Poverty Eradication through Aquaculture
A Leverhulme Trust Research Grant Project
Tanzania National Policy-Makers Meeting
Kunduchi, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – November 2011
Poverty Eradication
through Aquaculture:
How to address food security
issues and poverty requires
solutions today. For the first
time in Tanzania, this research
project combined knowledge
from local stakeholders, private
enterprise,
policy-makers,
researchers, practitioners and
social/economic scientists to
promote best practice in
community-led
aquaculture
development.
Local
communities
were
interviewed to understand social
and economic drivers that
explained people’s way of life.
Their willingness to consider
aquaculture as an alternative or
supplementary livelihood was
measured.
To better understand what is
needed to allow aquaculture to
fulfil its potential as an income
generating opportunity a policy
cycle analysis was undertaken
and is explained herein.
National Policy Makers Meeting
A national meeting led by Newcastle University and
University of Dar es Salaam brought main policy-makers
together to determine what is needed to support
aquaculture development in Tanzania.
The purpose of the meeting was to identify past and future
events as a way to understand how Tanzania went from
dependence on different activities like fishing with a view to
planning on how growing sectors like tourism can be better
managed so that local communities can benefit.
Meeting participants took part in 2 exercises:
1) A historical time scan to show how past major events
may shape future sector growth of aquaculture;
2) A policy cycle analysis to identify who is involved in
management and policy development.
The results are presented and it is hoped they will facilitate
advice on priority actions to promote sustainable livelihoods.
Contents:
Page
Historical Timeline results
Historical Timeline Reflection
Event Prioritisation
Policy Cycle Analysis
Participants
Acronyms
2
3
4
5
6
6
Historical Timeline
The below timeline helped policy makers better understand Tanzania’s history and changes
that have occurred in relation to aquaculture as an aid to help predict future developments.
Historical Timeline Reflection
On completion of the timeline participants were asked to review the historical timeline and
agree on major or key events which were considered turning points or times of significant
developments within Tanzania, particularly in relation to aquaculture. Seven key events and
developments were identified and summarised by Prof. Mgaya, University of Dar es Salaam:
From
To
No/limited management
1960-70s
Environmental and fisheries mgmt
Aquaculture masked by fisheries
1970s
Aquaculture recognition in policy/mgmt
No/limited environmental awareness
1970-80s
Increasing and effective awareness
No women involved in aquaculture
1970-80s
Women involved in seaweed farms
Low fisheries research
1980s
Fisheries research centre
No proposed MPAs
1980s
MPA establishment and growth
Protectionist economy
1990s
Neo-liberal economy
Priority Actions for Aquaculture
Participants were able to address the following question:
What priority actions do you recommend to advance Aquaculture Development in Tanzania?
The list below provides an overview of all responses given.
“A new Aquaculture Policy and Act”
“Human resource capacity building”
“Aquaculture extension services / officers”
“Hatchery services and appropriate hatchery technology “
“Research on the right species and the right market”
“Provision of aquaculture technology”
“Awareness raising through pilot/demonstration farms and media”
“More private sector involvement”
“Government popular support and commitment”
“Financial support for aquaculture development”
Event Prioritisation:
Participants were asked to prioritise key developments on the historical timeline by placing
positive or negative arrows as small dots on each event. These highlighted perceived
significant impacts on major developments In Tanzania’s history.
Negative perceptions included aquaculture being considered under agriculture and a lack of
coordination of environmental issues particularly in the 1960’s and 1970’s. The largest
positive events were advances in mariculture zoning in the 2000s and establishment of the
MPRU and MPAs in the 1990s. Into the future, the most positive action identified as
deserving more effort as a way to help the aquaculture sector grow was introducing
enabling mechanisms for aquaculture to significantly contribute to future exports from
Tanzania.
Aqua. and fish. issues under Agriculture…
1960s
Social
Fisheries policy incl. Aqua. under Agriculture Dept
No coord. of environmental issues - sectoral focus
Governance
Nationalisation of businesses
Env. Mgmt.
