AS / A LEVEL BUSINESS
CONTENT
UNIT 1 BUSINESS OPORTUNITIES
Content
Enterprise
Business
plans
Markets
Market
research
Amplification
Explain the meaning of enterprise and SMEs
Explain how satisfying needs and wants can give opportunities to entrepreneurs
Identify business opportunities
Explain the role of the entrepreneur in creating, setting up, running and developing a
business
Explain the financial and non-financial motives of entrepreneurs
Explain the characteristics and skills of entrepreneurs
Explain the importance of entrepreneurs and SMEs to the primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors of the Welsh and the rest of the UK economies
Evaluate the impact of entrepreneurs and SMEs on businesses and the economy
Identify the various stakeholders who are affected by a business
Explain the purpose and main components of a business plan
Evaluate the importance of a business plan
Identify the main sources of information and guidance available to entrepreneurs
Explain what is meant by a market and competition
Identify different types of market, including local/global, mass/niche, trade/consumer,
product/service and seasonal
Analyse and interpret market data, including market size, market share and market
trends
Explain what is meant by market segmentation
Explain how markets are segmented
Evaluate the importance and impact of segmentation to a business and its customers
Understand that different markets have differing degrees of competition, ranging from
perfect competition to monopoly
Explain the features of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and
monopoly and their impact on business behaviour
Understand the reasons why consumers sometimes need protection from exploitation
from businesses
Explain what is meant by demand, supply and equilibrium
Understand the importance of demand and supply in the market
Explain the factors that lead to a change in demand and supply
Explain how a change in demand and supply can impact on price and quantity
Construct and interpret demand and supply diagrams
Understand the factors that cause the demand and supply curves to shift and the effect
this has on equilibrium price and quantity
Analyse and evaluate factors which affect demand and supply and equilibrium
Understand the concept of price and income elasticity of demand (learners are not
required to do calculations)
Explain the nature of inferior, normal and luxury goods
Explain what is meant by market research
Explain the value of carrying out market research
Distinguish between primary and secondary market research
Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data
Explain the different methods of primary and secondary research available to businesses
Explain the issues involved in selecting the most appropriate method of market research
Evaluate the use of the different methods of primary and secondary research
Interpret and evaluate quantitative and qualitative research
Explain what is meant by sampling
Explain the difference between random and quota sampling methods
Understand the need to avoid bias in market research
Evaluate the usefulness of sampling for a business and its stakeholders
Content
Business
structure
Business
location
Business
finance
Business
revenue &
costs
Amplification
Explain the difference between the private and public sector
Explain the aims of private sector businesses including survival, growth and profit
Explain the aims of the public sector and its role in providing goods and services in
Wales and the rest of the UK
Evaluate the roles of the public and private sectors in the provision of goods and
services
Explain the legal structure of different private sector business organisations including
sole traders, partnerships, private and public limited companies
Explain what is meant by unlimited liability and limited liability
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of choosing different legal structures for a
business
Evaluate the factors affecting the choice of the legal structure of a business
Explain the main features of not-for-profit organisations including social enterprises,
charities, co-operatives and societies
Evaluate the importance and impact of the legal structure for the various stakeholders for
a business
Explain the factors that need to be considered when locating a new business
Analyse these factors in relation to the needs of the business
Evaluate the choice of different locations for a new business
Explain the sources of finance available to entrepreneurs and SMEs in Wales and the
rest of the UK
Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each source of finance
Evaluate different sources of finance available to entrepreneurs and SMEs
Explain what is meant by costs, revenue and profit
Identify costs to a business, including fixed, variable, semi-variable, direct,
indirect/overhead costs and total costs
Calculate revenue, costs and profit
Interpret revenue, costs and profit calculations
Evaluate the impact of costs, revenue and profit on a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by contribution
Explain what is meant by break-even
Calculate contribution and understand its application to the calculation of break-even
Construct and interpret break-even charts, including the margin of safety
Illustrate on a break-even chart the effects of changes in costs and revenue
Analyse how changes in costs and/or revenue can affect break-even (‘what-if’ analysis)
Evaluate the usefulness of break-even to a business and its stakeholders
UNIT 2 – BUSINESS FUNCTIONS
Content
