CH 17 Sec 3 ppt, The Protestant Reformation / Counter

Ch. 17 Section 3:

Luther Starts the Reformation

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL

World History

Room

Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:

• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.

• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.

• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.

• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.

•

AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !

•

WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:

• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.

• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!

Ch. 17 Section 3:


Answer question #1. on handout now !

1. LIST FOUR PROBLEMS that existed in the Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther that he and others criticized and wished to reform: (see packet, p. 26)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

Ch. 17 Section 3:


Answer questions #2. – 5. on handout !

2. Even before Luther, there were other people who called for reforms in the Church. Name three of these precursors to the Protestant Reformation. (see text, p. 428)

Wycliff, Hus, and Savonarola

3. What problem did Luther have with a monk named Tetzel? (see text, p. 429)

He was selling indulgences.

4. What are indulgences?

(see text, p. 429)

These were pardons from sin that one could buy from the Church in order to not have to perform any other penalty.

5. Define “Reformation”:


A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.

What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)

A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.

See chart on back of handout.


Ch. 17 Section 3:


Answer questions #5. – 7. on handout !

5. Define

“Reformation”:


A movement begun in the 1500s to make corrective changes (reforms) to the Catholic Church.

What did this event lead to in the history of the Western Christian Church? (see text, p. 429)

A split between western Catholics and the Protestants.

6. Define

“Protestant”:


Originally the term for Luther’s supporters who “protested” against Catholic loyalists in Germany.

Today, a general term for any Christian who attends a non-Catholic church.

Following Luther’s break with the Pope, name three of Christianity’s Protestant branches?

(see back of handout) Lutheran, Baptist, Anglican (Church of England),

Methodist, Presbyterian….

7. What pivotal event sparked this Protestant Reformation? (see text, p. 429)

Luther nailing his “95 Theses” on his church doors in Wittenberg Germany.

Examining a Primary Source: “Ninety-five Theses” of Martin Luther, packet p. 25

Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION

Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences .

1. In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at

Wittenberg.

EFFECTS

Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers.

Above: The church doors

At Luther’s church in

Wittenberg. Other pics,

Wittenberg, 2002.



CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION

The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.

The H.R.E., is a devout

Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar.

Charles V

Holy Roman

Emperor

2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at

Worms and is excommunicated.

In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic.

SAXONY

EFFECTS

Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German.

When he returns to

Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the

Lutherans.

Frederick,

Prince of Saxony offered protection to

Pope Leo X


CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom

(an end to serfdom).

3. The German peasants revolt in 1524.

When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt

(killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against

Luther.

Religious Wars begin between

Catholics and Protestants.



Charles V fought a 20 year war against the German

Protestant princes and defeated them in 1547.

But he could not force them to remain in the Catholic

Church.

4.

The Peace of

Augsburg is signed in 1555.

The peace settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of each German state to decide his own state’s religious preference.

Martin Luther continued his writings and lectures until his death in 1546.

Charles V

Holy Roman

Emperor

In 1525 Luther had married a former nun named

Katharine von

Bora. She bore him eight children and outlived him by six years.

Even today, unlike Catholic priests who take a vow of celibacy, ministers in Protestant churches can get married.


England becomes Protestant

Henry’s

Six

Wives :

Catherine of Aragon

1509-1533

(divorced)

Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23

Daughter will be

“Bloody” Mary I

1553-1558

(Catholic).

Daughter Elizabeth I

1558-1603

(Protestant).

Anne Boleyn

1533-1536

(beheaded)

King Henry VIII of England

[1491-1547]

He broke England’s ties to the

Roman Catholic Church for political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther.

Henry needed a male heir and his

Catholic Spanish Queen

Catherine of Aragon was not able to produce one.

Jane Seymour

1536-1537

(died)

Anne of Cleves

1540

(divorced)

Son Edward VI

1547-1553

(sickly)

Kathryn Howard

1540-1542

(beheaded)

Kathrine Parr

1543-1548

(survived)

England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23


Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to

Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir.

