this is someone who can conduct assessments and administer psychological tests in a variety of settings including schools, clinics, and HR departments. Substance Abuse Counselor – this is someone who works at a clinic, rehabilitation organization, agency, or community based program. Nurse – nurses will pursue a Psych degree before or after their initial RN degree is conferred upon them. Human Resource Specialist – those pursuing a career in HR are very well equipped for their jobs with a BA in Psych. It prepares them with a little of everything for including research, assessment, training, and an overview of positive psych as well as abnormal. Industrial-Organizational Psychology (IO) – typically work in HR, training and design, and business settings. Graduate level: Depending on their course work, a student may pursue a career as a Counselor, Marriage and Family Therapist, School Counselor, Educational Psychologist, Clinical Psychologist, Experimental Psychologist – or Research Psychologist, Industrial/Organizational Psychologist, Human Factors Engineer, Forensic Psychologist, Sports Psychologist, and NeuroPsychologist to name a few! The Student and Instructor of the Discipline Students pursuing a degree in Psychology at the undergraduate level often think that these are easy courses until they take them. There is still the impression that Psychology is not as rigorous a discipline as it is. Students often find thes e courses to be challenging, and they quickly learn that every course in Psychology requires the same amount of effort as their other classes, sometimes more. Stats and Research Methods are often dreaded courses for the Psych major and difficult for them to understand, and it is important to be cognizant of these challenges that professors face here. As with most disciplines, once a student is over the hurdle of their first year or two, they are ready for the more academically rigorous concentration areas. Most Bachelor’s programs require the Intro Psych course plus one elective. Those electives are in the intro level for Psychology majors, and Abnormal Psych and Human Sexuality are popular electives for the GE requirement. Bio-Psych is often a required course for pre-med students, and Education majors are required to take a development course; however these are intro level elective courses too and can be used to fulfill the GE requirement. Instructors in Psychology come from clinical, counseling, and research backgrounds. It’s important to know what they want their textbook to do – offer a different perspective or the same. Current research and trends are important to them, and meeting the students’ needs is as well. An instructor’s background not only influences the kinds of courses they’re likely to teach but also the kinds of books and approaches they are likely to prefer for more general courses that all instructors teach (like Intro, Methods, and Stats). A social psychologist is going to take a different approach to teaching methods than a cognitive person, for example. You can ask the simple question, “what other courses do you teach?”, but finding out about a professor’s background and area of concentration within the discipline answers that question and many others (like what courses MIGHT they teach in the future or what kind of writing might they be likely to do). Market Trends / Hot Topics: More interest in the coverage of cognitive development, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology included in all texts. The overview of Psychology is much more balanced now. Where Social Psychology approaches were the dominant focus of most undergraduate course, they now need to include the Science of Psych. “Psych of…” courses within psychology tend to be fairly fluid and change based on the latest topics of interest within academia more generally. For example Psych of Diversity appears to be growing (or it may be a general course title for a THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE course that’s really being taught as Psych of Prejudice), Psych of Women seems to be transitioning to Psych of Gender, Psych of Law is morphing into Forensic and Legal Psych. Whenever a course is transitioning from one approach to another the title of the course won’t be as revealing as the book in use, so it’s really important to do your homework before sampling a book or pitching something to a professor in an interview. Another trend developing is more interest in process and not just a focus on content. So courses like Cognitive Psychology are likely to now have a lab component so that students can see for themselves how classic Cognitive experiments really work. These lab components open up opportunities for us to sell workbooks, lab manuals, and online products like StatLab. Active-learning and learner-centered instruction are trending right now due to the research of the past twenty years on constructivist learning theory. Constructivism is defined by the learner being able to construct his or her own understanding of the learning material through active participation. Students are given the path plus clear guidelines, directions, and tools. Often students are asked to do research projects. There is ample evidence that when a learner is an active participant in the construct of their own understanding of a subject that the retention of understanding is greater and the learning more in-depth. Case-based learning and problem-based learning are additional strategies that can be used in active learning environments. THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE