Protests of the
1960s and
1970s
The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
The New Wave of Feminism
• Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, credited as having begun second-wave
feminism, disputed the post-World War II expectation of women as suburban
housewives.
• Following legislative victories in the early 1960s, Friedan joined with others to
create the National Organization for Women, which spurred further legal victories
that extended full Affirmative Action rights to women.
• Second-Wave Feminism also saw the merging of all-men and all-women's
colleges.
Betty Friedan
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
The Sexual Revolution and the Pill
• Expanding on post-World War II legal victories, the birth control movement
evolved to focus on abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage.
• Birth control was legalized following the Supreme Court ruling in Griswold v.
Connecticut in 1965, while the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 legalized abortion
during the first trimester of pregnancy.
• Use of "The Pill" (oral contraceptives) spread rapidly during the latter part of the
1960s and was endorsed and distributed by doctors as part of President
Johnson's social reform policy, The Great Society.
• The ability for women to control fertility led to a sharp increase in college
attendance and graduation rates for women, but detractors point out the rise in
Changing Family Structures
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out-of-wedlock births, sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, and divorce
rates following its introduction.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
Native American Rights
• Focused on unemployment, slum housing, and racism, the Native American civil
rights movement grew during the 1960s.
• The Native American rights movement prioritized demands to have the U.S.
government honor treaty obligations it made with various sovereign Native
American nations.
• In the late 1960s, the National Indian Education Association was formed to fight
for equal education for American Indian schools, which were afflicted with racism
and insufficient funds.
• The group Indians of All Tribes occupied the island of Alcatraz from 1969 to 1971,
attracting national attention as they demanded the reclamation of the land under
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the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.
• American Indian Movement activists marched across the country in 1972, known
as the "Trail of Broken Treaties," and took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs to
protest the U.S. government's failure to address past treaty responsibilities to
various Indian nations.
• The American Indian Movement also led a spiritual walk to Washington, D.C. to
draw attention to anti-Indian legislation, leading Congress to pass the American
Indian Religious Freedom Act and eventually passage of the Indian Civil Rights
Act, which guaranteed civil rights and equal protection.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
• Unhappy with the governance of tribal president Richard Wilson, activists occupied the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in
Wounded Knee, South Dakota that eventually turned into a violent 71-day stand off between the FBI, U.S. Marshals, and
National Guard units.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
Latino Rights
• The term Chicano was originally used as a derogatory label for the sons and
daughters of Mexican migrants.
• Activists embraced a nationalism that identified the failure of the United States
government to live up to its promises.For them, Mexican-Americans were a
conquered people who simply needed to reclaim their birthright and cultural
heritage as part of a new nation: known as Aztlan.
• The Chicano Movement encompassed a broad cross section of issues: from
restoration of land grants, to enhanced education, voting and political rights, as
well as emerging awareness of collective history.Socially, it addressed what it
perceived to be negative ethnic stereotypes of Mexicans.
Edward R. Roybal
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• Similar to the Black Power movement, the Chicano Movement grew to include
branches with more militant and nationalistic ideology, the Brown Berets being
one.
• The Brown Berets formed in California as a community group organized against
police brutality and advocating educational equality, growing to open chapters
across the U.S.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
Gay and Lesbian Rights
• Gay and Lesbian Rights movements developed in the post-World War II years,
seeking social acceptance and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender (LGBT) people.
• The post-war "homophile" movement were seen as radical at the time and largely
ignored until the growth of homophile organizations formed in the 1950s.
• The Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis, the latter focusing specifically on
lesbian rights, were formed to provide leadership and educate gay communities
while urging assimilation into general society.
• The Stonewall Riots of 1969 were a series of violent demonstrations against
police following an early morning raid on the Stonewall Inn, which openly
Stonewall Inn
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welcomed gay people and catered to the most marginalized people in the
community.
• The early homophile movement differed from the gay rights movement of the
1960s, in that the former focused on non-confrontation and assimilation while the
later took a more radical approach and sought public acceptance.
