 The impact of interaction among major societies, such as, trade, international exchange, war, and diplomacy.
 The relationship of change and continuity across the periods of
World History.
 Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment, including population change, manufacturing, agriculture, etc.
 Systems of organization and gender structure.
 Cultural and intellectual development and interactions among societies.
 Change over time in function and structures of political states.

 What is a civilization?
– Economic system
– Political organization
– Moral code (religion)
– Written language and intellectual tradition.

 Beginnings of Humans
– Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earth.
–
–
–
Hominids are primates.
Earliest hominids called Australopithecine.
Bipeds
 Other types of Early man include Homo
Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo
Sapien

 Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age).
– Tools were used.
– Simple huts.
– Fire.
– Hunter/gatherer societies.
– Family or clan groupings.
– Art and music also practiced.

 Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution
–
–
–
–
Occurred around the end of the Great Ice Age.
Rapid population growth.
Need for a change in food supply.
New skills needed.
 Pastoralism and agriculture
– begins with domestication of plants and animals.

 Many diversified crops developed.
 Development of communities and villages.
– Not based on family ties.
– Lead to the formation of cities.
 Early religions form around harvest and planting seasons.
 Specialization of Labor.
–
–
Improved tools.
Development of social classes.

 Mesopotamia.
– Tigris and Euphrates River valleys.
– Fertile Crescent.
– Written Language: Cuneiform.
– Epic of Gilgamesh.
– Hammurabi’s Code.

 Egypt
– Nile River valley: Upper and Lower Egypt
– Inundation: regular flooding schedule
– Monarchy: Pharaoh & small class of priests.
– Duality: Complex religion and mummification.
– Many great inventions and advances.

 Indus Valley
– Indus and Ganges Rivers
– Reason for decline unknown.
– Highly unified and organized government.
– Artistic.

 Yellow River valley.
– Shang – China’s first dynasty.
– Monarchy
– Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade.
– Zhou Dynasty: Many advances
• Mandate of Heaven
.

 Persians
– Created one of the largest empires in world history: From Turkey to Libya.
– Cyrus the Great-first king, Darius the
Great
– Advanced postal system, roads, single currency, and decentralized government.
–
–
Zoroastrianism: Primary religion.
Fell to Alexander the Great.

 Phoenicians
– Syria and Lebanon.
– Advanced export economy.
– Skilled traders.
– Established Cathage.
– First alphabet.

 Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean
Civilizations.
– Trading societies.
– Conquest (Trojan War)
– Joined into a single culture called
Hellenes or Greeks.

 Athens and Sparta
–
–
Athens: educated, great thinkers
Sparta: warrior society, military strength, self reliance.
 Beginnings of Democracy
– Began in Athens
–
–
–
Pericles
Not fully enfranchised.
Most representative government in ancient world.

 Peloponnesian War
–
–
–
Conflict between Athens and Sparta.
Left Greek city-states weak.
Open to conquest by the Persians and then
Macedonians (Alexander the Great).
 Alexander the Great
– Great conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire, territory to borders of India.
– Spread Greek culture throughout Eurasia.

 Hellenic Culture
– Science was important, geometry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy.
– Poetry (Homer), Drama
(Sophocles/Euripides), Philosophy
(Socrates, Plato)

 Roman Republic
– Tensions between Plebeians (lower class) and Patricians (upper class).
–
–
Beginning of Roman expansion.
Punic Wars
– Three campaigns against Carthage.
– Rome was victorious.
– Began expanding to the East (Greece,
Balkans).

 Collapse of Roman Republic
– Too much expansion.
– Social problems and civil wars.
– Unification of leadership under one person.
 Roman Empire
– Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar
Augustus)

 Strongest Chinese dynasty.
 Expansionist Empire
– Postal system.
– Roads.
– Defensive fortifications (Great Wall).
 Weak leadership caused collapse
– Corruption and leadership issues.

 Aryans
– Nomadic group invaded India.
– Earliest Europeans.
– Conquered the Dravidians (Dark skinned
Indians).
– Established warrior aristocracy.
– Established Sanskrit.
– Vedic and early Hindu faith.

 Caste System
• Priests (Brahmins)
• Warriors and political rulers (Kshatruyas).
• Commoners.
• Servants and Peasants.
• The “Untouchables.”
– Born into caste. Cannot be changed.