The Pope would not allow.

So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the

Act of Supremacy.

5. English Parliament approves the Act of

Supremacy in 1534.

Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England; thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth.

The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.

Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –

Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head of the Anglican Church.


England becomes Protestant

Henry’s

Six

Wives :

Catherine of Aragon

1509-1533

(divorced)

Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23

Daughter will be

“Bloody” Mary I

1553-1558

(Catholic).

Daughter Elizabeth I

1558-1603

(Protestant).

Anne Boleyn

1533-1536

(beheaded)

King Henry VIII of England

[1491-1547]

He broke England’s ties to the

Roman Catholic Church for political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther.

Henry needed a male heir and his

Catholic Spanish Queen

Catherine of Aragon was not able to produce one.

Jane Seymour

1536-1537

(died)

Anne of Cleves

1540

(divorced)

Son Edward VI

1547-1553

(sickly)

Kathryn Howard

1540-1542

(beheaded)

Kathrine Parr

1543-1548

(survived)



Henry’s daughter Mary had tried to restore Catholicism in England after her father’s break with the Pope.

Elizabeth I restores

Protestantism and asks

Parliament to create a national Church of England.

6. Parliament establishes the

Anglican Church in 1559.

The Anglican church becomes the only legal church in England and people were required to attend. Elizabeth tried to create a church that both moderate Catholics and

Protestants could accept.

After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir – even executing her own mother

– it is ironic then that his daughter

Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled and wellremembered monarchs in England’s history.

She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.

Elizabeth I

The “Virgin” Queen

Ruled England for 45 years!




Philip II of

Spain had been married to

Mary I of

England. A loyal Catholic, he did not think Elizabeth was a legitimate heir to the English throne .

He also believes Elizabeth is condoning her English navy’s piracy of his

Spanish galleys .

When England sides with the Dutch against Philip’s rule in the Netherlands and Elizabeth has her cousin Mary (Queen of

Scots) executed for treason, Philip decides to invade England.

The Spanish Armada tries to invade England.

The

“Protestant”

Wind ?

Elizabeth I gives a rallying speech to British troops instilling confidence in her ability to rule as a woman.

Bad weather and

English “fire ships” destroy the

Spanish Armada.


Ch. 17 Section 3:


AKINS HIGH SCHOOL

World History

Room



• Analyze the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.

• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.

• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.

• Explain the spread of Protestantism to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.

•

AGENDA:

•

WARM-UP – Read History Makers “Martin Luther,” Text p. 429


• Read Chapter 17, Sec. 4, complete p. 27 in your packet.

• Begin studying - CHAPTER 17 Test is Thursday!

Ch. 17 Section 4:

The Reformation

Continues

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL

World History

Room



• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and western Europe.

• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.

• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.

•

AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom !

•

WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433


•

CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!

• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.

You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!

The Spread of Protestant Reformation Groups - Textbook MAP, p. 434; Packet p. 21

According to the maps, by 1560 or so, which European countries became mostly Protestant?

Which ones remained mostly

Roman Catholic?

Judging from the way religious beliefs were distributed in

Christian Europe, where would you predict religious conflicts were certain to take place?


Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church - Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

John Calvin

1509-1564

John Calvin was born in France and was only 12 years old when Martin

Luther was standing trial and refusing to recant at the Council of Worms.

But Calvin heard about the controversy and, even at 12, was intrigued by the excommunicated monk Luther’s bold defense of himself and his belief in the Scriptures.

To stand in a courtroom and defend oneself against the powerful Church was an enticing scenario to young Calvin who decides to study law at the

University of Paris.

Taking up what Luther had begun, Calvin would organize the doctrine

(organized system of thought, or theology) to the new Protestant faith.

B. Perceiving Relationships predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has

“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be saved and / or damned even before we are born .

[ Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are known as the “elect.”]

Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based on Calvin’s teachings.



