Unit 1A
Introduction to Chemistry & Data Analysis
Introduction to Chemistry
Objectives:
• Define substance.
• Explain the formation and importance of ozone.
• Explain the formation and importance of ozone.
• Identify the area of emphasis for various branches of chemistry.
• Identify the common steps of scientific methods.
• Compare and contrast types of data.
• Identify types of variables.
• Describe the difference between a theory and a scientific law.
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry
incorporates the study of submicroscopic concepts and occurrences in order to
explain macroscopic changes in our world. Because chemistry carries over into
many other science disciplines it is referred to as the central science.
• What is matter?
• Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Look around the room… All the “stuff” you see that is matter.
A Common Problem
• First of all Ozone is substance. A SUBSTANCE is also known as a chemical
and is matter that has a definite composition.
• It is a highly reactive molecule that is composed of three oxygen atoms,
hence its chemical formula is O3.
• Ozone is located in the Stratosphere between 9 and 18 miles above the
earths surface.
• It as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun.
A Common Problem
A Common Problem
• 1950s:
• Research shows certain compounds ( OH and NO) could react with Ozone to
cause a reduction in the overall amount of Ozone.
• 1970s:
• Molina and Rowland concluded that, like N2O, the CFCs would reach the
stratosphere where they would be dissociated by UV light, releasing chlorine
atoms.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals found mainly in spray aerosols heavily used by
industrialized nations
• CFCs were banned in 1978 for use in aerosol cans.
What is there to learn from this?
• Most scientific discovery begins with an observation or a problem.
• Scientific theories must be supported by evidence.
• Proper scientific research can lead to significant change.
Back to Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Mass is a measurement that reflect the amount of matter in a object.
• Weight is a measurement that reflects the amount of mass an object has and the
effects the force of gravity has on that object.
Care to lose a few pounds??
Some options:
• Go to space.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwm3leZu-O0
• Visit Mount McKinley
Chemistry the Central Science
Chemistry has is typically divided into several branches that focus on specific
areas of the discipline.
– Organic chemistry
– Industrial chemistry
– Inorganic chemistry
– Polymer chemistry
– Physical chemistry
– Theoretical chemistry
– Analytical chemistry
– Thermochemistry
– Biochemistry
– Environmental chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but
also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most
compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens,
phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. This branch of chemistry was originally limited to
compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include humanmade substances such as plastics.
JOBS
SALARY
Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic
compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
While organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon-containing
compounds and inorganic chemistry is the study of the remaining subset of
compounds other than organic compounds.
JOBS
SALARY
Physical Chemsitry
Physical chemistry is the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and
atomic level and how chemical reactions occur.
JOBS
SALARY
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating
information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is
the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists.
JOBS
SALARY
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of
substances in living systems. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when
scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry and began
to study how living things obtain energy from food, the chemical basis of heredity, what
fundamental changes occur in disease, and related issues.
JOBS
SALARY
Polymer Chemistry
Polymer chemists study large, complex molecules (polymers) that are built up
from many smaller (sometimes repeating) units. They study how the smaller
building blocks (monomers) combine, and create useful materials with specific
characteristics by manipulating the molecular structure of the
monomers/polymers used, the composition of the monomer/polymer
combinations, and applying chemical and processing techniques that can, to a
large extent, affect the properties of the final product. Polymer chemists are
unique within the chemistry community because their understanding of the
relationship between structure and property spans from the molecular scale to
the macroscopic scale.
Polymer Chemistry
JOBS
SALARY
Career Path Information Gathered From….
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-ofchemistry.html
The Scientific Method
The SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a systematic approach used in scientific study.
• Francis Bacon proposed the first ideas on the scientific method in 17th Century.
• “The discoveries which have been made in the sciences up to now are such as lie
close to vulgar notions, scarcely beneath the surface. In order to penetrate into
the inner and further recesses of nature, it is necessary that ... a method of
intellectual operation be introduced altogether better and more certain.”
The SCIENTIFIC METHOD is an organized process used by scientists to do
research, and provides methods for scientists to verify the work of others.
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
1. Make an Observation
• An OBSERVATION is the act of gathering information.
• Qualitative Data- is obtained through observations that describe
color, smell, shape, or some other physical characteristic that is
related to the five senses.
• Quantitative Data-is obtained from numerical observations that
describe how much, how little, how big or how fast.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4
The Scientific Method
Watch the following video…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcvsSm6kijA
What are some qualitative observations?
What are some quantitative observations?
The Scientific Method
2. A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative explanation for an
observed phenomenon.
• Rowland and Molina: “Releasing CFCs into the
atmosphere would cause significant ozone depletion.”
• Generally a hypothesis is an “if” “then” statement.
• If this happens then this will be the result.
The Scientific Method
3. An EXPERIMENT is a set of controlled observations
that test the hypothesis.
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g8lANs6zpQ
• All experiments must have at least two variables:
• An independent variable is the variable you plan to change.
• The dependent variable is the variable that changes in value in
response to a change in the independent variable.
The Scientific Method
4. Collect and Analyze Data.
5. Draw a conclusion.
• A conclusion is a judgment based on the information obtained
from the experiment.
• A hypothesis is never proven, only supported or discarded.
Theories and Scientific Laws
A theory is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many
experiments.
• A theory states a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time by
repeated testing.
• Theories are successful if they can be used to make predictions that are true.
• Examples????
Theories and Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a relationship in nature that is supported by many
experiments, and no exceptions to these relationships are found.
• Examples???