• Lesbian feminism emerged from the gay liberation movement of the 1960s in
response to frustration over the domination of the movement by men, advocating
lesbianism as the logical result of feminism.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
• Seeking to overcome the lack of media attention on gay liberation, Mark Segal pioneered the local gay press movement while
garnering attention for the movement by disrupting popular news and late night programs.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969 > The Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement
Environmental Protests
• The environmental movement in the U.S. is rooted in early 20th century efforts by
individuals to protect natural resources, particularly by conservationist John Muir,
who founded the Sierra Club and was instrumental in forming Yosemite National
Park.
• The Sierra Club grew to focus on wildlife preservation, air and water pollution,
population control, and opposition to the exploitation of natural resources.
• The publication of biologist Rachel Carson's Silent Spring mobilized broad
opposition to harmful pesticide use, leading to strengthened government
regulation.
Spraying DDT
• Using direct action, lobbying, and research to achieve its environmental goals,
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Greenpeace established itself in protesting underground nuclear weapons testing
in the late 1960s when it was known as the "Don't Make a Wave Committee".
• Global awareness for environmentalism led to the creation of international events
to increase awareness, such as Earth Day and the United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment, as well as the United States Clean Air Act and Clean
Water Act during the 1970s.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Key terms
• "Ten Days of Resistance" An effort on university campuses that was led by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).The
effort included rallies, marches, sit-ins, and teach-ins, and culminated in a one-day strike on April 26.
• Aztlan The place of origin of the pre-Columbian Mexican civilization that became a symbol for various Mexican nationalist and
indigenous movements in the U.S.The name Aztlán was first taken up by a group of Chicano independence activists led by
Oscar Zeta Acosta during the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s.
• Betty Friedan Betty Friedan (1921 – 2006) an American writer, activist, and feminist.A leading figure in the Women's Movement
in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American
feminism in the 20th century.In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for
Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men".
• Black Panther Party An African-American revolutionary leftist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982 that
through provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes achieved national and international notoriety
and permanently altered the contours of American Identity.
• Black Power Movement A movement in the 1960s and 1970s among black African descendants worldwide (but primarily in the
U.S.) that emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions.
• Black Power Movement A movement among people of Black African descent throughout the world, though primarily by African
Americans in the United States, that was prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and emphasized racial pride and the
creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests and advance black values.
• Boynton v. Virginia A 1960 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that overturned a judgment convicting an
African American law student for trespassing by being in a restaurant in a bus terminal which was designated "whites only."
• Brown Berets A Chicano nationalist activist, Mexican Americans that emerged during the Chicano Movement in the late 1960s
and remains active to the present day.The group was seen as part of the Third Movement for Liberation.The Brown Berets
focus on community organizing against police brutality and advocate for educational equality.
• Chicano Movement An extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, which began in the 1940s and gained
prominence in the 1960s, with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 Landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial,
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ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women.
The Sixties: 1960-1969
• Greenpeace A direct-action environmental organization with the stated goal of "ensur[ing] the ability of the Earth to nurture life
in all its diversity," and which focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing,
commercial whaling, and anti-nuclear power.
• Griswold v. Connecticut A 1965 landmark case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected a right to
privacy.The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives.By a vote of 7–2, the Supreme Court
invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".
• James Meredith (Born June 25, 1933) an American civil rights movement figure, a writer, and a political adviser, who in 1962
was the first African American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the
American civil rights movement.
• Lesbian Feminism Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective, most influential in the 1970s and early
1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe), that questions the position of lesbians and women in society.It
particularly refutes heteronormativity, the assumption that everyone is "straight" and society should be structured to serve
heterosexual needs.
• Martin Luther King An American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement, best
known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world using nonviolent methods.
• Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis Founded in 1950, the Mattachine Society was one of the earliest homophile
organizations in the United States, probably second only to Chicago's Society for Human Rights (founded in 1924).Harry Hay
and a group of Los Angeles male friends formed the group to protect and improve the rights of homosexuals.Formed in San
Francisco in 1955, the Daughters of Bilitis was the first lesbian civil and political rights organization in the United States.
• Mississippi Freedom Summer (Also known as the Mississippi Summer Project) a campaign in the United States launched in
June 1964 to attempt to register as many, African American voters as possible in Mississippi which had historically excluded
most blacks from voting.
• National Organization for Women Founded in 1966, it is the largest feminist organization in the United States, and has a
membership of 500,000 contributing members, consisting of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.
