Nationalism in Europe

What is nationalism and how did it
both break up and unify countries in
Europe?
AustriaHungary
Russia
Ottoman
Empire
Germany
Italy
Nationalism
Culture – History shared way a common
of life
past
Nationality
– shared
ethnic
ancestry
LanguageNationState
shared
communication
Religion- Territory
shared by – land
belongs to
most
group
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Positives – people overcome differences, overthrow imperial
rule, democratic governments, competition leads to advance
Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme
nationalism, competition leads to war
Nationalist Thought
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Political thought in 1800s Europe:
1) Conservatives - want to keep everything the same &
allow absolute monarchs to rule (nobles, landowners)
2) Liberals – minor change such as more power for
Parliaments, Educated & landowners can vote (middle class,
merchants)
3) Radicals – wanted drastic change, all people should vote
& government should follow Enlightenment (poor, workers)
Many Europeans are upset that their country was ruled by a
foreigner or they were divided
People should be loyal to a country not a king
Nationalism emerges from the idea people should unite into
countries based on their language, nationality or culture
1848: Nationalistic Revolutions will breakout in Europe
The Congress of Vienna fails to stop nationalist revolutions
Nationalism Challenges Conservative Rule
1) The Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs
 The Austrians controlled at least 12 different ethnic groups
 Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848
(Czechs). Hungary also wants to split from Austria (1866)
 Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is
given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary.
 1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Prussia
would gain much of Austria’s northern German States
1848
1866
1866
1827
2)The Ottoman Empire ruled
by Muslim Turks
 The Ottomans controlled
Greeks, Arabs, Armenians,
and several other Slavic areas
 Revolutions breakout in
Greece (1827) & the Balkans
Britain, France, Russia help
Greeks win. Ottomans must
grant equal citizenship to all
Radicals in France
Louis-Philippe(XVIII) comes to power starts Third Republic
 After 18 years of rule, French people grow tired of a
monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!)
 New constitution is created (again!) calling for a president to
share power with the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again!)
 French people elect a new President named Louis-Napoleon
(Napoleon’s nephew)
 Four years later he takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
 People welcome a strong ruler & Napoleon III begins to
modernize France and creates jobs

Answer these questions in complete
sentences in your notes (p. 256)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who was the King of France in 1830 and
why did the people reject him?
Who became the new King and why did
the people accept him?
What happened in France as radicals
split into factions?
Why do you think the people elect
Louis-Napoleon as President?
Unification of Italy
In the N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II
(liberal) names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
 Cavour wants to unify all Italians. He will convince Napoleon
III to help drive Austria out of Northern Italy

The combined armies of Cavour & Napoleon III will win &
gain all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region

Sardinia
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Camillo di
Cavour
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So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against
conservatives in S. Italy & would unite So. Italian Kingdoms

King VE & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Want to unite all Italy

Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister
 The two remaining states, Venice & the Papal states would
join the rest of Italy in 1866 & 1870
 The Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would
now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy
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Textbook: Page 261 Questions 1-3
Rome
Garibaldi
Pope Pius XI
Unification of Germany
 Rioters in Berlin, force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom
of Prussia (new King and Parliament)
 Wilhelm I would become new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner)
named Otto von Bismarck to become his
Prime Minister
 Bismarck was a master of “real politik”
meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)
 Bismarck runs the country w/o
Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron
 Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s
territory & unite all of the German states

Wilhelm I
Weak
will be
devoure
d by the
strong!
Otto von Bismarck
First, Bismarck
convinces Austria
to join him in a
war against
Denmark
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Prussia would then turn against Austria & starts the Seven
Weeks War
The loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia N. German states
Second, Prussia would then go to
war with France to gain control of
southern German states
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Prussia will win the Franco-Prussian
War – humiliation for Napoleon III
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Third, Prussia unites all of the new
territory into the German Empire aka
the Second Reich (Empire)

Wilhelm becomes Kaiser
of the German Empire –
Bismarck is Prime
Minister (Chancellor)

Read History Makers –
Von Bismarck p. 262
Guided Reading 8:3 Part B

Answer the following questions based on what
you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto
von Bismarck) for Part B of the homework
1.
What are two different opinions of Otto von
Bismarck?
What were characteristics of his speeches?
What do you think he means by his quote
about the destiny of the weak?
Re-read his last quote about Germans and
war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?
2.
3.
4.