John Calvin

1509-1564

1. Calvinism People are sinful in their nature; only the “elect” will be saved ; the doctrine of predestination says that God has known who the elect will be since the beginning of time.

Also believes the government should be in the hands of religious leaders (a theocracy) and society should be governed by strict laws of morality .

B. Perceiving Relationships predestination – a doctrine (teaching) held by Calvinists; the belief that God has

“pre-destined” (already decided) who will be saved and / or damned even before we are born .

[ Those who God has chosen beforehand to be “saved” are known as the “elect.”]

Calvinism – Christian religion or ideas even today that are based on Calvin’s teachings.



In England, the Puritans would adopt the ideas of

Calvin and would oppose both the

Catholic as well as the

Protestant Anglican

Church in England.

Calvinist followers In France will be called Hugenots .

French Hugenots suffered a long period of persecution in this largely Catholic country.

Read about the

St. Bartholomew’s Day

Massacre in your text, p. 434.

John Calvin was asked to create his vision of the ideal society by the citizens of Geneva

Switzerland – a strict theocracy where religious leaders rule and rigid moral conduct was demanded.

Punishments for rule breakers could be severe – such as excommunication and banishment.


Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

2. Presbyterianism John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland.

This Protestant group takes it name from the elders who were chosen to govern each religious community – they were called presbyters.

John Knox

1505-1572

Protestant nobles of Scotland were led by Knox (a former Catholic priest) in making

Calvinism Scotland’s official religion. They even overthrew the Catholic queen Mary,

Queen of Scots and her young son James VI was placed on the throne.

Now we can read the Bible…if only we could agree on what it says?

DIFFERENCES IN INTERPRETATION

CAUSE EVEN MORE DIVISIONS

FAITH ALONE?

Infant?

Or, is there need for

GOOD WORKS?

Adult?


Calvinism Spreads- Textbook, p. 433; Packet p. 27

3. Anabaptists Believed only adults are mature enough to make a decision to be baptized; believed in clear separation of Church and State; were pacifists

(refused to fight in wars) .

Ulrich Zwingli

1484-1531

Anabaptists were the forerunners of the Mennonites and Amish. They also influenced the Quakers and Baptists who both split from the Anglican Church.

All four of these groups exist in the U.S. and, except for the Baptist, continue to practice pacifism and staunchly defend the ideas of Free Thinking and Conscience.


Women of the Reformation- Textbook, p. 434 - 5; Packet p. 27

NOTABLE WOMEN

Marguerite of Navarre was the sister of the King of France, Francis I.

She was an important protector of John Calvin and other early reformers of the church, she expressed her intensely felt religious views in poetry and plays.

There were other women too who played active, outspoken roles in the call for Church Reformation. But as time passed the Protestant religions became more formally organized, male leaders narrowly limited the roles or activities women could perform.

FAVORITE QUOTES from Marguerite

“God always helps madmen, lovers, and drunkards.”

“When one has one good day in the year, one is not wholly unfortunate.”

“Blessed is he who has it in his power to do evil, yet does it not.”

“People pretend not to like grapes when they are too high for them to reach.”


The Catholics Counter with a Reformation of their own - Textbook, p. 435; Packet p. 27

B. Perceiving Relationships

As Protestantism spread and numerous other sects appeared, the Catholic church undertook measures to reform itself in order to help Catholics remain loyal.

This movement to reform the Catholic church from within is known as the Catholic Reformation .

Ignatius of Loyola left his father’s castle in Loyola, Spain to go fight in Spain’s war with France in 1521. A cannon ball struck his legs and he was severely wounded. During his recuperation he gave serious examination to his spiritual life and began writing a book, Spiritual Exercises . This daily meditation guide attracted many followers over the next 18 years.

Eventually Pope Paul III made the group founded by Ignatius of Loyola into a religious order named the Society of Jesus , or “ Jesuits ,” – the group focused on the education of Catholics in the 1500s in order to be better informed about the Scriptures and able to defend themselves against the preaching of the Protestants.



