Biology Final Exam Study Guide- Units 1 and 2
Classification
I. What is life?
A-4.a: Describe the biological criteria that need to be met in order for an organism to be considered alive.
1. Complete the following table:
Criteria to be considered
living:
Cells
Description of criteria
Organized
Prokaryotic- no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic- nucleus, membrane bound organelles
Cells  tissue  organs, etc
Hemeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Energy
Autotrophs- make their own food; heterotrophs- must get food from other sources
reproduction
Sexual and asexual
growth
II. Organization
A-4.b: Define and provide examples of each level of organization.
2. List the levels of organization in order.
Subatomic particle, atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
III. Classification
E-3.a: Explain how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that
reflect their evolutionary relationships.
3. How are organisms classified? __based on evolutionary relationships_____________________________
4. How do scientists determine evolutionary relationships between organisms? Based on similarities that reflect
relationships- morphological relationships and genetic relationships.
E-3.b: List each of the major levels in the hierarchy of taxa: kingdom, phylum, etc.
5. List the major levels in the hierarchy of taxa in order.
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 species
E-3.e: Distinguish between and among viruses, bacteria, and protists, and give an example of each.
E-3.f: Explain classification criteria for fungi, plants, and animals.
6. Create a concept map describing the different kingdoms. Include # and type of cells, and energy source.
(Complete on a separate sheet of paper)
IV. Animal Divisions
E-3.g: Compare the major divisions of animals.
7. Complete the following table.
Phylum
Symmetry
Digestion
Skeleton
Reproduction
Example
Porifera
Asymmetrical
Cellular
Spicules
Sponges
Cnideria
Radial
One way
None
Asexual and
sexual
Both
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral
One way
None
Both
Tapeworms
Nemotode
Bilateral
Two way
None
Both
Hookworms
Mollusca
Bilateral
Two way
Shell
Sexual
Snails
Annelid
Bilateral
Two way
Hydrostatic
Sexual
Earthworm
Arthropod
Bilateral
Two way
exoskeleton
Sexual
Spider, roach
Echinoderm
Radial
Two way
Endoskeleton
Sexual
Sea urchin
Chordata
Bilateral
Two way
Endoskeleton,
notochord
Sexual
Human, giraffe,
whale
Jellyfish
V. Binomial Nomenclature
E-3.c: Explain the binomial nomenclature system.
8. Define binomial nomenclature. 2 word naming system
9. How are scientific names (binomial nomenclature) written? In italics, first letter of first word capitalized, second
word lowercase. (Homo sapien)
10. What does the first word in a scientific name represent? genus
11. What does the second word represent? species
Plants
I. Flower Anatomy
ACT: E-2.b: Explain the functions of unique plant structures, including the cell wall, chloroplasts, and critical parts
of the flower and seed.

Label the parts of the flower. Include the following:
Stem, peduncle, sepals, petals, ovary, style, stigma, pistil (carpel), anther, filament, stamen, pollen, and ovule
petal
stigma
anther
style
filament
ovary
sepal
stem

Describe the function of each part of the flower.
1.
Stem: supports flower, transports water and nutrients
2.
Peduncle: supports flower, flower sits here
3.
Sepals: surrounds and protects flower bud
4.
Petals: attracts pollinators
5.
Ovary: houses ovules, swells into fruit, female reproductive organ
6.
Style: tube through which pollen travels to meet the ovule
7.
Stigma: part of the female reproductive system that receives pollen
8.
Pistil: entire female reproductive system of plant
9.
Anther: top part of male reproductive system, pollen is produced here
10. Filament: supports the anther
11. Stamen: male reproductive system of the plant
12. Pollen: male reproductive cell
13. Ovule: female reproductive cell
II. Seed Anatomy
ACT: E-2.b: Explain the functions of unique plant structures, including the cell wall, chloroplasts, and critical parts
of the flower and seed.

Draw and label the major structures of the seed. Include the following:
Seed coat, micropyle, hilum, plant embryo, cotyledon

Describe the function of the following seed parts.
1.
Seed coat: surrounds and protects the seed
2.
Micropyle: porelike opening through which water moves into the seed
3.
Hilum: scar on the seed from where it was attached to the ovary wall
4.
Plant embryo: “baby” plant, will develop into true plant after germination
5.
Cotyledon: food source for plant embryo

Compare monocots and dicots. Monocots- one cotyledon; Dicots: 2 cotyledons
III. Plant Reproduction
ACT: E-2.a: Describe the basic mechanisms of plant processes, especially movement of materials and plant
reproduction.
1.
Describe the difference between pollination, fertilization, and dispersal. Pollination is the movement of pollen
from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization is the meeting of pollen (sperm) and the ovule (egg) in a plant to
produce a seed. Dispersal is the movement of seeds away from the parent seed. This can be done by animals,
water, wind.
2.
Define germination: the early growth of a plant. When the plant first emerges from the seed.
3.
Draw the plant reproduction cycle. Label with key steps and the following:
a. Pollination
b. Fertilization
c. Dispersal
IV. Plant Transport
ACT: E-2.a: Describe the basic mechanisms of plant processes, especially movement of materials and plant
reproduction.
1.
2.
Describe the function of the following:
a.
Roots: absorbs water, nutrients, anchors plant into ground
b.
Leaves: captures solar energy
c.
Stem: supports, protects plants. Transport system for water and nutrients
List the 3 main tissues of a plant:
a.
Ground tissue
b.
Dermal Tissue
c.
Vascular
3.
What covers the outer dermal tissue of a plant and helps to prevent water loss? wax
4.
Describe the function of a guard cell. Regulates water loss and gas exchange, surrounds stomata
5.
Where are most guard cells located? underside of leaf
6.
What is a stomata? Pore-like opening through which water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can enter/exit
plant
7.
If guard cells are full of water, they swell and the stomata opens. If they have no water, they shrink and the
stomata close.
8.
9.
For each of the following conditions, determine if the stomata will be open or closed.
a.
Very hot, no water: closed
b.
Sunny, photosynthesis is occurring: open
c.
Night time: closed
Describe the function of xylem and phloem. Make sure you know what they carry, and where they carry it!
a.
Xylem: carries water from the root to the rest of the plant
b.
Phloem: carries nutrients from the source (leaves) to the sink (where it is used, roots)
10. Where does most of the plant’s photosynthesis occur? leaves
11. Describe the following:
a.
Transpiration: the evaporation of water from a plant
b.
Capillary action: the tendency of water to rise in thin tubes.