 Mauryan Empire
– Ashoka – 1 st emperor.
– Converted to Buddhism.
– Collapsed from outside attacks.
 Gupta Empire
– Religious tolerance.
– Muslim invaders.

 Judaism
–
–
Hebrews
Monotheistic
• Main deity - Yahweh
– Covenant
 Islam
–
–
–
Founded by Muhammad
Five Pillars of Faith.
Allah

 Christianity
–
–
Messiah: Jesus
Evangelical.
 Hinduism
– Bramin, Multiple gods, Darma, Karma.
– Multiple Reincarnations .

 Buddhism
–
–
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
 Daosim (Taoism)
–
–
The Way
Harmony with nature.

 Split in Islamic believers after the death of Muhammad.
– Sunni and Shiite
– “Caliph” – Leader of the Islamic faith.
 Umayyad Caliphate
 Abbasid Caliphate
– Golden Age of Islamic Culture

 Olmec
– Mother civilization for Central America.
 Maya
– Teotihuacan
– Located in Mexico and Central America.
– Religion included human sacrifice.
– Ended by constant state of war.

 Inca
– Located along the Andes Mountains of
Peru.
– Specially adapted to high mountain altitudes.
– Domesticated llamas.
 Aztec
– Tribute System.

 Oligarchy
– Rule by a small group of elite families.
 Monarch
– Leadership by one person passed through family.
– Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy.
 Republic
– Citizens all participate in government.
 Democracy
– All citizens play the same role in government
 Theocracy
– Ruled by church or priests (No separation)

 Collapse of Roman Empire led to fragmented leadership in Europe and the rise of the Byzantine Empire
– Emperor Justinian.
– Constantinople.
 Feudalism
– Manor System
• Self-sufficient.
• Serfdom

 Great Schism
– Catholic Church gains much power.
– Split between “Western” Church and
Byzantine Church.
 Monasticism
– Monastery orders dedicated to the service of God.
– Vows of Chastity and Poverty.

 One Hundred Years’ War
– England and France
• Caused political entanglements.
• France’s attempt to regain English territory.
• Trade competition.
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain and Portugal
– Muslim invasion
– Reconquesta

 Causes
– Religious fervor.
–
–
European desire for trade.
Personal Ambitions.
 First Crusade
– Byzantine empire asked for help against
Muslim Turks.
– Christians capture Jerusalem.

 More crusades - none successful.
 Effects of the Crusades
– More awareness of the world as a whole.
– Increased tensions between Muslims and
Christians.
– Increased trade.

 Bubonic Plague
– Traveled from Asia over Silk Road.
– Carried by fleas on rats.
– Killed 1/3 of European Population.
– Caused society to modernize and gave more rights to the poor.

 Printing Press
– Johannes Gutenberg
 Classicism
– Greater understanding and appreciation of Greek and Roman culture.
 Important people
–
–
–
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Titan

 Failed attempts at Catholic Church reforms.
 Martin Luther
– Protested indulgences.
– Formed Lutheran Church.
 John Calvin
– Predestination.

 Anglican Church (Church of England)
– Formed for political reasons against
Pope’s authority.
 Catholic Counter Reformation
– Council of Trent
– Inquisition.

 Berber States
– Nomads
– First to convert to Islam Mali.
 Mansa Musa – Mali
– Very Rich
– Muslim that traveled throughout Africa and
Middle East.

 Songhai
– Askia Mohammed.
 Islamic Achievements
– Arabic Numerals
– Algebra/Trig
 Delhi Sultanate
– Introduced Islam to India.

 Khanates
– Genghis
– Khubilai
• Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty”
 Mongol Advances
– Stirrups
–
–
Advanced horse warfare
– Inclusion of conquered peoples
 Golden Horde and Il”Khan
Conflict over religion.

 Ottoman Empire
– Major leader – Sultan Suleiman the
Magnificent.
–
–
Took over Constantinople
Long decline 14501920’s
 Safavid Empire
–
–
Persia
Shiite Muslims

 Mughal Empire
– India
– Hindu majority ruled by Muslim minority.
 All three “Gunpowder Empires”

 Absolute monarchies
–
–
–
–
Nation states emerge from feudal societies.
Common languages develop.
National identity.
Strong, unlimited power of monarch.
 Rulers
– Louis XIV, Habsburg rulers, Henry VIII and
Elizabeth I, Ivan the Terrible, etc.