• Robert Kennedy (November 20, 1925–June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was Attorney General during the
administration of his brother John Kennedy, later a Democratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist.
• Second-Wave Feminism A period of feminist activity in the United States during the early 1960s and lasting through the late
1990s, it moved beyond suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to gender equality (i.e. voting rights, property rights),
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broadening the debate to a wide range of issues: sexuality, family,
workplace,
reproductive
facto inequalities, and
The Sixties: 1960-1969
• Silent Spring A book written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962, which is widely credited with launching the environmental
movement.The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds.Carson accused
the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.
• sit-in A form of direct action that involves one or more people nonviolently occupying an area for a protest, often to promote
political, social, or economic change.
• Stokely Carmichael Born Kwame Ture; June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998.He was a Trinidadian-American black activist
active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement, who rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party.
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee One of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s that
played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, as well as a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, Mississippi
Freedom Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party over the next few years.
• The Establishment A term used to refer to a visible dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation.
• The Longest Walk An 1978 AIM-led spiritual walk across the country to support tribal sovereignty and bring attention to 11
pieces of anti-Indian legislation; AIM believed that the proposed legislation would have abrogated Indian Treaties, quantified
and limited water rights, etc.
• The Pill A birth control method that includes a combination of an estrogen and a progestin that, when taken orally every day,
inhibits female fertility.The Pill was first approved for contraceptive use in the United States in 1960.
• The Stonewall Riots A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning
hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City.Within weeks, Village
residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open
about their sexual orientation without fear of being arrested.
• The Students for a Democratic Society A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main
representations of the country's New Left.Using methods of participatory democracy, direct action, radicalism, student power,
and shoestring budgets, the organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last
convention in 1969.
• Trail of Broken Treaties A cross-country protest in the United States by American Indian and First Nations organizations that
took place in the autumn of 1972 and designed to bring attention to American Indian issues, such as treaty rights, living
standards, and inadequate housing.
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• Voting Rights Act of 1965 Landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been
The Sixties: 1960-1969
American Indian Movement
The flag and symbol of the American Indian Movement.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Occupation of Alcatraz
A lingering sign of the 1969-71 Native American occupation of Alcatraz.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Roosevelt and Muir: Early Environmentalism
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and nature preservationist John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The Pill
The combined oral contraceptive pills, approved by the FDA in the early 1960s.The Pill had a profound impact on feminism and the sexual revolution.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Art of the Chicano Movement
A mural in Pilsen, Chicago for the Chicano Movement
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Edward R. Roybal
The first Mexican American since 1886 to win a seat on the Los Angeles City Council
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Women's Liberation March
A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Leaders of NOW
National Organization for Women (NOW) founder and president Betty Friedan; NOW co-chair and Washington, D.C., lobbyist Barbara Ireton; and
feminist attorney Marguerite Rawalt.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Gay Rights Demonstration
Gay rights demonstration in New York City, 1976.By the late 1960s, cities across the country held gay rights demonstrations to oppose discrimination on
the basis of sexual orientation.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Changing Family Structures
This is a photo from the 1950s television program Leave It To Beaver.This program typified the traditional 1950s nuclear family structure; by the 1960s,
this was changing.With the sexual revolution, many couples were having premarital sex, and many women were seeking careers outside the home.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan, American feminist and writer; author of "The Feminine Mystique"
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Stonewall Inn
The Stonewall Inn, taken September 1969.The sign in the window reads: "We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and
quiet conduct on the streets of the Village."
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Spraying DDT
In 1958, The United States' National Malaria Eradication Program used DDT to kill mosquitoes.Following Silent Spring and the public outcry, DDT was
banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in June, 1972
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique took issue with which of
the following?
A) The advent of oral contraceptives, which meant unwanted
pregnancies could easily be prevented.
B) The foundation of NOW, which pursued its goals through lobbying,
litigation, and demonstrations.
C) The idealized domesticity of post-war America, which wasted women's
talent and potential.
D) The Supreme Court's 7-2 ruling in Roe v. Wade that laws prohibiting
abortion are unconstitutional.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique took issue with which of
the following?
A) The advent of oral contraceptives, which meant unwanted
pregnancies could easily be prevented.
