Chapter 3: Organic Molecules
and life
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” =
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon (C )
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
* Is water organic?
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
C
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
C
The carbons are often bound to each other, with Hs bound
to each carbon
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
C, and often contain O
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
C, and often contain O
D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings
I. Intro: Carbon & organic
chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element
Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
C, and often contain O
D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings
E. Organic molecules often contain functional groups
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides: CH2O
• Monosaccharides
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
common dietary monosaccharides
Individual cells are able to harness the energy in
monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex, muscle cell
contraction)
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:
3. Polysaccharides
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build
polysaccharides to either store energy or
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build
polysaccharides to either store energy or use them for
structure
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose
c. Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell
walls
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids
both for energy and structure/function.
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored
c. Phospholipids- the major structural component of cell
membranes
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
2. Steroids
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and
function, but can use for energy
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies
c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies
c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins
d. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive
enzymes
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies
c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins
d. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive
enzymes
e. Movement: ex, contractile proteins in muscle cells
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific
sequence of amino acids
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific
sequence of amino acids
* Is the sequence of amino acids important to a protein’s
function?
III. Major Biological Molecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins
1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific
sequence of amino acids
b. Patterns of protein folding
Amino acids bond
one-by-one to form
• The primary structure of a protein
III. Major Biological Molecules
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbohydrates
Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
Proteins
Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides
III. Major Biological Molecules
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbohydrates
Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
Proteins
Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides
are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide
(deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine
( C ).
III. Major Biological Molecules
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbohydrates
Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
Proteins
Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides
are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a
nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine
( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than
thymine.
A.
B.
C.
D.
III. Major Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
Proteins
Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides
are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a
nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine
( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than
thymine.
3. RNA is a single strand, while DNA is made of 2
separate strands. They stick together by H-bonding
between the N-bases.