FunctionsMarketing
The
marketing
mix
Product
Price
Promotion
Place
Decisions
about the
marketing
mix
New
technology
Amplicfication
Explain the purpose of marketing and its importance to different types of business
organisation in different situations
Explain what is meant by market orientation, product orientation and asset-led
marketing
Explain what is meant by the marketing mix
Explain what is meant by product, product portfolio, brand, unique selling point (USP)
and differentiation
Evaluate the importance of having the right product(s) to a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by the product life cycle
Explain the stages in the product life cycle
Explain what is meant by an extension strategy
Construct and interpret a product life cycle diagram including extension strategies
Evaluate the impact of extension strategies on a business
Explain the relationship between the product life cycle and cash flow
Analyse product life cycles and extension strategies for different businesses, products
and markets
Evaluate the use of the product life cycle to a business and its stakeholders
Explain how the Boston matrix can be used to manage a product portfolio
Evaluate the use of the Boston matrix to a business and its stakeholders
Explain the different strategies used by businesses to determine the appropriate price for
a product including penetration, skimming, cost-plus, competitive, psychological and
contribution
Understand how different types of business organisations in different situations will use
different pricing strategies
Evaluate the importance for a business of selecting the most appropriate pricing strategy
Evaluate the impact of pricing decisions on a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by promotion
Explain the different above the line and below the line strategies used by businesses to
promote their products
Understand how different types of business organisations in different situations will use a
range of different promotional strategies
Explain the importance for a business of selecting the most appropriate promotional
strategy
Evaluate the impact of selecting the right promotional strategy on a business and its
stakeholders
Explain what is meant by place
Explain the different distribution channels used by businesses
Explain what is meant by multi-channel distribution
Explain the importance for a business of selecting the most appropriate distribution
channel/s
Evaluate the impact of selecting the right distribution channel/s on a business and its
stakeholders
Understand the importance of global marketing and global brands
Explain how the marketing mix will differ in different contexts including, local, national or
global markets, goods or services markets, size of business, niche or mass markets and
market structure
Evaluate the marketing mix in different contexts
Explain how new technology is used in marketing, including the role of digital media,
social media, e-tailing and m-commerce
Explain the impacts of new technology on existing businesses such as high street
retailers
Evaluate the impact of new technology on the marketing activities of businesses and its
stakeholders
Content
FunctionsFinance
Budgeting
Business
finance
Cash-flow
forecasting
The income
statement
Ratio
Analysis
Amplification
Understand the role of the finance department
Explain what is meant by a budget
Explain the purpose of budgets
Evaluate the use of budgets to a business and its stakeholders
Explain the sources of finance available to established and large businesses in Wales
and the rest of the UK and consider their appropriateness for different circumstances
Understand that sources of finance can be internal and/or external
Explain internal sources of finance including owner’s capital, retained profit and sale of
assets
Explain external sources/methods of finance including overdrafts, loans, share capital,
venture capital, leasing, trade credit and debt factoring
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of finance to a business
and the importance of choosing appropriate sources
Evaluate the impact of different sources of finance to a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by cash flow
Explain what is meant by a cash flow forecast
Construct, calculate and interpret cash flow forecasts
Evaluate the impact of a cash flow forecast on a business and its stakeholders
Explain the causes of cash flow problems
Explain strategies by which a business can improve cash flow
Evaluate the strategies a business uses to improve cash flow problems
Explain the benefits and limitations of cash flow forecasts
Explain the main components of a trading, profit and loss account (the income
statement) and the way that it is constructed
Calculate gross profit and net profit
Evaluate ways in which a business could improve its profit
Calculate and interpret gross and net profit margins
Evaluate the calculations of profitability ratios to assess the performance of a business
Content
Functions –
HR
Changes in
working
practice
Workforce
planning
Recruitment
Training
Appraisal
Workforce
performance
Organisational
design
Motivation
Amplification
Explain the functions of the human resource department
Explain what is meant by the flexible workforce including flexible hours, home working,
part time, temporary, job sharing, multi-skilling, zero hours contracts and hot-desking
Explain the impact of new technology on working practices
Evaluate the impact of changes in working patterns on employees and employers
Explain what is meant by workforce planning
