Sudan
Berlin Conference: 1884
Major European powers came together to
discuss how Africa would be divided up.
 Belgium gets the Congo.
 General Prohibition of Slave trade.
 Principle of effectivity: not in name only.
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Treaties signed
Administer it on site
Fly your flag
Use it economically
Light Salmon (Kerry): Britain
Lt Blue: France
Yellow: Belgium
Purple:
Portugal Green: Italy Paler Blue: Germany. White: Independent. Pink: Spain.
Egypt
Sudan
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Uganda
Congo
Somalia
Kenya
Tanzania
Angola
Zambia
Namibia
Namibia
Botswana
S. Africa
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Problems in Africa
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Generally fall into four categories:
– Lack of development
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Discouraged by colonialists who did not leave until the 1950s.
Industrial nations more interested in materials and markets than
developing ex-colonies.
Previously-lived, subsistence agricultural/Malthusian life’s
disrupted by colonials who created Plantation economic systems
and wage labor.
Health and dietary issues not addressed.
– Borders drawn by colonialists for there own interests.
(traditional enemies within).
– Despots, often placed in power and supported by the Soviet
Union and the U.S. during the Cold War.
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They’ve stolen much of the wealth usually derived from raw
materials
Do little to build infrastructure or developed second level industries
with that wealth.
Many multinational corporation have been afraid to invest there
because of theft, corruption an lack of infrastructure.
 Plantation/Hacienda
systems set up
through a process of land seizures,
purchases, treaties, which
consolidated small subsistence farms
into economy of scale farms.
– These farms “hired” workers for a wage,
leaving workers.
Sudan
Population: 44 Million
 Size: About the Size of Texas, largest
African country.
 Population Pyramid
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
_ 65 ( 2.5%)
 _______________________
15-64(56%)
 _________________ 0-14 (40.7%)
Infant Mortality 20th highest out of 229.
 Growth Rate 2.5% (31);
 5 children per couple average;
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Facts
Life Expectancy: 54 (200th of 229)
 HIV Rate 1.4% (45th)
 Major Diseases: Water Born, Malaria.
 Population: 52% Black; 39% Arab;
 Religion: 70% Sunni; 25% Animist; 5%
Christian;
 Literacy Rate: 61% (F:50; M: 72%)
 Percent GDP spent on Education: 6%
(higher than U.S.
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Economy
 GDP
Per Capita: 2200 (187 out of
229)
 Inflation: 11%
 National Debt: 110% of GDP (US
about 80%)
 40% live below poverty line
Government
Military dictatorship.
 Omar al Bashir seized power in 1989,
trying to establish Islamic State with
Sharia law.
 Country had been in civil war between
Arabs of North with “black” African/animist
of South, since freedom from Britain in
1956
 In 2008, the International Criminal Court
(no U.S.), indicted Bashir for crimes
against humanity. In 2010, Genocide
was added to the charges, for actions
of Janjaweed militias, trained, funded
and ordered by government.

Ahmad al Bashir
History
Mohammed Ali of Egypt conquered
northern Sudan in 1821, for the
Ottoman’s. (same guy who defeated the
Wahhabi uprising at the turn of the
century.)
 In 1882, after the building of the Suez
Canal, Britain occupied Egypt/Sudan
(Capitulations) and administered Sudan
until 1952.
 They administered Southern Sudan
separately from the north, believing
the southerners were incapable of
development. (Some born to rule, others
to be ruled.) Kept North South apart.
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 The
History
existence of a slave trade in
northern Sudan, with the
southerners being victims, has
gone on for thousands of years, up
to present day.
 The British tried to stop it.
 There was an uprising by the Mahdi
in 1885 and Britain removed troops
until 1899, when they reoccupied it
 Britain Wanted control of the Nile in
Sudan going to build Aswan Dam on
Nile.
 Sudan
History
achieved independence
after the British gave up control of
Egypt in 1952.(Nasser)
 Civil War started almost immediately
as the south feared domination by
the north. Current conflict going on
basically for fifty years.
 Britain had thought about uniting the
South with Uganda and Kenya, other
British colonies, but did not. This
division would have made more
ethnic sense.
Bashir and Bin Ladin and the U.S.
Bashir (encouraged?) allowed Osama Bin
Ladin and Hezbollah to set up camps in
Sudan in the 1990s that led to them
being listed as a terrorist state.
 It was from there, with pressure from
U.S., after the bombings in Kenya and
Tanzania, that Bin Ladin was expelled and
went to Afghanistan.
 Lost boys were children who fled the
South during the civil war, settled in
Ethiopia and Kenya, and finally the U.S.
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 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/vid
eo/2011/jan/10/southern-sudanvotes-referendum-video?intcmp=239