Life in the Industrial Age
Changes in:
Society
and
Culture
The Role of the Factory
A. Division of Labor- factory owners divided manufacturing process
between workers & machines
Result:
- more produced in shorter time
- lowers cost of production & increased profits
B. Interchangeable Parts: parts made by machines which were all alike
Results: - quicker production
- easy to create by unskilled labor
C. Mass Production: producing large numbers of identical
Results: - owners can sell more and consumer buy cheaper
D. Assembly Line: all products brought together and
assembled at one location from
worker to worker
Results: Henry Ford’s production of the automobile
E. Wage System: paid based on: amount produced,
cost to produce, comparable wages,
# of workers available, hrs worked
Machines Change the Workforce
A. Unskilled workers learned to operate
machine in a few days
B. Women and Children
1. could operate machines
2. did not expect high wages
3. did not have set work habit
Outcome:
- Skilled worker = unemployment
- Rise of child labor = taken advantage of
Emigration
• Movement of people away from home country
• Why?
- jobs (rapid industrialization in Europe/U.S.)
- higher wages attracted workers
- transportation allowed easy movement
- fled from oppression & discrimination
Leads to………..
Growth of Cities & Suburbs
• Factory System causes growth of cities
Outcome: overcrowding, rise of crime, pollution, poverty
• Many leave city for residential areas outside city called Suburbs
- less crowded/less noisy/bigger homes
- transportation allows quick travel to and from
Life in the City
Early City Life:
• No running water (No sewers till late 1800’s)
• Garbage tossed in streets
• Factory smoke caused pollution & bad smells
• Crowded and Unsafe
1870’s City Life:
• Iron pipes, flush toilets, running water
• public sewers, paved roads, street lights
• social services offered
• Police officers patrol streets (“Bobbies”)
• Refrigeration allows food availability all year
Public Education
• Enlightenment ideas spur “Public Education”
• Industrialists want:
- people who could read & write
- engineers, scientists, skilled technicians
Effect:
• Lower class children only early years
• Upper class children upper grades & college
• New job opportunities
• Newspapers/Political Cartoons important
Leisure & Cultural Activities
• Sports in the 1800’s:
- Rugby (1750 first played)
- Soccer (1848 first spectator sport)
- Football (1880 adapted by Rugby)
- Baseball (1845 first official game)
• Leisure Activities:
- Bicycling
- Public Libraries
- Art Museums
- Public Parks
- Music & Concert Hall
Advances in:
Technology
and
Communication
Michael Faraday
• English Scientist
• 1820’s-1830’s made key discoveries about
electricity
• Developed first electric generator (transformed
mechanical power into electrical power)
Thomas Edison
• American Inventor
• 1879 developed light bulb that glowed for 2 days
• Developed a system for transmitting electricity
from a central powerhouse
Alexander Graham Bell
• American Inventor
• 1870’s transmitted human voice over long
distance by electrical circuit through wire
• 1876 patented the “telephone”
Guglielmo Marconi
• Italian Inventor
• 1895 developed a way to send message through
space without wire
• 1901 patented the “wireless telegraph”
Henry Ford
• American Inventor
• 1908 produced first commercial automobile “The
Model T”
• Used assembly line to mass produce automobile
Wilber & Orville Wright
• American Inventors/Aviators
• 1903 first to have a sustained controlled flight in
an “airplane”
• Years later used internal combustion engine to
propel airplanes
Advances in:
Science
and
Medicine
Charles Darwin
• British Naturalist
• 1859 developed the “theory of evolution”
• Published ideas in On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection
Gregor Mendel
• Austrian Monk
• 1850-1860 founded the study of “Genetics
Edward Jenner
• English Physician
• Mid-1700’s investigated Smallpox
• 1796 developed “Smallpox vaccine”
Louis Pasteur
• French Chemist
• 1860’s discovered scientific principle at work to
study germs with diseases, vaccines, antibodies
• 1860’s discovered “pasteurization process”
(heating liquids to kill bacteria)
Joseph Lister
• English Surgeon
• Mid-1860’s developed “antisepsis” (use of
chemicals to kills disease-causing germs
Alexander Fleming
• Scottish Biologist
• 1928 developed “penicillin” to fight bacterial
infections
Dmitry Mendeleyev
• Russian Chemist
• 1869 created classification of scientific elements
called “the periodic table”
Wilhelm Rontgen
• German Physicist
• 1895 discovered “the X-ray” (ray that could go
through many substances including skin & tissue)
Pierre & Marie Curie
• French Chemists
• 1898 invented the term “radioactivity”
(elements break down & release energy)
• Shared 1903 Nobel Prize & Marie won in 1911
Max Planck
• German Physicist
• 1900 developed the “quantum theory” (energy
can only be released in definite packages/quanta)
Albert Einstein
• German Scientist
• 1905 developed “special theory of relativity” (no
particles move faster than the speed of light)
• 1905 developed “E=mc2” (mass can be
transformed into energy & energy into mass)
Advances in:
Art, Music,
and
Literature
Romanticism
Definition: artistic movement which showed life as they thought
it should be rather than as it was
James Fenimore Cooper
• American Writer
• Wrote adventure stories
about Indians & the west
called “Last of the Mohicans”
Grimm Brothers
• German Writers
• Organized “fairly tales”
into a collection
More Examples:
John Keats, Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, Washington Irving
Famous Romantic Era Musicians
Franz Schubert
Austrian Symphony Composer
Johannes Brahms
Austrian Symphony Composer
Giuseppe Verdi
Italian Opera Composer
Frederic Chopin
Polish Piano Composer
Felix Mendelssohn
Austrian Symphony Composer
Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky
• Russian composer
• Music built around stories
• Famous Works:
The Sleeping Beauty, 1812
Overture, Romeo & Juliet
Ludwig van Beethoven
• German Composer
• Music known for powerful &
passionate emotions
• Famous Works:
Ninth Symphony, Pastoral
Symphony, Fidelio
Photography
Louis-Jaques-Mande Daguerre
creates early photograph in 1839
George Eastman
develops film in 1884
Realism
Definition: literature & art form that depicted everyday life
and social settings
Gustave Flaubert
French author
Wrote: “Madame Bovary”
Leo Tolstoy
Russian author
Wrote :“War and Peace”
Regionalism
Definition: form of realism that depicted everyday life
in particular places
Mark Twain
American author
Wrote: “Adventure of Huckleberry Finn”
Naturalists
Definition: form of realism that depicted the ugly and unpleasant
aspects of life in society
Emile Zola
French author
leader of the movement
exposed social issues in society
Charles Dickens
British author
wrote about the poor in London
wrote: “David Copperfield”
Impressionists:
Definition: form of realism in which painters depicted vivid
impressions of people and places
Claude Monet
French painter
leader of the movement
exposed ideas about nature
Pierre-Auguste Renior
French painter
expressed beauty and
feminine sensuality
Monet’s
Waterlillies
Renior’s
Feasting on Strawberries
Post Impressionists
Definition: form of realism in which painters depicted vivid
impressions of people and places
Paul Cezanne
French painter
leader of the movement
stressed form and shape
Auguste Rodin
French sculptor
celebrated individual
character and physicality
Vincent Van Gogh
Dutch painter
emphasized color design
Others:
Paul Gauguin, Henri
Matisse, Edouard Manet,
Edgar Degas
Cezanne’s
The Forrest
Van Gogh’s
Starry Night
Rodin’s
The Thinker
Paul Gaugin’s
Tahiti
Edgar Degas’s
The Rehersal
Henri Matisse’s
Women with a Hat