Evaluate the impact and importance to a business of having the correct numbers of
employees with appropriate skills and experience
Explain what is meant by the recruitment process
Explain what is meant by internal and external recruitment
Explain what is meant by job analysis, job description and person specification
Evaluate appropriate methods of selecting different types of employee for different
types of job including interviews, work trials, testing, selection exercises and telephone
interviews
Evaluate the importance of recruitment to a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by training
Explain the role of training in developing appropriate skills
Explain the different methods of training including induction, on-the-job, off-the-job and
apprenticeships
Evaluate the importance and impact of training for a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by appraisal
Explain different methods of appraisal including superior’s assessment, peer
assessment, self-assessment and 360 degree feedback
Understand how appraisal can benefit both the business and its employees
Evaluate the importance and impact of appraisal for a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by workforce performance
Explain what is meant by labour productivity, absenteeism and labour turnover
Calculate and interpret labour productivity and labour turnover
Evaluate the importance and impact of workforce performance for a business and its
stakeholders
Explain what is meant by organisational design
Understand what is meant by authority, responsibility, chain of command, span of
control, delegation, hierarchy, centralisation and decentralisation, empowerment and
delayering
Explain the characteristics of different organisational structures including hierarchical
(flat and tall) and matrix structures
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of changing organisational structures and
delayering
Evaluate the choice between empowerment and control of the workforce
Evaluate the appropriateness of different organisational structures to a business and
its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by motivation and the benefits of a motivated workforce
Explain motivation theories including Taylor, Mayo, Maslow, Herzberg and expectancy
theories
Evaluate the relevance of motivational theories and their importance to businesses
Explain financial methods of motivation including piece rate, commission, bonus,
salary, profit sharing, share ownership and performance related pay
Explain non-financial methods of motivation including consultation,
job design, job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment, empowerment, team working
and flexible working
Evaluate the appropriateness of various financial and non-financial methods of
motivation for a business and its stakeholders
Evaluate the impact of a motivated workforce on a business and its stakeholders
Content
Management
& leadership
Employer /
employee
relationships
Amplification
Explain what is meant by management
Explain the functions and roles of management
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of management by objectives (MBO)
Explain McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
Evaluate the importance of management to a business and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by leadership
Explain different types of leadership styles including autocratic, democratic, paternalistic,
bureaucratic and laissez-faire
Explain the leadership theories of Fiedler and Wright and Taylor
Evaluate the importance and impact of leadership for a business and its stakeholders
Evaluate the appropriateness of various leadership styles and theories to different
business situations
Explain what is meant by employer/employee relationships
Explain the duties and rights of employers and employees including contract of
employment, health and safety, minimum wage and dismissal
Explain what is meant by equal opportunities
Evaluate the impact of equal opportunities on employers and employees
Explain the role of trade unions including collective bargaining, their advantages and
disadvantages
Explain what is meant by employer and employee conflict including trade disputes and
industrial action
Explain the resolution of disputes including negotiation, consultation and the role of
ACAS
Evaluate the impact of employer/employee relations, conflict and resolution on a
business and its stakeholders
Content
Functions –
Ops man
Added value
Production
Productivity
Technology
Lean
production
Quality
Purchasing
Research
and
development
(R&D)
Economies
of scale
Amplification
Understand the nature of operations management in different types of business
organisation
Explain what is meant by added value
Calculate added value
Explain ways of increasing value added
Evaluate the importance of added value to a business and its stakeholders
Explain the different methods of production including job, batch and flow
Evaluate appropriate methods of production for businesses
Explain what is meant by productivity
Understand ways of measuring productivity
Explain ways in which productivity can be increased
Evaluate the importance and impact of productivity for a business and its stakeholders
Explain the concept of capacity utilisation
Calculate and interpret capacity utilisation
Evaluate the concept of capacity utilisation for a business and its stakeholders
Explain how new technology can be used by businesses, including the use of
information technology, CAD, CAM and robotics