 Monarchy with limited power.
– Parliamentary governments.
• Formed Great Britain
• English Civil War
– Oliver Cromwell – Military dictator of England.
– Restoration
• William and Mary

 Scientific Revolution
– Accelerated pace of scientific discovery.
– Modern thinking on scientific reason and logic.
 Great thinkers of Scientific Revolution
– Sir Isaac Newton
– Galileo

 Enlightenment
– Emphasis on scientific method.
–
–
Faith in the power of human reason.
Criticism of the Church to some extent.
 Great Thinkers of the Enlightenment
–
–
–
Voltaire
Rousseau
Locke

 Reaction to Mongol Dynasty
–
–
Used Mongol foundations to build empire.
Naval forces
• Voyages of Zheng He
– Very artistic (Ming ware)
 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
–
–
–
Established by Manchu peoples.
Full scale European trade begins in China.
Last dynasty of China.

 Japanese feudalism
– Shogun
–
–
–
Daimyo
Samurai
Bushido
 Comparison of Japanese and
European Feudalism = Japanese feudal system more centralized.

 Shogunates
– Kamakura and Ashikaga came first.
– Most famous is Tokugawa Shogunate.
• Founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• Dictatorship, highly centralized government.
• Confucian ideas.
• Closed ports to trade which caused economic collapse.

 Economic motivation for exploration
– Trade routes to India.
 New Technologies
– Caravel
– Astrolabe
– Compass
– Rudder

 Explorers
– Henry the Navigator
– Columbus
– Magellan
 Treaty of Tordesillias
– World divided by the Pope for exploration

 Spanish and Portuguese colonization
– Conquistadors
• Cortez-Aztec
• Pizzaro-Inca
 North American Colonization
– French, English, Dutch, Spanish split
North America.
– Tried to find “Northwest Passage.”

 Slavery existed before but Atlantic Slave
Trade was new.
 Factors for the expansion of Slave Trade.
–
–
–
Labor intensive crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton).
Slaves better suited to climate of New World.
Ending of Encomienda system.
 First controlled by Portuguese

 Middle Passage
– Trade route from Africa to New World that carried slaves.
– Small ships, many casualties from voyage.
 Triangular Trade
– Major route of World Ocean Trade
– Middle Passage was second leg.

 New Spain
– Viceroyalties
– Three types of conquest
• Microbial (diseases)
• Economic
• Cultural
 Mining and sugar production

 Social Stratification
– Peninsulares. Creoles, Mestizos.
 Portuguese in Brazil
– Major sugar cane plantations.
– Boom/Bust economy.

 Exchange of Plants, Animals, Foods, and
Diseases between the New World and the
Old World.
– Horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs from Old
World.
• Provided food and labor.
– Squash, beans, sweet potatoes, peppers, peanuts, tomatoes.
– Increased areas to grow cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and cacao.
 Part of Massive Colonization Movement.

 Causes of the French Revolution.
– Wide spread social and economic gap.
– Unfair taxes.
– Growing middle class.
– Influence of Enlightenment ideas.
– Poor leadership and massive financial debt.

 Three estates.
–
–
Third Estate forms National Assembly from the
Estates-General.
Sans-Culottes – Radical peasants in Paris.
 Phases of the Revolution.
– Moderate Period 1789-1791 – limited power of church and land reforms.
–
–
Radical Period 1792-1794 – Executions,
Jacobins.
Conservative Period 1795-1799 – Directory and rise of Napoleon.

 Adam Smith (New economic theory).
– Free Trade.
– Laissez faire (Let it alone).
– Invisible Hand.
– Supply and Demand.

 Pre-conditions for Industrialization
– Inventions – spinning jenny, water frame
– Increased reliance on coal.
 Industrial Revolution
–
–
–
Textile Industry.
Stream and Electricity.
Effects on social classes.
• Middle class benefits.
• Poor working conditions.

 Socialism
– Economic competition is inherently unfair.
– Popular in France.
 Marxism
– More radical form of socialism.
– Proletariat, Bourgeoisie, Class struggle.
 Communism
– Same as Marxism.

