Nobel Laureates
Shikha Yashveer1, Jayanti Tokas2, Shalini Jain3 and Hariom Yadav4
1Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 2Department of Biochemistry, CCS
HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India
3Department
of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
4National Agri-Food Biotechnology, Mohali, Punjab, India
Email: yadavhariom@gmail.com
Alfred Nobel



Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833
in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.
He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor.
The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the
inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in
1895. In 1888, Alfred was astonished to read his own
obituary, titled ‘The merchant of death is dead’, in
a French newspaper.
MEDAL FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE IN
PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
FRONT
BACK
NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE
NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS
NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
AND PHYSICS
HERMANN EMIL
FISCHER

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 was awarded to Emil
Fischer “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses’’ (1898).
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Paul Ehrlich
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 was
awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul
Ehrlich in recognition of their work on immunity (1882).
Albrecht Kossel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 was awarded to
Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the contributions to our
knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins,
including the nucleic substances" (1896).
Frederick Grant
Banting

John James
Rickard Macleod
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was
awarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting and John James
Rickard Macleod "for the discovery of insulin” (1916).
Willem Einthoven


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was awarded to
Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the mechanism of the
electrocardiogram (1903).
Father of electrocardiography
Karl Landsteiner

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 was awarded
to Karl Landsteiner "for his discovery of human blood groups”
(1900).
Thomas Hunt Morgan

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was awarded
to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role
played by the chromosome in heredity" (1910).
MULLER

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded
to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of
mutations by means of X-ray irradiation” (1926).
Hans Adolf Krebs

Fritz Albert Lipmann
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was divided
equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric
acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”
(1930).
Lord(Alexander R.)Todd

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 was awarded to Lord Todd "for
his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes” (1949).
Frederick Sanger

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 was awarded to Frederick
Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of
insulin" (1945).
George Wells Beadle

Edward Lawrie Tatum
Joshua Lederberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 was divided, one
half jointly to George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical
events" and the other half to Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries
concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the
genetic material of bacteria". (1951)
Severo Ochoa


Arthur Kornberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 was awarded
jointly to Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg "for their discovery of
the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and
deoxyribonucleic acid (1956).
A scientist shouldn't be asked to judge the economic and moral value
of his work. All we should ask the scientist to do is find the truthand then not keep it from anyone. Arthur Kornberg quotes
Francis Harry
Compton Crick

James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh
Frederick Wilkins
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded
jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning
the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for
information transfer in living material” (1953).
PERUTZ MAX
FERDINAND

KENDREW
The 1962 Nobel prize in Chemistry was divided equally between:
Perutz and Kendrew, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Cambridge "for their studies of the structures of globular
proteins".
DOROTHY HODGKIN

The 1964 Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to HODGKIN,
DOROTHY CROWFOOT, "for her determinations by X-ray
techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".
François Jacob

André Lwoff
Jacques Monod
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 was awarded
jointly to François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod "for
their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus
synthesis" (1961).
Robert W. Holley

Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was awarded
jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall
W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its
function in protein synthesis’’ (1961)
Max Delbrück

Alfred D. Hershey
Salvador E. Luria
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 was awarded
jointly to Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E.
Luria "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism
and the genetic structure of viruses“(1952).
Norman E. Borlaug
 The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 was awarded to Norman Borlaug.
 Developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat
varieties in Mexico.
 He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest
civilian honor.
 World Food Prize (1986).
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was awarded
to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the
mechanisms of the action of hormones“(1953).
Gerald M. Edelman

Rodney R. Porter
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was awarded
jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter "for their
discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies“
(1960).
Christian B. Anfinsen

Stanford Moore
William H. Stein
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 was divided, one half awarded
to Christian B. Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially
concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and
the biologically active conformation", the other half jointly to
Stanford Moore and William H. Stein "for their contribution to
the understanding of the connection between chemical structure
and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease
molecule". (1962)
Albert Claude

Christian de Duve
George E. Palade
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 was awarded
jointly to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E.
Palade "for their discoveries concerning the structural and
functional organization of the cell".

George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 8, 2008)
was a Romanian cell biologist. Described as "the most
influential cell biologist ever”.

The prize was granted for his innovations in electron
microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the
foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most
notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic
reticulum – which he first described in 1955.

Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in
Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of
fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in
1986, and was previously elected a Member of the
US National Academy of Science in 1961.
David Baltimore

Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 was awarded
jointly to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin
Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between
tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell". (1968)
Roger Guillemin

Andrew V. Schally
Rosalyn Yalow
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 was divided, one
half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for their
discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the
brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow "for the development
of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones". (1950)
Werner Arber

Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was awarded
jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O.
Smith "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their
application to problems of molecular genetics".1970
Paul Berg

Walter Gilbert
Frederick Sanger
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 was divided, one half awarded
to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of
nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", the
other half jointly to Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger "for their
contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in
nucleic acids“ (1972).
Aaron Klug

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 was awarded to Aaron
Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron
microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically
important nucleic acid-protein complexes". (1978)
Barbara McClintock

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 was
awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of
mobile genetic elements". 1948
Niels K. Jerne
Georges

J.F. Köhler
César Milstein
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 was awarded
jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César
Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development
and control of the immune system and the discovery of the
principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". 1975
Stanley Cohen

Rita Levi-Montalcini
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was
awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita LeviMontalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors "
J. Michael Bishop

Harold E. Varmus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 was awarded
jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus "for their
discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes“ 1976
Sidney Altman

Thomas R. Cech
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 was awarded jointly
to Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech "for their discovery
of catalytic properties of RNA”1980.
Joseph E. Murray

E. Donnall Thomas
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was
awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall
Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Erwin Neher

Bert Sakmann
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was
awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "for
their discoveries concerning the function of single ion
channels in cells“ 1970
Richard R. Ernst

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 was awarded to Richard
R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the
methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy".
Edmond H. Fischer

Edwin G. Krebs
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was
awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G.
Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible
protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory
mechanism"
Richard J. Roberts

Phillip A. Sharp
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was
awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A.
Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes. 1978
Kary B. Mullis

Michael Smith
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 was awarded "for contributions
to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" jointly
with one half to Kary B. Mullis "for his invention of the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) method" and with one half to Michael Smith
"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of
oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development
for protein studies".
Alfred G. Gilman

Martin Rodbell
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was
awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these
proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Edward B. Lewis

Christiane
Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was
awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane
Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their
discoveries concerning the genetic control of early
embryonic development".
Stanley B. Prusiner

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was
awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner "for his discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infection". 1982.
Robert F. Furchgott

Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was awarded
jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule
in the cardiovascular system".
Gunter Blobel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 was
awarded to Gunter Blobel "for the discovery that proteins
have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and
localization in the cell".1990
Arvid Carlsson

Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 was awarded
jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the
nervous system and dopamine".
Leland H. Hartwell
Tim Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 was awarded
jointly to Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M.
Nurse "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle".
Sydney Brenner

H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded
jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E.
Sulston "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of
organ development and programmed cell death'".
John B. Fenn

Koichi Tanaka
Kurt Wuthrich
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 was awarded "for the development of
methods for identification and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules" with one half jointly to John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass
spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" and the other half to
Kurt Wüthrich "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological
macromolecules in solution".
Paul C. Lauterbur

Sir Peter Mansfield
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was
awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter
Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic
resonance imaging"
Andrew Z. Fire

Craig C. Mello
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was
awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello "for
their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA“ 1998
Roger D. Kornberg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 was awarded to Roger
D. Kornberg "for his studies of the molecular basis of
eukaryotic transcription".
Mario R. Capecchi

Sir Martin J. Evans
Oliver Smithies
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 was
awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans
and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for
introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells".
Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)

Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert
Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate
greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change" .

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a
scientific intergovernmental body first established in 1988 by two United
Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by
the United Nations General Assembly.

mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific,
technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change
caused by human activity, its potential environmental and socio-economic
consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating
the effects.

It is chaired by Rajendra K. Pachauri. this involves the governments of more than
120 countries.

A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports on topics relevant to the
implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that acknowledges the possibility of
harmful climate change.

Website www.ipcc.ch
Harald zur Hausen

Françoise
Barré-Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 was divided,
one half awarded to Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of
human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer", the other half
jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier "for
their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus".
Osamu Shimomura

Martin Chalfie
Roger Y. Tsien
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 was awarded jointly to
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for
the discovery and development of the green fluorescent
protein, GFP". 1996.
Elizabeth H.
Blackburn

Carol W. Greider
Jack W. Szostak
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 was
awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W.
Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how
chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme
telomerase".
Venkatraman
Ramakrishnan

Thomas A. Steit
Ada E. Yonath
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded jointly to
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E.
Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the
ribosome".
Robert G. Edwards


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was awarded
to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro
fertilization".
British physiologist and pioneer in reproductive
medicine and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) .
Bruce A. Beutler

Jules A. Hoffmann
Ralph M. Steinman
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was
divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A.
Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of
innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in
adaptive immunity".
Sir John B. Gurdon
Shinya Yamanaka
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was
awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya
Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be
reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
Thank You