Chp 45: Hormones & the Endocrine System
1. The nervous and endocrine systems work in conjunction to maintain homeostasis with the body.
a. compare and contrast their actions/functions
b. describe their interrelationship – figure 45.2, 45.7, 45.8 & 45.9, 45.13 provide insight into this.
2.
Develop a system to remember all the glands, hormones, functions and targets in table 45.1 (figure 45.6 will provide a
visual of the glands as well that you should know!) the reading provides greater explanation and should be understood!
3.
Discuss tropic vs. non-tropic hormones and provide examples of each in y our discussion.
4.
Feedback is a major concept of biology and especially prevalent within the endocrine system. Describe positive vs.
negative feedback – which is the most common and why? Explain feedback using figure 45.11 as a basis of this
concept.
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
1. What is parthenogenesis?
What is hermaphroditism?
2. (Know the structure names AND functions of each structure from both figs. 46.9 and 46.10, but there is nothing to write for this
‘question’.)
3. In the male, three glands add secretions to semen. What are those three glands and what are their contributions to the semen
fluid?
4. How do human menstrual cycles compare/contrast to many other mammal’s estrous cycles?
5. How is human oogenesis different from human spermatogenesis?
6. Fill in the following table using figure 46.13.
Hormone
What is this hormone’s function within the female reproductive cycle?
GnRH
FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone
7. Fill in the following table using figure 46.14.
Hormone
What is this hormone’s function within the testes?
GnRH
FSH
LH
Testosterone
8. What are the major events that occur during fetal development for each of the three trimester of pregnancy (write just one or
two sentences for each trimester).
9. What are the functions of estrogen and oxytocin during the induction of labor?
Chapter 47: Animal Development
1. Figures 47.3 and 47.6 look very similar. But what is the purpose of each figure?
2. Define the following terms as they relate to human development and put them in the correct order:
Gastrula (gastrulation)
Fertilization
Morula
Cleavage
Blastula
Neural plate formation
Implantation
3. Describe neural tube formation by answering the following questions: What signals the formation of the neural plate? Where
does it form? Which of the three germ layers gives rise to the neural plate (and neural tube)?
4. Study Figure 47.16. Sketch the developing embryo from fig 47.14(c). Label each of the three germ layers with their adult
derivatives (listed in 47.16). (THIS IS IMPORTANT AND SHOWS UP ON THE AP BIOLOGY TEST ALMOST EVERY YEAR!)
Chapter 48: Nervous Systems
1. Sketch and label a vertebrate neuron using figures 48.5, 48.8 and the vocabulary in the textbook.
2. A neuron at rest maintains a different ion gradient inside the neuron when compared to its environment (this is called the
membrane’s resting potential). The ion gradient is established and maintained by the Na+/K+ pump (made of Na+ and K+
channels also known as transport proteins). This pump requires a constant flow of ATP. When certain stimuli trigger the different
channels to open or close the membrane potential changes, thus an action potential may result. DESCRIBE what happens in the
event of a depolarizing stimulus.
3. Using figure 48.12 describe a graded potential and describe an action potential.
4. Draw the graph that is in the center of figure 48.13 (include the x & y axis labels etc.). In your own words explain the 5 steps
that occur to cause an Action Potential. (be sure you understand this figure and the text that describes it.)
5. Describe figure 48.14 in our own words.
6. Define neurotransmitter and describe what is occurring at the synapse. (explain the 6 steps from Figure 48.17 in your own
words.)
7. What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
8. Draw the adult brain from fig48.23(c) and label each of the major areas of the brain. Then in your own words make a bulleted
list of the function(s) for each area.
Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
1. Describe the 5 main types of sensory receptors AND list areas of your body where each can be found.
2. How does the perilymph the cochlea transmit sound waves the hair cells AND how do the hair cells in your ear help you to
hear and also discern pitch?
3. Sketch the eye from figure 49.18 and label the major structures. THEN Using figure 49.23 label the location of the rods and
cones within the eye structure.
4. Where is the visual cortex located in the brain?
5. Using the reading on pages 1068-1071 and figure 49.31 & 49.33 describe the role of Ca+ in muscle contraction.