Evaluate the impact of new technology on the various stakeholders of a business
Evaluate the importance and impact of technology in the operations of a business
Explain what is meant by lean production
Explain the range of lean production practices that are used to reduce waste and
improve productivity including kaizen (continuous improvement), just-in-time, cell
production and time-based management
Evaluate the importance and impact of lean production for businesses and their
stakeholders
Explain what is meant by quality
Analyse the importance of quality to a business
Explain the difference between quality control and quality assurance
Explain the concept of total quality management (TQM) and the ways that it can be
achieved including quality chains, empowerment, monitoring, teamwork, zero defects,
quality circles and benchmarking
Evaluate the importance of quality for a business and its stakeholders
Explain the importance of purchasing and working with suppliers
Explain what is meant by stock control
Understand the importance of controlling stock
Explain methods of stock control including traditional stock control methods, just-in-time
and computerised stock control
Interpret stock control diagrams and explain the main components including re-order
level, lead time, buffer stock and minimum stock level
Evaluate the importance and impact on businesses and their stakeholders of holding too
much or too little stock
Explain what is meant by innovation, research and development
Explain the process of product design and development
Evaluate the costs and benefits of innovation, research and development for a business
and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by economies of scale
Explain the different types of internal economies of scale
Explain how businesses benefit from the different types of internal and external
economies of scale
Explain reasons for internal diseconomies of scale
Explain the problems caused by internal diseconomies of scale
Explain the survival of small firms
Evaluate the impact of economies and diseconomies of scale on a business and its
stakeholders
UNIT 3 – BUSINESS ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY
Content
Data
Analysis
Market
Analysis
Sales
forecasting
Analysing
financial
performance
Analysing
nonfinancial
performance
Aims and
objectives
Amplification
Present, interpret and analyse data, including pie charts, histograms and index numbers
Analyse quantitative and qualitative research data in order to better understand the
position of the business in the market and the requirements of customers at present and
in the future
Calculate price and income elasticity of demand
Interpret numerical values of price and income elasticity of demand
Evaluate the impact of changes in price and income on business revenue
Explain what is meant by sales forecasting
Explain the usefulness of sales forecasting and the factors that can affect its reliability
Understand that sales forecasting includes quantitative and qualitative techniques
Calculate a three-point moving average
Create a scatter graph and a line of best fit
Use extrapolation to predict future developments
Interpret information from time-series analysis
Understand that correlation can be positive, negative or non-existent
Evaluate the usefulness of time-series analysis for a business and its stakeholders
Explain qualitative forecasting techniques including, intuition, brainstorming and the
Delphi method
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative forecasting
Explain what is meant by a budget variance
Calculate budget variances
Analyse budgets and budget variances
Evaluate the use and impact of budgets and budget variances for a business and its
stakeholders
Explain the main components of a balance sheet and the way that it is constructed
Explain what is meant by working capital, capital employed and depreciation
Calculate working capital, capital employed (long-term liabilities and shareholders’
capital) and depreciation (the straight line method only)
Interpret and analyse a balance sheet
Calculate and interpret return on capital employed (ROCE)
Calculate and interpret the current ratio and acid test ratio
Calculate and interpret the gearing ratio (long-term liabilities/capital employed)
Analyse the trading, profit and loss account (the income statement) and the balance
sheet in order to assess the financial performance of a business
Consider business accounts in relation to previous years and other businesses
Evaluate the financial position of a business
Understand that accounts can be affected by window-dressing and other factors, such
as changes in demand and inflation
Explain how non-financial measures, including customer attitude surveys, employee
attitude surveys, market share, productivity and a company’s environmental record, can
be used to evaluate performance
Explain the role of vision statements and their relationship to a business’s aims
Explain how objectives are used by a business in order to achieve its aims
Explain what is meant by SMART objectives
Explain the role of mission statements
Evaluate vision statements, objectives and mission statements and their impact on a
business and its stakeholders
Content
Strategy and
Implement
Decisionmaking
models
Investment
appraisal
Special
orders
Amplification
Understand the relationship between objectives and strategy
Explain the meaning of strategy including corporate strategy, strategic direction,
divisional strategy and functional strategy
Explain the relationship between strategy and tactics
Explain the purpose of corporate plans