 Causes
– Economic factors.
• Need for raw materials.
– Military factors.
• New weapons.
• Coal sources.

– Social factors.
• Population growth.
• Making fortunes.
– Cultural factors.
• Conquer “inferior’ people aka “White Man’s
Burden.”
• Social Darwinism.

 Great Britain
– India
– China/SE Asia
 America
– Hawaii
– Pacific Ocean
– Caribbean

 Scramble for Africa
– Africa divided up between imperial powers.
– Berlin Conference
 Japan resists imperial take over by
West.

 Opium War
– Opium used to end trade deficit between
China and GB.
– First Opium War
• Treaty of Nanking – 5 Chinese ports opened.
GB gets Hong Kong as colony.
 Taiping Rebellion
–
–
Civil War in China
Thousands die.

 Dowager Empress Cixi
– Conservative, oppressive, leader of Qing
China.
– Controlled nephew on the throne. When he tried to reform China, she had him removed.
 Boxer Rebellion
– Rebellion against foreigners in China
– Not successful.

 Japanese Modernization.
– New constitution based on US.
–
–
Parliament formed (Diet).
Mostly an oligarchy.
 Zaibatsu.
– State sponsored businesses.
–
–
Industry and private enterprise.
Poor working conditions for the lower class.
 Increased urbanization.
 Beginnings of Japanese expansionism.

 Sino-Japanese War
– Japan wants part of China trade.
–
–
Takes over Korea and trading port.
Used US Open Door Policy to justify actions.
 Russo-Japanese War
– Caused by competition over Manchuria.
– Surprise attack by Japanese on Russian positions.
– Japan wins.
 Begins to warn world of imperial leanings.

 American Revolution
– Ending colonial ties to Great Britain.
• Forms republic.
• Constitution.
 Haitian Revolution
– Slave revolt (only successful one in history).
• Toussaint L’Overture
 Latin American Independence
– Creole Rebellion.
– Simon Bolivar, Pedro Hidalgo, Morelos.

 Troubles in governing.
– Constitutions.
– Many dictatorships.
 Economic Issues.
– Boom/Bust economies.
 Social and Racial Divisions.
 Limited Modernizations & Industrialization.
 Mexico
–
–
French intervention, Maximillian, Napoleon III
Benito Juarez

 Causes
– Competition between Empires
– Secret alliances
– Tensions in the Balkans
– Assassination of the Archduke.
 Central Powers

 Warfare
–
–
Trench warfare on Western Front
Naval warfare and submarines
 Treaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 Points
– Great Britain & France wanted revenge.
• War Guilt Clause
• Loss of Territory
• Disarmament
• Reparations

 Russian Revolution
–
–
1917 Lenin and Bolsheviks overthrow the Czar.
After Lenin’s death, Stalin gains control
 Economic Reforms
– Year Plans
• Five Year Plans – Heavy industry
• Collectivization
 Political Oppression
– Little political freedoms
– Siberian Labor Camps

 German Fascism
– Began as a lack of confidence in Weimar
Republic
–
–
Against Communist Party which was also strong.
Anti-Semitic
 Italian Fascism
– Appealed to WWI veterans
–
–
Extreme nationalism/racial prejudice
Led by Mussolini
• March on Rome leads to control of country.
• Eventually allies with the Germans

 Led by Adolph Hitler
–
–
–
Charismatic leader
Wrote “Mein Kampf”
Last Chancellor of Weimar Republic
–
–
Head of German Reichstag
Passed Enabling Act, suspended Constitution.
He ruled by decree.
 Outlawed all opposition
 Limited personal freedoms
 Began persecuting Jews and others.

 Axis and allies
– Axis = Germany, Italy, and Japan
– Allies = US, Great Britain, France, USSR
 Appeasement Policy
– After a number of aggressive moves, Allies continue to back down.
– Japan continues expansion into China
 New technology
– Aircraft carriers/Bombers
–
–
Radar
Atomic weapons.

