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Human Body Booklet – 4 th Quarter project
For your 4 th quarter project you will be creating a booklet containing information of 8 body systems. A booklet is defined as a small book or group of pages. Students will be able to understand how different body systems work and how they interact with each other in order to maintain homeostasis, by performing independent research. This assignment will be worth
2 Test grades.
Students will provide the following information for each body system:

An Illustration of the body system

A list of the major organs/structures in the system

The function of those organs

The role of the system in the body

Answer questions about the role of the system and how it works within the human body.
You can draw or trace pictures if you need to, but you cannot cut or paste from a website. A source must be given for each illustration. 5 sources must be used to complete this assignment. One of those sources has to be a book. You are expected to provide web links or book titles in a page title “Work Cited.” You must use appropriate language for a 9 th or 10 th grade reading levels at all times. You must turn in your rubric with your assignment, or you will lose 10 points!
Please complete the reading included in this packet. I have also provided outlined sheets of the information required from you on each body system. These sheets will be the pages of your booklet. You are expected to complete them and turn them in.
Digestive System (Example) (you will DO this system on a DIFFERENT PAGE)
Illustration (Picture) of this body system:
Major organs & their functions:
1.
Mouth
2.
Esophagus
3.
Stomach
4.
Small Intestine
5.
Liver
6.
Gall Bladder
7.
Pancreas
8.
Large Intestine
9.
Anus
Explain the role of this system in the body:
The role of this system is to breakdown foods into forms (glucose) that can be used by cells and getting rid of the waste produced in the process. Then, the cells use glucose to produce cell energy (ATP)
Key Questions:
1.
Why is the digestive system important?
2.
How does saliva and chewing aid digestion?
3.
You take a bite of an apple. Describe what happens to that bite of apple as it goes through the digestive system.

Homeostasis & Levels of Organization
Homeostasis comes from 2 Greek words. The first word is homoios, which means “similar.”
The second word is stasis, which means “standing still.” In order words, homeostasis is the name given to the combination of all the processes that help us to maintain a stable internal environment, where all of our cells and organs can function properly. Our cells and organs have adapted to work under particular conditions. If those conditions are not met, it could lead to serious consequences. For example, if we were not able to maintain a body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius, by means of the circulatory and muscle systems our body’s enzymes, little workers that keep everything working properly, will stop working. This will lead to serious consequences and even death, if not treated by a doctor. This is something that could happen to anyone experiencing a really high fever.
Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in homeostasis. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by the cells in the pancreas. If the blood glucose level falls to dangerous levels (as in very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the pancreas releases glucagon, a hormone whose effects on liver cells act to increase blood glucose levels. They convert glycogen into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels.
When levels of blood sugar rise, whether as a result of glycogen conversion, or from digestion of a meal, a different hormone is released from the pancreas. This hormone, insulin, causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen, and to force about 2/3 of body cells (primarily muscle and fat tissue cells) to take up glucose from the blood, thus decreasing blood sugar.
Insulin also provides signals to several other body systems, and is the chief regulatory metabolic control in humans. A diabetic is unable to produce insulin in order to regulate blood sugar levels. Less extreme cases of diabetes can be handled with diet, exercise, and sometimes medication. Sever forms of diabetes can require daily insulin shots which the patients injects him or herself. All patients must constantly regulate their blood sugar levels by testing it.
In multicellular organisms there are 5 levels of organization. This first level is composed of
cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. Some examples of cells include blood cells and bone cells.
The second level is composed of tissues. Tissues are made of cells that have a similar structure and function. For example, muscle tissue and bone tissue. The third level is composed of
organs. Organs are a combination of tissues that work together to carry a particular function, the heart and the brain. The fourth level is composed of organ systems. A group of two or more organs working together to performed a particular function, the circulatory and muscle systems. The last level of organization is the organism. An organism is a living thing that can carry all basic life processes, such as taking in materials, releasing energy from food, releasing waste, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce. Bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals are perfect example of organisms.

Questions:
1.
Explain the concept of homeostasis in your own words and why it is important.
2.
Your kidneys and liver work closely with your circulatory system to maintain homeostasis. What are their roles?
3.
A person who is cold shivers to generate heat. Please describe the body system involved in maintaining homeostasis this way.
4.
Please outline how glucose levels are regulated in your body. Make sure to answer the following parts: a.
Why do we need glucose and how do we obtain it? b.
What organs are involved in regulation and how does it travel around the body? c.
What happens when glucose levels drop and rise? d.
What condition do you have when you can’t regulate glucose levels and how does a patient manage this?
5.
List each level of organization and explain why it is important.

Muscular System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system: Major organs & their functions:
 Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
Why do skeletal muscles need large amounts of ATP?
2.
Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?
3.
Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue. Be sure to include their structures, their functions, and provide an example of each.

Skeletal System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system: Major organs & their functions:
 Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Skull

Vertebral Column

Bone Marrow
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
What is an essential mineral associated with this system? Why is it important?
2.
What body system does the skeletal system work with in order to provide movement? Why do they need to work together in order to achieve movement?
3.
Evaluate this statement as true or false: “The skeletal system is a rigid, lifeless support system for the rest of the body.” Defend your answer.

Nervous System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system:
*Please draw and label a neuron for this system!
Major organs & their functions:
 Brain

Spinal Cord

Neuron
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
How is a neuron built to do its job?
2.
What is a neurotransmitter and why are they important?
3.
In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, early damage to the synapses in the brain can lead to short-term memory loss. If the synapse between a neuron and another cell is damaged, how will it affect an impulse?

Digestive System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system: Major organs & their functions:
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
How is the small intestine designed to maximize absorption?
2.
How does saliva and chewing aid digestion?
3.
You take a bite of an apple. Describe what happens to that bite of apple as it goes through the digestive system.

Circulatory System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system:
*You may draw only the heart here!
Major organs & their functions:
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
The circulatory system transports (among other things) oxygen gas and glucose. Why do these need to be transported around the body?
2.
What is the main different between veins and arteries?
3.
How is the body’s circulatory system like a major transportation system in a city?

Respiratory System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system: Major organs & their functions:
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
How are the lungs built to maximize gas exchange?
2.
What gases are exchanged during respiration? Why does this need to happen?
3.
How does the presence of hemoglobin in the blood increase the efficiency of gas exchange?

Excretory System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system:
*Please draw and label a kidney!
Major organs & their functions:
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
Why is the excretory system important?
2.
How do the kidneys respond to an increased intake of water? Of salt?
3.
Explain how this systems contributes to maintaining homeostasis in the body

Immune System
Illustration (Picture) with labels of this body system: Major organs & their functions:
Explain the role of this system in the body:
Key Questions:
1.
Why is the immune system important?
2.
Explain how the immune system is able to identify when something is foreign or doesn’t belong to the body.
3.
Compare and contrast active and passive immunity. Include an explanation of how an individual develops each type.

Works Cited