NSS Chemistry Elective
Analytical Chemistry
Chan T.W. Dominic
Department of Chemistry,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Importance of Analytical Chemistry in
Hong Kong
• Chemistry-related jobs in HK
1. Government Laboratory
2. Testing Laboratories
–
–
–
–
–
–
Jockey Club Racing Laboratory
Hospital Laboratory
Enviropace Limited
Productivity Council
Pharmaceutical companies
Private laboratories, such as BV, SGS,…etc.
3. Secondary School Teaching
4. Sales and Marketing
2
Importance of Analytical Chemistry in
Hong Kong
• Undergraduate Curriculum in Chemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
¼ - ⅕ weightings
• Postgraduate Programmes in Chemistry
1. MSc in Analytical Chemistry (HKBU)
2. MPhil / PhD in Analytical Chemistry Disciplines
3
Curriculum Comparison between NSS,
CE and AL for Analytical Chemistry
Detecting the presence of chemical species (Ch 61)
1. Detection of gases
(Mostly covered in HKCEE, except the detection of HCl)
2. Detecting the presence of some metal ions by flame tests
(Covered in HKCEE)
3. Qualitative analysis of ionic compounds – cations and anions
(Mostly covered in HKCEE, except the detection of Mg2+)
4. Chemical tests for some functional groups of carbon compounds
(Functional groups include C=C, −OH, −CHO, >C=O and −COOH)
(HKAL: only addition-elimination (condensation) reactions with hydrazines)
5. Separation of a mixture of known substances
(Covered in HKCEE)
4
Curriculum Comparison between NSS,
CE and AL for Analytical Chemistry
Separation and purification methods (Ch 62)
1. Separation and purification methods
- Crystallization, distillation / fractional distillation, liquid-liquid
extraction, column and thin layer chromatography
(Mostly covered in HKAL, except column chromatography)
- Determine the Rf values of substances in a chromatogram
- Justify the choice of an appropriate method used for the
separation of substances in a mixture
2. Tests for purity
- Determine the melting point or boiling point of a substance
- Examine the purity of a substance by measuring its melting
or boiling point
5
Curriculum Comparison between NSS,
CE and AL for Analytical Chemistry
Quantitative methods of analysis (Ch 63)
1. Gravimetric analysis
2. Volumetric analysis
- (HKCEE: Simple volumetric work involving acids and alkalis)
- (HKAL: Acid-base titration and the choice of indicator
plus general knowledge acquired from experiments under
TAS scheme)
3. Process of a quantitative analysis
6
Curriculum Comparison between NSS,
CE and AL for Analytical Chemistry
Instrumental analytical methods (Ch 64)
1. Colorimetry
- (HKAL: Treated briefly in “rate of chemical reaction”)
- Construct a calibration curve and use it for the determination of the
concentration of an unknown solution
2. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
- (HKAL: Structure determination of organic compounds)
- Identify C-H, O-H, N-H, C=C, CΞC. C=O & CΞN from an IR
spectrum using a correlation table
3. Mass spectrometry
- (HKAL: A brief account of the mass spectrometer in determining
relative isotopic, atomic and molecular masses)
- Identify R+, RCO+ and C6H5CH2+ from a mass spectrum
7
Curriculum Comparison between NSS,
CE and AL for Analytical Chemistry
The role of analytical chemistry in our daily lives (Ch 66)
1.
Analysis of food and drugs
2.
Environmental protection
3.
The chemistry aspects of forensic science
4.
Clinical diagnoses
(Not covered in HKCEE & HKAL)
8
Overview of Chemical Analysis
Purpose of the
analysis
Real Samples:
Mixture Analysis
Separation &
Purification
Qualitative
Target Specific
Analysis
Non-specific
Analysis
Quantification
•
•
•
Limit of detection
Accuracy of the
measurement
Uncertainties
9
Qualitative Analysis
• Chemical tests for gases, O2, H2, HCl, …
• Flame test for metal ions
• Chemical tests for functional groups of organic
compounds
• Identification of common cations and anions
10
Introduction of Separation Sciences
- Importance of sample purity for chemical analysis
- Conventional separation sciences
Crystallization
Distillation
Liquid-liquid extraction
- Advanced separation methods
Concept
(mobile/stationary phases)
Illustration
(paper chromatography)
Chromatography
Simple classification
(thin-layer & column)
Indexing method
(Rf-value)
11
Spectroscopic Analysis
Colorimetry
- quantitative analysis
Infrared Spectrometry
– functional group analysis
Mass Spectrometry
- molecular mass measurement and
structural analysis
12
Web Resources for IR and MS Information
Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SDBS
- by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng
University of Wisconsin-Madison – Chemistry Library
http://chemistry.library.wisc.edu/subject-guides/spectroscopy.html
NIST Chemistry WebBook
- by National Institute of Standards and Technology
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
13
The Role of Analytical Chemistry
Forensic
science
Toys
Analysis of
food and
drugs
Doping
control
Textiles
Analytical
Chemistry
Clinical
diagnosis
Environmental
protection
Gemstones
and
Antiques
14
Analysis of Food and Drugs
- Residual pesticides in vegetables
- Malachite green§1 in eel and other fish products
- Harmful additives in food: e.g. Melamine in milk§2
products
Hong Kong
Standard,
23 Sept 2008
Related Organizations:
- Government Laboratory – Forensic Sciences Division
- Food and Environmental Authority
§1 Rapid
§2
Commun Mass Spectrom. 1998;12(21):1625-34
http://www.sielc.com/compound_404.html
15
Environmental Protection
- Heavy metal analysis in drinking water
- Air pollutants, e.g. formaldehyde, NOx, O3, SOx,.. etc
- Dixoin (75 congeners) and polychlorinated
biphenyls (209 congeners) analysis§
Related Organizations:
- Government Laboratory – Environmental Monitoring Division
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Enviropace Limited
- Greenpeace
- Water Department
§More
16
information: http://www.pacelabs.com
The Chemistry Aspects of
Forensic Science
- Development of latent fingerprints, e.g. Ninhydrin,
cyanoacrylate fuming, laser luminescence
- Body fluid analysis, e.g. DNA fingerprinting
- Analysis of unknown powders/pills
Andrzej Tokarski/Dreamstime.com
Related Organization:
- Government Laboratory – Forensic Sciences Division
17
Clinical Diagnosis
- A biomarker is a substance that is objectively measured and evaluated
as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or
pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.
-
e.g.
Glucose level
Creatinine
Dopamine



Diabetes
Kidney malfunction
Parkinson’s disease
Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics
Related Organizations:
- Hospital Authority
- Clinical testing laboratories
18
Thank you for your attention!
Who should take Analytical
Chemistry?
Students with:
• good mathematical ability: calculations and
plot graphs
• good analytical ability: interpreting different
spectra (IR and MS), qualitative analysis
20