CURRICULUM OVERVIEW Psychology Minors: Majors: Intro Psychology Research Methods Abnormal Psychology Statistics Bio-Psychology Ethics Personality History of Psychology Human Sexuality Testing & Measurement Child Development Clinical Devleopmental Cognitive Social/Community Physiological Psychology Industrial Organization Forensic Sports - Health Evolutionary Courses SAGE Publishes in Courses SAGE does not yet publish in THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Course Overview Freshman / Sophmore Courses Child Development 350K Junior / Senior Courses Clinical Psychology Upper Level Electives / Graduate Courses Group Dynamics 25K 60K Applied Social Psychology 20K Intro to Counseling Skills 80K Abnormal Psychology 350K Positive Psychology 35K Multicultural Counseling 60K Statistics 250K Multi and Cross Cultural Psych 60K Memory 35K Research Methods 300K Psychology of Prejudice 20K Evolutionary 25K Developmen tal Research Methods 30K Advanced Research & Stats 50K Family Counseling 45K Testing & Measurement/ Psychometrics 75K Learning 45K Ethics 60K Experimental Psychology 35K Forensic Psychology 30K African American Psychology 20K Cognitive Psychology 80K Intro to Cognitive Science 25K Bio-Psych 400K Courses SAGE Publishes in Courses New to SAGE Cognitive Development 15K History of Pscyhology 40K THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Discipline Selling Dynamics Attribute Decision Dynamics Faculty Dynamics Student Dynamics Student Technology Dynamics Instructor Technology Dynamics Format/Length Dynamics Price Dynamics Decision Dynamics Attrition Rate Dynamics Impact (Opportunities, Challenges) /Key Questions It varies across schools whether adoptions can be by committee or individual choice. Typically, the lower the course on the curriculum level, it tends to split between committee and individual. The more upper-level / graduate courses tend to be almost always individual. This is one of the most popular majors. Their classes are packed (esp. at the lower level), and they have a lot on their plates. They don’t have a lot of time and patience to deal with textbook decisions Inertia regarding changing textbooks runs rampant—due in part to workload Instructors are increasingly relying on TAs to share the workload Students think they are going to learn how to help people. Why that is certainly one component of psychology, they also have to learn biopsychology, neuroscience, stats, etc.—i.e. topics they didn’t think they’d be studying. Intro. / lower-level students typically aren’t too interested in reading the required text(s) Students absolutely need/insist on companion sites with exercises, data sets, quizzes, videos, links, etc. Many instructors teaching at the lower-level undergraduate level won’t even consider adopting a textbook without a seriously robust ancillary package for both students and themselves. On the instructor end, they require PPs, Blackboard, syllabi, quizzes/tests, in-class assignments, etc. There is more leeway in the upper-level undergraduate / graduate level area. They demand CURRENT research – especially in the upper levels where we publish. Instructors have a hard time getting students to purchase the required text, let alone reading it. They want a highly accessible but comprehensive text for their course. The text(s) cannot be overly long. The ever-rising cost of texts is a major concern for both instructors and students. The competitors are playing a lot of price games out there. Watch it! They’ll drop the price down if they know they may lose the adoption. Price should always be on the table but know that the Cengage, MHHE, and Pearson reps will play this card in larger adoptions. SAGE should continue to trumpet our price advantage to help offset customer dissatisfaction It varies across schools whether adoptions can be by committee or individual choice. Typically, the lower the course on the curriculum level, it tends to split between committee and individual. The more upper-level / graduate courses tend to be almost always individual. 100,000 students graduated with an undergraduate degree in Psychology in 2012 up from @ 90,000 in 2011. (http://nces.ed.gov) THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Psychology Top Sellers Author Title Pub Date LOE Units / Sales 8,782/ $642,683 7,214 / $346,223 4656 / $282,306 Garrett Brain & Behavior 11-3-2010 Levi Group Dynamics for Teams 4/28/2010 Levine Child Development 9/16/2010 Pomerantz Clinical Psychology, 3e 9/24/2012 Galotti Cognitive Psychology, 5e 1/3/2013 Privitera Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 9/7/2011 2,929 / $218,987 Snyder Positive Psychology 9/14/2010 4,188 / $220,727 McBride The Process of Research in Psychology 3/20/2012 2,493 / $154,907 Schwartz An Easy Guide to APA Style 2/15/2011 8,158 / $154,246 Fisher Decoding the Ethics Code, 3e 9/11/2012 380 / $20,055 Evans Methods in Psychological Research 7/20/2012 2676 / $151,582 111 / $8,746 1st Year BPE Units / Sales - 2800/ $233,744 3500 / $274,050 2,705 / $153,957 2,925 / $146,965 THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE Key Course Areas (Key Frontlist A-AAA Titles Publishing in Q1 2013 and some Q4 2012) Course: Cognitive Psychology Course Overview: Cognitive psychology is the study of the mind; how we perceive the world, remember, reason, think, and learn. This course will present an overview of cognitive psychology; its findings, theories, and approach. Key SAGE Product: Galotti, Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e