Social Darwinism
• theory developed by philosopher
Herbert Spencer from Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution
• argued that society progresses
through competition, with the
fitting rising to positions of wealth
and power
Social Darwinism II
• the “fittest” individuals, businesses, or nations
should and would rise to positions of wealth
and power
• the “unfit” would fail
• social Darwinists believed that any attempts
to help the poor or less capable actually
slowed social progress
• some religious leaders believed being one of
the “fittest” was a sign of Christian virtue
Visual
Connection
• social Darwinism and social class both have
the word “social”
• in society it is “better” to be richer or fitter
than poorer or less fit
Definition:
When firms bought up everything from the
production process. Anything from raw
materials to transportation and
distribution.
Abby Blank
• Vertical Integration is still used to this day because it is more efficient
and is cheap.
• Andrew Carnegie’s true success came from vertical integration because
he realized that if he purchased supplies in bulk and producing goods
in large quantities he could lower production costs and increase his
profits.
• For example he purchased iron and coal mines, which were the raw
materials necessary to run his steam mills. He also bought steamship
lines and railroads to transport these materials.
• Because he controlled businesses at each stage of production he could
sell steal at a much lower price then his competitors.
A distributing meat company had discovered that the leftover
meat from the cows could make glue. So the owner opened up
a glue company and this saved money, and made production
more efficient.
Arrangement grouping several
companies under a single board of
directors to eliminate competition
and to regulate production
MONOPOLY
Taking control of a large industry and
running it as a business to make money
 Trying to buy as much properties as you
can such as land, buildings and even
industry's to make a profit

TRUST
Taking many different companies under
one principal
 Placing the companies under one
director would sometimes make more
money because the competition
decresed

VISUAL
VISUAL
CONNECTION
In the loved bored game Monopoly, the
object is to take control of all the
properties and earn the most money
 A monopoly in real life is economic
control of an industry

CONNECTION
The popular brand NIKE owns the
popular company JORDAN
 Trust is the act of one principal (NIKE)
taking other companies (JORDAN)
under their wing