4. What were the three major activities of the Jesuits?

They founded and staffed schools meant to educate

Catholics in Europe; they sent out missionaries all over the world to convert non-Christians; and sought to stop the spread of Protestantism – even conducting trials of the Inquisition where Protestants were tried for heresy.

Arriving in the New World with the Spanish conquerors, the Jesuits worked to convert native Americans, establishing missions and schools.

Famous Jesuit Schools in the U. S.

Boston College

Loyola Marymount Univ. in Los Angeles

Loyola University in Chicago

University of San Francisco

5. Why were the effects of the work of the Jesuits so long lasting?

They sent out missionaries to all the continents, founding schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world – many of which are still around today.



6. What role did Popes Paul III and Paul IV play in reforming the

Catholic Church?

Pope Paul III

• had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.

• gave approval to the Jesuits , focusing on education.

• used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics

• convened the Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV

• drew up the “Index of Prohibited Books”

• collected and burned these!

• carried out the decisions of the Council of Trent


Council of Trent – a meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals [1545-1563] held in order to reach agreements on the church’s official teachings (doctrine).


Michelangelo's

Last Judgment of Christ was unveiled in the Sistine Chapel in

1541. Christ is shown as a muscular young man and the scene is dominated by nude figures. Many criticized the work as an example of the licentiousness that had pervaded the Catholic church.

Four years later, the Council of Trent gathered for it’s first session in 1545.

The Council convened to discuss and consider Luther's Theses , the threat of Protestantism, and to verbalize a defense against the charges being made by critics of the Catholic Church.

In response to those who criticized the Church’s emphasis on art, the Council stated that art is an integral part of the process of helping the layperson to understand the Scriptures.





Pope Paul III





Pope Paul IV








The INDEX of PROHIBITED BOOKS was drawn up by Pope Paul IV

INDEX

AVCTORVM

ET LIBRORVM,

QVI AB OFFICIO

S. Rom. & vniuerfalis inquifitionis caueri ab omnibus & fingulis in vniuerfa Chriftiana Re publica mandantur, fub cenfuris contra legentes, vel tenentes libros prohibitos in bulla, quæ lecta eft in cœna Domini, expresfis & fub alijs pœnis in de creto eiufdem facri officij contentis.

and bishops and cardinals were ordered to hunt down, collect, and burn these books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. – this included all Protestant

Bibles written in the vernacular languages.

The writings of Wycliff, Hus, Luther, Henry VIII, Calvin, and other reformers were proclaimed heretical and ordered found and destroyed in all Catholic regions.

Later big names found on the list included Machiavelli,

Erasmus, Galileo, French philosophers Voltaire (18 th c.) and

Satre (20 th c.), Victor Hugo, Daniel Defoe, and even the first published Encyclopedia.

R O M AE.

EX OFFICINA

Saluiana.

XV.

Menf. Feb.

1 5 5 9.

The list was relaxed by the Catholic Church in 1966.





Pope Paul III





Pope Paul IV







The Legacy of the Reformation - Textbook, p. 436; Packet p. 27

7. What were some effects of the

Reformation?

• Religion no longer unites Europe.

• Church power declines; while the power of kings increased – paving the way for unified nation-states.

• More people questioned the teachings of the Church they had always simply been indoctrinated into and began to pursue instead their own independent thinking, scientific study and other intellectual interests.


STUDY!

Packet, p. 26


Ch. 17 Section 4:

The Reformation

Continues

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL

World History

Room 167



• Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and western Europe.

• Describe the beliefs of other Reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.

• Trace the reforms begun by the Catholic Church itself in it’s Counter-Reformation.

AGENDA:

•

• WARM-UP – Read History Makers “John Calvin,” Text p. 433


• CHAPTER 17 Test is tomorrow! Study! Come to Tutorials!

• Begin collecting all of this past semester’s Test Answer Sheets.

You will need them in order to Review for Final Exam!

CH 17 Sec 3 ppt, The Protestant Reformation / Counter

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