PRIORITY: AA (in an AA market) Course: Introduction to the Cognitive Science Course Overview: A team taught course highlighting development of the field and the broad range of topics covered in the major. Topics include addiction, analogy, animal cognition, human-computer interaction, language, neuroimaging, neural networks, reasoning, robots, and real-world applications. Key SAGE Product: Sobel, The Cognitive Sciences PRIORITY: B Course: Introduction to Statistics Course Overview: Statistics are used to analyze and make sense of the results of research studies, so this course is closely connected to the Research Methods course. Objectives and pitfalls of various statistical procedures are studied throughout this course. The statistics course is heavy with mathematical approaches and terminology such as the structure of data sets, histograms, means, and standard deviations, correlation and regression, probability, binomial and normal distributions, interpretation of estimates, confidence intervals, and significance tests. Key SAGE Product: Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics PRIORITY: A (In a AAA market) Course: Advanced Stats or Graduate Level Stats ( Heavy SPSS orientation) Course Overview: Objectives and pitfalls of statistical studies. Structure of data sets, histograms, means, and standard deviations. Correlation and regression. Probability, binomial and normal. Interpretation of estimates, confidence intervals, and significance tests. Key SAGE Product: Field, Discovering Statistics using SPSS, 4e PRIORITY: AA (In a AAA market) Course: Tests and Measurement Overview: Introduction to the general area of mental measurement. Theory and content of measuring devices in the fields of intelligence, interests, personality, and special aptitudes will be reviewed. Includes an analysis of the psychometric procedures used to develop and validate educational and psychological instruments. Key SAGE Product: Miller/McIntyre: Foundations of Psychological Testing 4/e PRIORITY: A (In AA market) Course: Introduction to Clinical Psychology Course Overview: This course is designed to survey major aspects of clinical psychology such as historical background, assessment and intervention models, current trends and future directions in clinical practice. Key SAGE Product: Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 3e PRIORITY: AA (In a AA market) Course: Group Dynamics in Organizations, Psychology of Groups, Teams Course Overview: This course covers the role of group processes in changing behavior, as well as the principle modes of counseling and therapy. Also covered are the principles of verbal and nonverbal communication, modes of learning, key concepts that enhance learning and significant communication. Key SAGE Product: Levi, Group Dynamics PRIORITY: A (In a A market) Courses: Children & the Media, Communication & Media Studies Course Overview: This specialty course will review the current literature on how media use affects children's mental health as well as their cognitive, emotional and social development. Discussions will include an examination of THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE controversial issues, such as media’s effects on children’s violent behavior, substance abuse, and the potential benefits of media. Key SAGE Product: Strasburger, Children, Adolescents, and the Media 3e PRIORITY: A (In a A market) Courses: Psychology –ALL Courses Course Overview: Any course that has a writing assignment/research paper or presentation would be interested in packaging or assigning the Schwartz, An Easy Guide to APA Style, 2e. Key SAGE Product: Schwartz, An Easy Guide to APA Style, 2e PRIORITY: A Buzzword Glossary APA: American Psychological Association – SAGE publishes many of its journals including the Teaching of Psychology division, Counseling Psychologist, Psychology of Women, Assessment, Counseling Outcome Research & Evaluation, Interpersonal Violence, Child Maltreatment, Traumatology, and many others in related disciplines. APS: Association for Psychological Science – SAGE publishes all of the APS professional journals. Ethics: The study of the effective conduct in the practice and science of psychology to preserve and protect the fundamental rights and welfare of those with whom they work. (The APA has its own code that is established by an Ethics Committee and is reviewed periodically. The last update was in 2002.) ANOVA: In statistics – Analysis of Variance MANOVA: In statistics – Multivariate Analysis of Variance REGRESSION: In statistics – regression analysis is a technique used to estimate the relationship among variables. Typically is found in advanced stats or later in intro stats texts. SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences – widely used statistic software from IBM. Most college campuses license the program and use it to compute statistical data. Because most schools use SPSS, we have textbooks that give specific examples of SPSS. R: Free statistics computation program that is gaining in popularity at college campuses, because it is free. It is a little more advanced than most intro stats students can handle. Some professors love it, and some find it to be very difficult to learn. NEUROSCIENCE: Concerned with the study of the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and the molecular biology of nerves, nervous tissue, and brain function and how these affect behavior and learning. