Nationalism in Europe

How does Nationalism both break up
and unify countries in Europe?
AustriaHungary
Russia
Ottoman
Empire
Germany
Italy
Radicals in France
1830: Louis-Philippe(XVIII) now in power
 Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy
(again!) and violence erupts (again!)
 Radicals create another constitution, which has president
sharing power w/ the assembly. Monarchy abolished again
 1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s
nephew) as their president, 4 yrs later become Emperor


Emp. Napoleon III modernizes France and creates jobs
Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses
to Prussia

Answer these questions in complete
sentences in your notes (p. 256)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who was the King of France in 1830 and
why did the people reject him?
Who became the new King and why did
the people accept him?
What happened in France as radicals
split into factions?
Why do you think the people elect
Louis-Napoleon as President?
What is Nationalism?
Culture – History shared way a common
of life
past
Nationality
– shared
Nationalism
ethnic
ancestry
Language-
shared
communication
Religion- Territory
shared by – land
belongs to
most
group


Positives –overthrow absolute rule, democratic governments
Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme
nationalism leads to dictatorship
Nationalist Thought



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Political thought in 1800s Europe:
1) Conservatives – no change, no voting, absolute monarchs
rule (nobles, landowners)
2) Liberals – some change, educated & landowners vote
more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants)
3) Radicals – drastic change, all people should vote,
government should be full democracy (poor, workers)
Liberals & radicals turn to nationalism
Nationalism is based on the idea people should unite based
on their language, nationality or culture
Nationalists think loyalty should be to a country not a king,
many upset that their country was ruled by a foreign king,
1827, 1848: Nationalistic Revolutions breakout in Europe
Concert of Europe fails to stop nationalist revolutions
Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule
LOSS
1827
1)Ottoman Empire ruled by
Muslim Turks
 Ottoman Turks controlled
Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, &
Slavic speaking Balkans
 Revolutions breakout in
Greece (1827) & Balkans
 Britain, France, Russia help
Greeks win. Ottomans forced to
grant equal citizenship to all
2) Russian Empire ruled by
the Romanovs
Nicholas
I begins a policy called Russification, which forced
Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire
Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Czar Nicholas I
tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses
Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated,
Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts
3) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs
 The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups
 Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848
(Czechs). Hungary attempts to split from Austria (1866)
Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is
given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary

1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Austria
loses their northern German States to Prussia

1866 1848
1866
1866
Nationalism Unifies Germany
 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the
Kingdom of Prussia
 Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner)
named Otto von Bismarck to become his
Prime Minister
 Bismarck was a master of “real politik”
meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)
 Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s
consent – rule by blood & iron
 Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s
territory & unite all the German states

Wilhelm I
Weak
will be
devoure
d by the
strong!
Otto von Bismarck
Schleswig1) 1864:
Holstein
Bismarck
convinces Austria
to join him in a
war against
Denmark
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Prussia/Austria win, but Prussia turns its back on Austria in
1866 starting Seven Weeks War
Loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia 22 N. German states
2) 1867: Prussia goes to war with
France to gain control of southern
German states
1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian
War, humiliation for Napoleon III

3) 1871: Prussia unites the So.
German States with No. German
States creating the Empire of Germany
Wilhelm becomes Kaiser
of the German Empire –
Bismarck is Chancellor
(Prime Minister)

Read History Makers –
Von Bismarck p. 262
Confederation of
North German States
Guided Reading 8:3 Part B

Answer the following questions based on what
you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto
von Bismarck) for Part B of the homework
1.
What are two different opinions of Otto von
Bismarck?
What were characteristics of his speeches?
What do you think he means in his quote
about the destiny of the weak?
Re-read his last quote about Germans and
war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?
2.
3.
4.
Nationalism Unifies Italy
1852: In N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel
II (liberal) names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
 1858: Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon
III to help drive Austria out of Northern Italy

Cavour & Napoleon III’s armies beat Austria & win all of
Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region

Camillo di
Cavour
Sardinia
King Victor
Emmanuel II

1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against
conservatives in S. Italy & would unite So. Italian Kingdoms

Vic. Em. & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Want to unite all Italy

Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister
 1866: Italians beat Austria and win Venetian region. 1870:
King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states
 Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now
become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy

HW: Part C Page 261 – Political Cartoon Questions 1-3
Garibaldi
Rome
Pope Pius XI