Apply a SWOT analysis to a specific business
Apply Porter’s Five Forces framework to a specific business
Evaluate business strategy and corporate plans
Explain the nature and purpose of the Ansoff matrix
Apply the Ansoff matrix to different businesses
Evaluate the usefulness of the Ansoff matrix to businesses
Explain what is meant by horizontal and vertical integration
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of horizontal and vertical integration
Explain the difference between organic and external growth
Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of organic growth
Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of external growth
including mergers and takeovers
Explain the nature and purpose of franchising as a method of growth
Evaluate different methods that businesses can use to achieve growth
Explain what is meant by rationalisation
Explain the factors that affect decisions about location/relocation and rationalisation
Evaluate the impact of the choice of location/relocation and rationalisation on a business
and its stakeholders
Explain what is meant by outsourcing production
Evaluate the arguments for and against outsourcing production
Explain the types of decisions a business makes including strategic, tactical and
operational
Explain the importance of decision-making to a business
Understand that decision-making tools can be scientific or intuitive
Explain the nature and purpose of decision tree analysis commenting on the benefits
and limitations of the technique
Construct decision trees, interpret and evaluate the results
Explain the nature and purpose of critical path analysis (CPA), commenting on the
benefits and limitations of the technique
Complete CPA diagrams, interpret and evaluate the results
Explain the nature and purpose of cost benefit analysis (CBA), commenting on the
benefits and limitations of the technique
Carry out cost benefit analysis, interpret and evaluate the results
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using decision trees, CPA and CBA for
business decision-making
Explain the key role played by information technology in business decision-making
Explain what is meant by investment appraisal
Explain the purpose of investment appraisal
Calculate and interpret the payback period of an investment in years and months
Calculate and interpret the average rate of return (ARR) of an investment
Use discounted cash flow (DCF) to calculate and interpret the net present value (NPV) of
an investment (discount factors will be provided and do not need to be calculated)
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the different investment appraisal
methods to a business and its stakeholders
Evaluate the viability of investment options, taking into account both quantitative and
qualitative factors, to make recommendations
Explain what is meant by special orders
Calculate contribution and advise on the appropriateness or otherwise of accepting
special orders
UNIT 4 – CHANGING WORLD
Content
Change
Risk management
PEST factors
Political
Economic
Amplification
Explain the causes of change in business including a change in the size of the
business, a change in ownership, developments in technology, market changes,
consumer tastes, legislation, changes in the workforce and changes in the
economy
Distinguish between internal and external causes of change
Distinguish between planned and unplanned change
Explain the effects of change on business including the need to change production
methods and update equipment, need to develop new products, need to meet
legal requirements, need to retrain the workforce and need to look for new
markets
Explain the importance of managing change effectively
Explain different approaches to managing change including Storey’s four different
approaches
Explain why there may be resistance to change and ways of removing resistance
including Lewin’s three step process, changes in organisational culture and the
role of leadership
Explain how the management of change can be evaluated
Evaluate the impact of change on a business and its stakeholders
Evaluate the importance of managing change effectively
Identify the risks that businesses are likely to encounter, including natural
disasters, failure of equipment/technology, employee error, supply problems,
economic factors, legal challenges, public relations and product failures
Explain that some risks are more certain to happen than others and that this will
affect the decision as to how much a business will be willing to spend on their
prevention
Explain the importance of risk assessment as a tool for avoiding risks
Explain how some risks can be dealt with by preventative actions such as
installing water sprinklers, backing up IT data and training employees
Explain the difference between insurable and uninsurable risks
Explain what is meant by contingency planning and crisis management
Explain ways in which businesses can use contingency planning to deal with risks
that may affect their activities such as having contingency funds, alternative
production arrangements, allocating responsibilities to managers/employees and
dealing with public relations in the event of a crisis
Evaluate the possible responses of a business to the potential risks that it faces
Evaluate the importance of risk management and contingency planning to a
business and its stakeholders
Explain how political factors affect business activity in Wales, the rest of the UK
and the world
Explain the role of the government in providing a stable framework in which
