Clause is a group of related words that
contain a subject and a verb.
Phrase is a group of related words that
does not contain a subject and a verb.
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A. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adj. Phrases
It can be done when the clause modifies
subjective nouns/pronouns using the relative
pronouns: who, which, or that.
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b. The topic that was discussed is boring. (clause)
The topic discussed is boring.
(phrase)
c. That is the shirt which is suitable for you.
That is the shirt suitable for you.
d. The old house that is in the corner is his.
The old house in the corner is his.
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2. Omit the pronoun and change the verb to –ing
form if there is no be used to form the clause.
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A. Reducing Adverb Clauses to Adv. Phrases
It can be done only when the subjects of
both sub clause and main clause refer to
the same person.
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1. Changing Adverb Clauses Time to Modifying
Phrases
This kind of clause is usually introduced by:
after, before, while, and since.
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Examples:
b. Since Marry moved here, she has got a lot of
friends.
Since moving here, Marry has got a lot of friends.
c. After he (had) sold his house, he built a new one.
 After selling his house, he built a new one.
 After having sold his house, he built a new one.
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2. Expressions of “During the Same Time”
This kind of clause is usually introduced by:
while.
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b. While Ann was sitting in the class, she fell
asleep.
 While sitting in the class, Ann fell asleep.
 Sitting in the class, Ann fell asleep.
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3. Expressions of Cause and Effect Relationships
This kind of clause is usually introduced by:
because.
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