 Griffith – how did his experiment work, what did it prove? What is transformation
 Double helix
(monomer/polymer)
 Parts of nucleotide
 3 important functions of
DNA
 Where is DNA in cell?
 Backbone of molecule  Oswald Avery – how did this experiment work, what did it confirm?
 Hydrogen bonding (purine and pyrimidine)
 DNA stores the codes for making what?
 What is a gene?
 Base pairing rules (ACTG)  Hershey/Chase – experimental design, bacteriophage, E. coli, radioactive markers (isotopes), two parts of a virus?
 Sides of ladder/rungs (5’ and 3’
 Why doesn’t DNA leave the nucleus?
 Chargaff – proportions of A=T and C=G
• Watson and Crick
• Rosie Franklin
• X-ray Crystallography
• Why replicate?
• Semi-conservative
• Identify parent and daughter
• Enzymes involved (6)
• Okazaki fragments
• 3’ and 5’ – antiparallel
• Polymerase builds in 5’-3’ direction
• Replication fork
• Replication bubble
• Leading/Lagging strands

 Flow of genetic information
DNA to RNA to protein
 Proteins carry out specific functions in body, form enzymes, responsible for physical differences
(phenotypes)
 Gene holds the information for making a specific protein
 How are genes expressed?
 What are the chemical differences between RNA and
DNA
 tRNA-has anticodons on one end and amino acid on other
 mRNA-has codons (triplet code) and uses U instead of T.
 rRNA – ribosome made of
RNA and protein, large and small subunits
 Uses mRNA formed during transcription
 Where does translation happen within the cell?
 How does translation differ from transcription
 Three types of RNA come together
 Ribosome is protein factory that combines mRNA and tRNA (initiation, elongation, termination)
 Translate genetic code
 Identify amino acids
Protein Synthesis
Chap. 17
• Amino acids are monomers
(20 AAs) – chain of AAs is a polypeptide
• Bond between amino acids called peptide bond
• After protein is formed it is shaped and folded in order to carry out a specific function
• DNA to mRNA
• Enzyme is RNA polymerase
• Occurs in the nucleus
• Way for DNA to send genetic codes
• mRNA is processed before leaving nucleus
• What is the difference between introns/exons?
• 5’ cap and poly A tail
• Transcribe genetic code