High poverty levels - No aquaculture
Economic
EAC collapse - economic woes
1970s
1980s
Policy
Collapse of social services/productivity
Kingolwira Fish Culture centre opens
Seaweed farming develops (mainland)
1990s
Economic growth
National Poverty Eradication Strategy
Trade liberalisation - private sector involved…
MPRU established
2000s
Fisheries masterplan developed
National Aquaculture Development Strategy
More involvement of women in aquaculture
Communal milkfish farming (many locations)
Aquaculture Development Division Established
Shrimp Monitoring Plan
Mariculture Zoning Scheme in Mkuranga/BMO
2010s
2020s
2030s
Aquaculture Best Practise Guidelines
Mariculture Act in place
Aquaculture sector contributes 50% of national…
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Negative Valuations (n)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Positive Valuations
(n)
6
Policy Cycle Analysis – Which actors are involved in policy?
The policy cycle analysis gave participants an opportunity to explore which organisations are
involved in aquaculture policy formation, management, research and development in
Tanzania. Participants identified all public and private bodies involved in formal and
informal structures governing aquaculture. Explanations of the different stages of the policy
cycle are explained directly underneath the groups identified below:
Key to different stages of the policy cycle analysis:
Data and Information
Research and assessment, including social, environmental and economic at all scales
Analysis and Advice
Analyses that can lead to advice that is useable by decision makers, such as local groups and
national committees
Decision Making
International and national organisations with a mandate to review advice and make
decisions, such as government and NGOs
Implementation
Primarily national and local agencies with a mandate to put decisions into action, e.g.
capacity building, new legislation or direct enforcement
Review and Evaluation
Similar bodies to those that are responsible for analysis and advice and that often oversee
the policy cycle.
Participants:
Prof. Yunus D Mgaya, University of Dar es Salaam, TZ
Prof. Selina Stead, Newcastle University, UK
Jairos Mahenge, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP), Bagomoyo, TZ
Sandey Nundwe, Former TCMP – Freelance Aquaculture Advisory, Dar es Salaam, TZ
Ritha Mali, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, TZ
Mr. Jeremiah Daffa, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership, Dar es Salaam, TZ
Mr. Abdillahi I. Chande, Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, Dar es Salaam, TZ
Dr. Charles Byarugaba, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, TZ
Dr. Matt Slater, Newcastle University, UK
Acronyms:
AWF
CODECOZ
COSTECH
DASF
EAC
EAFFRO
EAMFRO
FAO
Aquaculture Without Frontiers
Jumuiya ya Maendeleo yq Jamii na Uhifadhi wa Mazingira Zanzibar
Commission for Science and Technology
Department Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries
East African Community
East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization
East African Marine Fisheries Research Organisation
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FoA
HPI
ICM
IFS
IMS
IRA
IUCN
MACEMP
MPA
MPRU
NEMC
REPOA
SARNISSA
SUA
SUZA
TAFIRI
TCMP
UDSM
UNDP
UNIDO
USAID
WAS
WB
WIOMSA
WWF
ZBR
Faculty of Agriculture
Health Policy Initiative
Integated Coastal Management
International Foundation for Science
Institute of Marine Sciences
Institute of Resource Assessment - UDSM
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project
Marine Protected Area
Marine Parks and Reserves Unit
National Environment Management Council
Research on Poverty Alleviation
Sustainable Aquaculture Research Networks in Sub Saharan Africa
Sokoine University of Agriculture
State University of Zanzibar
Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute
Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership
University of Dar es Salaam
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
US Agency for International Development
World Aquaculture Society
World Bank
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
World Wildlife Fund
Zanzibar Archipelago
Contacts: Dr. Matt Slater (matthew.slater@ncl.ac.uk) or Prof. Selina Stead (selina.stead@ncl.ac.uk)