THOMAS ALVA EDISON
A pioneer of communications technology; made telegraph that
had the ability to send four messages at the same time
EXPLANATION
Edison was a very innovative man, especially with
communication technology. He developed a
newer telegraph model that had the ability to
send four simultaneous messages. Later on, he
even invented and patented a telegraphic stock
ticker. Overall, Thomas Alva Edison made a
crucial contribution to the Industrial Revolution.
CONNECTION
Thomas Alva Edison invented a telegraph.
Both started with the letter t.
Telegraph
One of the most significant
advances in communication in the
1800’s developed Samuel F.B Morse.
Telegraph
This device made an impact on the way people
communicated with others. Morse’s dot-and-dash
code could send an operator a business order to go to
a close destination in minutes. The telegraph would
send information for businesses, the government,
newspapers, and to private citizens. The leading
telegraph company was Western Union, which had
more than 2,000 telegraph offices. The railroad had
increased along with the telegraph, a main reason
was because telegraph companies were put in every
train stations.
Telegraph
Connections
This connects to talking on
a phone. You “tele” person with
a telegraph.
Transcontinental Railroad
A project to connect the east
and west by railroads. The
union pacific and central
pacific met in the middle to
complete this.
After the Bessemer process, there was
a significant growth in railroad
expansion. Railroads used to be used
only for local transportation. Over a
short period of time there was a great
expansion and it made life easier. The
first transcontinental railroad was
finished in 1869. the union and
central pacific railroads joined to
make a single line from Nebraska to
the Pacific Ocean.
Trans means to go across and you are
going across the USA from one end to
the other.
Patents-
Exclusive right to manufacture or sell
inventions
PatentsA patent gives you the excusive
right to use, make, or sell an invention.
Elijah McCoy received a patent for his
invention to protect his rights. Today
most inventors and business owners
get patents so that others cannot take
their ideas.
Patent
On Shark Tank many inventors
patent their inventions so that their
ideas aren’t stolen.
Bessemer Process: Efficient
method of making steal
developed by British inventor
Henry Bessemer and American
inventor William Kelly
In my mind the Bessemer process is a process of
steelmaking that burned of the impurities in iron with
hot air. The Bessemer process also could produce as
much steel in a day than old ways used to produce in a
week. This process definitely effected the steel industry
and the industrial revolution.
The Bessemer process is the
“besser” way to make steal.
Communism- political theory
that proposes that all people
should collectively own property
and the means of production
and that individual ownership
should not be allowed
Communism is a political way of
thinking in which everyone is equal
in every possible way. There’s no
‘private property’ and this concept
would be called ‘common
ownership’. In addition to this, there
wouldn’t be any classes or states,
resulting in a completely equal (or
utopian, which was meant to be
another result of communism)
society.
Communism is
common ground
Homestead Riot
In 1892 at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead
Steel Works in Homestead Pa, workers went
on a strike to protest wage cuts. The managers
responded by a lock out and hired 300 guards
to protect the plant. A crash between the
strikers and guards led to 16 deaths.
Homestead Riot
The workers were mad about wage cuts, so they
went on a strike. The managers of the steel works
had made a lock out and hired 300 guards to
protect the steel works. Between the workers and
guards there was violence, which happened to kill
16 people. This all happened in Homestead,
Pennsylvania at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead
Steel Works. This is also called the Homestead
Strike.
Homestead Riot
Homestead Riot
A way to remember this is that is happened at a steel
works in Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh football
team is called the Steelers.
The Great Upheaval
A year of intense strikes and violent
labor confrontations.
The Great Upheaval
• Workers wanted higher pay and better working
conditions
• Pay was cut because of economic depression
• More than 1,500 strikes across the nation
occurred
• Knights of Labor was involved in most of the
strikes
• Many of these turned violent
• The worst was the Haymarket Riot
Connection
• The Great Upheaval can be remembered by
thinking of upheaval as violently turning
something over, like the riots.
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
*made a compressed-air
brake increased railroad
safety by enabling the
locomotive and all its cars to
stop at the same time
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
*also developed a transformer
that could transmit a high
voltage alternating current
allowed continued expansion of
the use of electricity in urban
households and industry
Compressed-air brake
Transformer
CONNECTION
OTHER PEOPLE
INVENT TRAIN
PARTS TODAY, TO
IMPROVE THEM!
Department Storesa large store
stocking many
varieties of goods in
different
departments.
• Carried a wide variety of
products.
• Were the special domain of
women, for shopping and
working.
• Bought products in bulk therefore
offered low prices to their
consumers
Marshall Field in
Chicago
R.H. Macy in
New York City
John Wanamaker in Philadelphia
Connection
• Department store are still relevant today.
• Macys, Sears, and Bloomingdales are
examples of department stores.
• People still go to department stores today.
Haymarket Riot
Incident in which a bomb exploded
during a labor protest held in
Haymarket Square in Chicago, killing
several police officers
Explanation
The riot was a misunderstanding between the
workers, and their employer Haymarket.
Haymarket cut everyone’s wage down so much
that they went on strike. The strikers were
having a rally and police officers came to remove
them, a bomb went off and killed seven officers.
In retaliation the police arrested eight anarchists
that could have conspired to do this. Only one of
them was present at the time of the bombing.
Connection
This riot can be connected to today’s
strikes. Big corporations of workers that refuse
to work. Locally we had a strike in Neshaminy
school district. The teachers refused to work
until they got what they wanted. This is very
similar to the Haymarket Riot, but without the
violence.
American Federation of Labor
Definition- The American Federation of Labor
was a union that worked too advance the
interests of skilled workers.
Explain
After the Great Upheaval many skilled workers
joined this union founded by Samuel Gompers
in 1886. The American Federation of Labor
organized independent craft unions into a group
that worked to advance the interests of skilled
workers.
Connection
A connection for the American Federation of
labor could be to remember that like today, we
are trying to improve the interests of workers
like they were in the AFL.
Sherman Antitrust Actoutlawed all monopolies and
trusts that restrained trade
Sherman Antitrust Act
 Passed by the US government to ban abusive monopolies
 Avoided monopolies that would destroy the government
 Made it illegal for companies to seek a monopoly on a
product
 Prevented huge monopolies from gaining too much
control
 Did not allow forming trusts to get rid of all competition
Remember the Sherman Antitrust Act
 Anti means against
 Anti is in the word Antitrust
 The Sherman Antitrust Act was against abusive
monopolies
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Pioneer of the railroad industry and
was the third richest man in
America’s history.
Vanderbilt dominated the railroad industry and his money
is equal to 185 billion dollars today. He also controlled lines
connecting Chicago, Cleveland, New York, and Toledo.
He owned New York Central Railroad, which was later merged with
Pennsylvania railroad and created the Penn Central Transportation
Company, was a railroad that transported out of Philadelphia.
Term:
Horizontal Integration
Definition:
Taking control of other companies
producing the same product
By: Griffin Smith
per. 6/8
 This term means to me to buy out all of your
competitors.
 Rockefeller did this to the oil business and he told
the men whose companies he was buying that they
would get a share of his stock Standard Oil if they
gave them the rights to their companies.
 Some major companies today that are horizontally
integrated are Pepsi, Oracle, and Amazon
 When ever you think about Horizontal Integration
think about Rockefeller because his company began
from buying out others.
Carnegie was a master at utilizing new
business strategies
 Organized all his companies into the
Carnegie Steel Company
 Donated more than $350 million to
charities which was later established into
institutions


