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Chapter 19
Compare the basic organization and function of the ES and the NS
Describe the structural and functional organization of the hypothalamus and the pituitary and explain their relationship
Discuss the locations and structures of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as the thymus and the endocrine part of the pancreas.
List the hormones (and their function) produced by these glands.
Briefly review the results of abnormal hormone production

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Ductless glands produce hormones
Gland may be entire organ or interspersed bits of tissue
Chemical classification of hormones
Target tissues are identified by receptors

Control Center for internal environment
Regulates nervous and endocrine systems via
3 mechanisms:
1.
ANS centers exert nervous control on adrenal medulla
2.
3.
ADH and Oxytocin production
Regulatory hormone production (RH and IH) controls pituitary gland directly and all other endocrine glands indirectly
Fig 19-3

Structure:
Infundibulum - connection to hypothalamus
In the sella turcica
Two parts with an embryonic double origin
Posterior Pituitary = neurohypophysis Storage shed for
ADH and Oxytocin (produced in ?)
Anterior Pituitary
= adenohypophysis production of 7 peptide hormones, see fig 19.5
Histology
Fig 19-4

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two capillary networks in serial arrangement
Advantage?

Named after their destination: . . .

blood vessels that link two capillary networks
Fig 19-6

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Anterior surface of trachea just inferior of thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple)
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Two lobes connected by isthmus
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Microscopic
thyroid follicles
produce thyroid hormone

C Cells - produce calcitonin
(  Ca
2+
)
Fig 19-7

Goiter
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Thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
 speed up metabolic rate
Calcitonin  lowers blood Ca 2+ levels
Exophthalmus

Thyroid pathologies:
Hyper- and
Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Slowing of mind and body

4 tiny glands embedded in the back of the thyroid
(superior and inferior)
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH; sometimes also called parathormone)
Function: antagonist to Calcitonin
Fig 19-9

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Inside thoracic cavity immediately posterior to sternum above the heart

Most active in infancy and childhood Largest just before puberty
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Thymosin - enhances lymphocyte production and competence.
(important for immune system)

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Cortex: corticosteroid production aldosterone, cortisol, sexhormone
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Medulla: modified sympathetic ganglion produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
( parallels sympathetic division of ANS)
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Fig 19-10

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Part of endocrine and digestive systems.
(99% exocrine)
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Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
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 cells: glucagon (  blood sugar levels by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose)
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 cells: insulin (  blood sugar levels by causing the cells to take up glucose for use by the mitochondria)
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 cells: somatostatin