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: The applied science of brain-behavior relationships to assist in assessment and treatment programs for those with medical disorders, cognitive or learning problems, developmental disorders, or psychiatric conditions. This is typically a course taken for those who are interested in clinical psychology. BIO-PSYCHOLOGY: The study of the biological bases of behavior including the molecular and cellular basis of neural functioning as well as genetic functions and how these systems relate to behavior. Can be called Physiological Psych or Brain and Behavior PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Study of the physiological basis of behavior and the physical factors that affect the nervous system, including heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet. An experimental science, physiological psychology relies heavily on laboratory research and quantitative data. Can be called bio-psychology. THE LEAST YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY DISCIPLINE fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a procedure that has brought loads of innovation and excitement to virtually all areas of psychology, and it is largely responsible for the growing interest in adding neuropsychology coverage to most course areas. This procedure measures blood flow in the brain while specific tasks (functions) are being performed. The goal of fMRI data analysis is to detect correlations between brain activation and a task the subject performs during the scan. FMRI is used in both the research world and in the clinical world. COGNITION: The mental process of thought. The cognitive sciences explore the concept of thought in all living creatures and computers (artificial intelligence). Cognitive psychology focuses specifically on the process of human thought. Cognitive Psychology vs. Cognitive Development: Cognitive psychology explores how one processes thought, how biological, sociological, and cultural influences can affect it, and how both affect one’s perception, learning, memory, behavior, and reactions. Cognitive development explores the construction (development) of the thought process from birth to adulthood (into aging). It is studied in community psychology, neuroscience, and developmental psychology. Psych of Prejudice vs. Multicultural Psychology: The psychology of prejudice focuses on why people discriminate against others, the individuals own cultural bias, and the roots of prejudice. Multicultural psychology focuses on how one’s cultural upbringing affects the individual and the group, and how that group or individual interacts with other cultures both positively and negatively. Both of these areas have opened the definition of culture to include socio-economic status and class. Also, issues of gender, sexual identity, and disability have influenced the view of culture as well. Nature vs. Nurture: In the early part of the last century, most psychologists believed that ones’ psychology and behavior was based on their ‘nature’ – that the personality and mental capabilities you have are based on your hereditary history. Subsequently, the trend in the middle part of the 20th century psychologists was to research the theory that the way you were treated and conditioned as a child shaped ones’ behavior and personality – these psychologists were considered to be behaviorists. The nature vs. nurture debate was born. In the later 20th century, discoveries and advances of our understanding of biology (including genetics), bio-chemistry, and brain functions have revealed that our psychology is shaped by all of these factors. Now, the nature vs. nurture is primarily a non-issue. Topical vs. Chronological: In human development, one can teach the course topically or chronologically. This simply means that the course goes through the stages of development by age group (chronologically) or by topics like physical development, cognitive development, language, family, emotional, and/or social (topically). Professors in early childhood education and other more applied departments tend to teach this course chronologically. In the four year market as a course in Psychology and not in education, you will find more professors approaching the subject topically. Developmental Psychology Course - The difference between Lifespan and Child Development? Child & Adolescent Development:(60% chronological and 40% topical), focuses on how children behave and develop, taking either a chronological approach or a topical approach. This course is usually required of education, human development, family studies majors, and is often taught in multiple departments on any single campus. Lifespan/Human Development: Chronological or topical approach. Covers the wide range of issues in physical, cognitive, and social development of humans from the prenatal stage to death. Also called the womb to tomb course. Social-cultural Psychology: Social psychologist focus their study and research on interactions between humans on the individual and societal levels and the influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behavior of others. Some common “buzzwords” within social psychology are phenomena like “hindsight bias” (our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event) and “fundamental attribution error” (our tendency to favor personality-based explanations over situational ones). Psychodynamics: Psychoanalysts (clinical psychologists who use this specific approach) approach their work through this perspective which evaluates human behavior based on a set of mental and emotional processes that develop starting in early childhood.