Think of Carnegie Hall. Andrew
Carnegie built this concert venue for
really skilled musicians.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
• Was an American industrialist and philanthropist.
• One of the founders of the Standard Oil Company.
EXPLANATION
 John D. Rockefeller was one of the founders of the Standard Oil
Company and was one of the richest men in the country. When he
was 56 years old he retired and became a philanthropist.
VISUAL
CONNECTION
Rockefeller was the rock of the American
Oil Company.
Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive
rights granted by the
government to an inventor for
a limited period of time, in
exchange for the public
acknowledgement of the
invention.
Patent
A right given to you by the government that
allows you to sell, use, or make your invention
This right is protected and you're only allowed
to possess it for a period of time
Patent
 A way to remember patent is to remember
the word protect because your invention is
protected with a patent.
 They both start with P, end with T and
have 2 syllables
Pa-tent Pro-tect
Transcontinental Railroad
Formed by the Central Pacific railroad and the Union Pacific
railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to the Pacific. The Pacific
railroad act allowed the building of the railroad.
Transcontinental Railroad
 A continuous network of railroads that cross over a large mass of
land and ends at an ocean or land border.
 It was North America’s link for trade, commerce and travel and
connected the western side to the eastern side
 Helped make settlement in the west quicker and less expensive and
helped grow the economy
Transcontinental Railroad
 “Trans” in transcontinental looks like trains, and trains go across the
transcontinental railroad
 Transcontinental and travel both start with “t” and the transcontinental
railroad was a type of travel across the continent
TELEGRAPH
By: Jack Geiger
 Machine patented by Samuel Morse in 1837
 Developed in the 1830s and 1840s this invention revolutionized
long distance communication
 Transmitted electrical signals by wire
PICTURES!
MORE PICTURES!
CONNECTION
 You can get the root word tele from the word telegraph... WHICH
IS ALSO USED IN THE WORD TELEPHONE!
Thomas Alva Edison
By: Kelsey Gallagher
Thomas Edison
Pioneer of communication and technology.
Edison and fellow researchers made
significant discoveries and advances in
electricity, light bulbs, phonographs, and
early motion-picture cameras.





First major invention was the telegraph of up to 4
messages over the same wire at the same time.
Inventions had a significant influence on
telegraphic communications
Patented an electronic an electronic vote recorder
and a telegraphic stock ticket
Opened first electric power plant in new york
When he died he had over 1,000 patents
Connection:
Thomas Edison made many advances
with electricity involving the telegraph and
the light bulb.
Edison and Electricity both begin with E
• Definition: Theory that opposes
government regulation of economic
matters
• Laissez-faire means “to let people do as
they choose.”
Connection
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
The picture represents citizens
opposing the government and
wanting to shut them down for
regulation matters
 No government control over businesses
 Economy benefits
 Businesses can compete
 You freely enter the prize of competition and no
government
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
• Proposed by Herbert Spencer
• Ideas adapted from Charles Darwin’s theory
• Survival of the fittest
• “Fittest” rise to positions of wealth and power
• “Unfit” failed
• Society progressed through competition
• Believed that attempts to help poor slowed
down social progresses
Herbert Spencer
Charles Darwin
Only the “fittest”
rise to power.
Remembering Social
Darwinism
To remember Social Darwinism
remember the two S’s
• Social Darwinism
• Survival of the fittest
DEFINE TERMS
By: Shaun Boggs
Trust – Arrangement grouping several
companied under a single board of directors to
eliminate competition and to regulate
production.
Monopoly – Exclusive economic control of an
industry.
EXPLAIN TERM
• Trust – A group of companies
that join together to defeat rival
companies.
• Monopoly – The possession of
most or all supply of an industry.
VISUAL
CONNECTION
•The game monopoly shows a
monopoly. It shows this
because the objective is to
own everything so that the
other companies (people) go
bankrupt.
Bessemer process
Efficient method of making steel;
developed by British inventor Henry
Bessemer and American inventor
William Kelly in the 1850s
Bessemer process
A way of making steel by putting
the molten iron in a container and
blasting air through the container
to get rid of the impure materials.
Picture
Way to remember
Bessemer iron: because Henry Bessemer
created this process and they make the steel
in a pig iron