 Blitzkrieg
– lightning war used by Germans
 Germans took over all but Great Britain
– Battle of Britain
• Blitz
 Japanese aggression in Pacific
– Pearl Harbor

 Turning Point 1942
– Losses by Axis
• Midway
• El Alamein
• Stalingrad
 D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944
 Atomic Bombs on Japan

 Rape of Nanking
– Japanese troops storm city, raping and killing civilians.
 Comfort Women
– Women forced to serve as prostitutes for
Japanese soldiers.

 Holocaust
– Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other ethnicities.
– Final Solution
– Concentration Camps
• Extermination camps
• Zyclon B
• Cremation Chambers
 Total dead: In excessive of 12 million people. 6 million were Jews.

 After Qing Dynasty, China ruled by
Nationalist Party.
–
–
Led by Sun Yat-Sen
After Sun Yat-Sen dies, Chang Kai-Shek takes over
 Chinese Communist Party
– Led by Mao Zedong
–
–
–
–
Lead revolution against nationalists.
Early defeats lead to Long March
Helped by Japanese Invasion
Eventually Communists succeed and Nationalists flee to Taiwan.

 First test of containment Policy
–
–
–
1950-1953 South Korea vs North Korea
US supports South Korea
China and Russia support North Korea
– MacArthur
• Brilliant General but arrogant
• Fired for not following orders
 War ended at original line of division – 38 th
Parallel.

 Non-military aggression between
Communist and Capitalist countries.
 Spread of Soviet influence and control
– Eastern Europe fall under Soviet control
– Soviets violate promises made at Yalta
Conference.
– Berlin Blockage and division of Berlin.

 US Containment Policy
– Marshall Plan
– Formation of NATO
 Arms Race
– Began after 1949 when Soviets demonstrated nuclear weapons.
– Nuclear aggression and build up between
US and USSR – “MAD” Mutually Assured
Destruction.

 Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR
 Space Race
– Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957
• US frightened because USSR had first space rocket
 Cuban Revolution
–
–
Fidel Castro makes Cuba a communist country
Communist country 90 miles from US

 U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR
 JFK
– Bay of Pigs Invasion: Attempt by US to overthrow Castro
– Results in soviet nuclear weapons stationed in
Cuba
• Attempt to destroy missiles could start a nuclear war with USSR
• Kennedy blockages Cuba and Soviets back down

 US lands on the Moon
– Wins space Race
 Split between Chinese Communists and Soviet Communists
– Mao disagrees with Soviet view of socialism.
– Borders between the two become more hostile

 Vietnam War
– French Indo-China
• Vietnam was a colony of France but France too weak to control it.
– Ho Chi Minh
• Leader of Communist Party in North Vietnam
– US support French and enters the war to help south Vietnam
–
–
Domino Theory
French/US defeat

 D’etente – General relaxation of tensions between the super powers.
 1980’s
– Soviets invade Afghanistan
• Oil supply threatened
• Damaged relations
– Olympic Games boycotted
• US in 1980 and USSR in 1984

 USSR begins to collapse internally
– Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985
• Attempts reforms “Perestroika”
(restructuring)=economic reforms
• Glasnost=“Openness” cultural liberation
 Berlin Wall and Iron Curtain comes down in 1989
 1991 USSR collapses

 Wars fought to gain independence
 Education of native peoples led to easier decolonization
 Ethnic and religious differences cause major issues for new countries
 Exploitation of natural resources
 Sides taken in Cold War

 The regions’ importance as a supply of petroleum
 Contradiction between a desire to modernize and Islamic traditions
 Destabilizing effect of Arab/Israeli
Conflict

 Established as a state for displaced
Jews from the Holocaust
 Britain controlled region of Palestine
 Gave region over to become the State of Israel
 Displaced millions of Palestinian Arabs to neighboring nations.

th
 Major population growth
 Rise in consumer society
 Social activism
– 1960’s peace protests
 Terrorism
– Arab/Israeli conflicts
 Changes in gender relations
 Rise of mass media
– TV, film, and radio as sources of info and entertainment

 Gulf War
– Iraq invades Kuwait
• US-led coalition frees Kuwait
 Yugoslavian War
– Serbian aggression against Albanian and
Bosnian minorities in Losovo
 Weapons of Mass Destruction
– Limiting production and testing of nuclear weapons.
 Proliferation of small arms
– Guns, semi-automatic and automatic

 Good Luck!
 Don’t stress!