B) The foundation of NOW, which pursued its goals through lobbying,
litigation, and demonstrations.
C) The idealized domesticity of post-war America, which wasted women's
talent and potential.
D) The Supreme Court's 7-2 ruling in Roe v. Wade that laws prohibiting
abortion are unconstitutional.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The birth control pill resulted in which of the following?
A) A sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for
women avoiding unwanted pregnancy.
B) Fear of global overpopulation fueling concerns about pollution, food
shortages, and quality of life.
C) Co-educational university housing where male and female students
mingled freely.
D) A decrease in the number of married couples that had experienced
sex before marriage.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The birth control pill resulted in which of the following?
A) A sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for
women avoiding unwanted pregnancy.
B) Fear of global overpopulation fueling concerns about pollution, food
shortages, and quality of life.
C) Co-educational university housing where male and female students
mingled freely.
D) A decrease in the number of married couples that had experienced
sex before marriage.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The American Indian Movement (AIM)'s goals included all of the
following EXCEPT
A) the complete dissolution of the U.S. and reversion of the North
American continent to Native people.
B) the restoration of the 110 million acres of land taken away from Native
Nations by the U.S.
C) the protection of Indian religious freedom and cultural integrity.
D) affirmation of health, housing, employment, economic development,
and education for Indian people.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The American Indian Movement (AIM)'s goals included all of the
following EXCEPT
A) the complete dissolution of the U.S. and reversion of the North
American continent to Native people.
B) the restoration of the 110 million acres of land taken away from Native
Nations by the U.S.
C) the protection of Indian religious freedom and cultural integrity.
D) affirmation of health, housing, employment, economic development,
and education for Indian people.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The Chicano Movement sought political empowerment and social
inclusion for Mexican-Americans. Its activists achieved all of the
following EXCEPT
A) the extensive registration of tens of thousands of new Latino voters in
LA and beyond.
B) obtaining a moratorium on compulsory sterilization of women and
adoption of bilingual consent forms.
C) the restoration of Mexican lands lost in the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
D) staging walkouts and sit-ins protesting unequal opportunity,
disfranchisement, and police brutality.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The Chicano Movement sought political empowerment and social
inclusion for Mexican-Americans. Its activists achieved all of the
following EXCEPT
A) the extensive registration of tens of thousands of new Latino voters in
LA and beyond.
B) obtaining a moratorium on compulsory sterilization of women and
adoption of bilingual consent forms.
C) the restoration of Mexican lands lost in the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
D) staging walkouts and sit-ins protesting unequal opportunity,
disfranchisement, and police brutality.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The Mattachine Society's attempted to
A) fight back after a 1969 police raid on the Stonewall Inn, which catered
to the gay community.
B) stage the first Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles, Chicago, and New
York in June, 1970.
C) encourage gays to hide their lifestyle from society at large for fear of
mainstream disapproval.
D) unify and educate homosexuals, provide leadership, and assist
"sexual deviants" with legal troubles.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
The Mattachine Society's attempted to
A) fight back after a 1969 police raid on the Stonewall Inn, which catered
to the gay community.
B) stage the first Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles, Chicago, and New
York in June, 1970.
C) encourage gays to hide their lifestyle from society at large for fear of
mainstream disapproval.
D) unify and educate homosexuals, provide leadership, and assist
"sexual deviants" with legal troubles.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring is widely credited with helping
launch the environmental movement. It most directly lead to
A) an immediate strengthening of the regulation of chemical pesticides
and the eventual banning of DDT.
B) the foundation of the Sierra Club, which worked to create national
parks and fight pollution.
C) the creation of Greanpeace, known for its direct actions to ensure
Earth's ability to nurture life.
D) the first Earth Day, observed in San Francisco in 1970, to raise
awareness of environmental issues.
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The Sixties: 1960-1969
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring is widely credited with helping
launch the environmental movement. It most directly lead to
A) an immediate strengthening of the regulation of chemical pesticides
and the eventual banning of DDT.
B) the foundation of the Sierra Club, which worked to create national
parks and fight pollution.
C) the creation of Greanpeace, known for its direct actions to ensure
Earth's ability to nurture life.
D) the first Earth Day, observed in San Francisco in 1970, to raise
awareness of environmental issues.
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