businesses operate
Explain how businesses are affected by taxation and subsidies
Explain how fiscal and monetary policies affect businesses
Explain why governments legislate and regulate business activity
Explain the importance of the government as a purchaser of goods and services
from the private sector
Evaluate the relationship between government and businesses
Explain how economic factors affect business activity activity in Wales, the rest of
the UK and the world
Explain what is meant by economic growth and the business cycle and their
measurement (GDP)
Explain what is meant by inflation including its measurement and causes
Explain what is meant by interest rates
Explain what is meant by exchange rates
Explain what is meant by unemployment
Evaluate the impact of the business cycle, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates
and unemployment on businesses and their stakeholders
Content
Social
Technological
Ethical
Legal
Environmental
International
trade
Amplification
Explain what is meant by demographic change
Explain how demographic change and other social factors such as changes in
consumer tastes, lifestyle and cultural changes affect business activity in Wales and
the rest of the UK
Evaluate the impact of demographic change on businesses and their stakeholders
Evaluate the impact of other social factors on businesses and their stakeholders
Explain how technological factors, including automation and communication
technology affect business activity
Evaluate the impact of technological factors on businesses and their stakeholders
Explain the meaning of business ethics
Understand the types of ethical issues a business will face including environmental,
animal rights, treatment of workers, suppliers and customers
Explain the meaning of corporate social responsibility (CSR)
Understand the possible conflict between ethics and profitability
Evaluate the impact on the profitability of a business of having ethical objectives
Evaluate the ethical stance of businesses from the point of view of different
stakeholders
Explain the main laws that concern businesses, including company law,
employment and anti-discrimination law, consumer protection, competition policy
and health and safety legislation, data protection, intellectual property and minimum
wage (learners are not expected to have detailed knowledge of specific Acts of
Parliament)
Evaluate the impact of legislation on businesses and their stakeholders in
Wales and the rest of the UK
Explain the potential environmental costs of business activity including air, water
and noise pollution, climate change, congestion, destruction of the environment and
waste disposal
Explain how potential environmental costs can be controlled by government
intervention, the influence of pressure groups and education in Wales and the rest
of the UK
Explain how businesses can respond to environmental issues
Evaluate the impact of business activity on the environment
Evaluate the impact on a business of implementing environmentally friendly policies
Explain what is meant by international trade
Explain the reasons for international trade
Explain what is meant by free trade and protectionism (including tariffs and quotas)
Explain what is meant by a trading bloc and a single market
Evaluate free trade and protectionism to UK businesses and their stakeholders
Explain the challenges to UK businesses of developing new international markets
for their products
Evaluate the decision of a business to develop new international markets for its
products
Content
Globalisation
The European
Union
Amplification
Explain what is meant by globalisation
Explain the nature of globalisation and global markets, including developing markets
Explain the factors that have contributed to globalisation including communication
technologies, liberalisation of trade, Internet, cost of transportation and consumer
tastes
Explain the effect of globalisation on businesses and their stakeholders in Wales
and the rest of the UK, including increased competition and opportunities for growth
Explain the different strategies that businesses might use in order to achieve global
growth including global branding, external growth and choice of target markets
Evaluate the strategies that businesses use to achieve global growth
Explain the benefits and difficulties for UK businesses of operating in global markets
Explain how businesses adapt their products, marketing activities and working
practices to reflect the local needs (glocalisation)
Evaluate the impact of globalisation on businesses and their stakeholders
Explain what is meant by a multinational company
Explain the reasons for the existence of multinational companies
Evaluate the decision of a business to operate as a multinational company
Evaluate the impact of multinational companies on the countries in which they
operate
Explain the nature and purpose of the European Union (EU) and the single
European market
Explain the impact of the EU on businesses in Wales and the rest of the UK,
including free movement of goods, labour and capital, legislation, regulations and
standards
Evaluate the impact of the EU on businesses and their stakeholders
Explain what is meant by the single European currency (the euro) and the Eurozone
Evaluate the costs and benefits of the single European currency to businesses and
their stakeholders
Evaluate the impact to UK businesses of being a member of the EU and the
Eurozone
Evaluate the impact to UK businesses of not being a member of the EU and the
Eurozone