Name ______________________________________ Period __________ Date _____________________
1st Semester Exam Review
Scientific Method
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The _______________________ involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural
occurrence.
List the steps of the scientific method:
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___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hypothesis
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The hypothesis is an _______________________ about the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
Independent Variable
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The _____________________ variable or Independent variable is a factor that’s intentionally
varied by the experimenter.
MIX
Graph on the X axis
Dependent Variable
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The Dependent or __________________________variable, is the factor that may change as a
result of changes made in the independent variable.
DRY
Graph it on the Y axis
Experiment
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a __________________________ and list of needed materials to test the hypothesis
Control Group
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The control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the
___________________________________________________________.
_____________________ experiments should have a control group.
Constants
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The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to
______________________________________________.
Trials
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Trials refer to ______________________groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an
experiment.
Ecology
Levels of Organization in Ecology
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_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Ecosystem
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A system formed by the ____________________ of a community of organisms with their
physical environment.
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A______________________ is a group of ecosystems with similar climate, plant and animal
species.
Biotic Factor
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Biotic = __________________________
Such as: animals, plants, bacteria, fungus, protists, etc.
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factor
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_________________________________ things such as:
Rocks, water, temperature, soil, light. Etc.
Populations vs. Communities
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A population is a group of organisms, all of the ____________________________________
which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time.
community - __________________________________________
Symbiosis
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The relationship between two different species of organisms that are _____________________.
Mutualism
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A relationship between two species in which both species ____________________________.
Commensalism
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The relationship between two different kinds of organisms when one receives
______________________ from the other without damaging it.
Parasitism
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Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organisms (the host) and
consequently _____________________________ it.
Predation
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Interaction in which one organism captures and ______________ on another organism.
Carrying Capacity
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The _____________________________________ or individuals of any species that can be
supported by a particular ecosystem on a long term basis.
Trophic Level
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Position that organisms occupy on the _____________________ or each _____________ in the
food chain.
Ecological Pyramid
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A diagram that shows the ______________________ of organisms at each trophic level.
Food Web
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Network of complex interactions formed by the ___________________________________
among the various organisms in an ecosystem.
The directions of the arrows in a food web show which way the
_______________________________…not who eats who.
Producer
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An organism that makes its own ____________________________.
Also called an ____________________________________.
Producers are usually plants but not always!! They just have to make food from the sun
(autotroph).
Decomposers
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Decomposers are mainly ___________________________________________. They break down
______________________________ organisms
Without them, we would be covered in dead organisms in no time at all!!!
Consumer
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Consumers are ___________________________________ (get energy from eating other
organisms)
Primary Consumer
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An organism that eats _______________________________________.
Secondary Consumer
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An organism that eats _______________________________________.
Tertiary Consumer
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Tertiary consumers eat ________________________________________.
Herbivore
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An organism that eats only __________________________________.
Omnivore
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An organism that eats both ______________________ and ________________________.
Carnivore
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An organism that eats only __________________________________.
Detritivore
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An organism that feeds on plant and animal ________________________ and other dead
matter.
Limiting Factors
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Any biotic or abiotic factor that ______________________ the existence, numbers,
reproduction, or distribution of organisms.
Ecosystem Sustainability
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The ability of an ecosystem to return to a state of __________________________ following a
disturbance.
Ecological Succession
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Changes in the composition of ____________________ found in a community over
____________.
Primary Succession
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Succession that occurs on surfaces where _____ ___________________ exists.
Secondary Succession
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Succession on a site where an existing _____________________________ has been disrupted.
Climax Community
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Secondary Succession ________________ in the climax community, which is the most
____________________ community and will remain until the next disturbance.
Biomolecules
What is a Biomolecule?
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Organic molecule made by ______________________________________________.
Consist mostly of ___________________ (C), ________________ (H), and ______________ (O)
Monomers vs. Polymers
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Monomers: Molecules that may react with similar molecules to ________________________.
Polymers: A _______________ of many ____________________ that are chemically bonded
together.
Formation of Polymers
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____________________________________ (Condensation): Two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom are removed from the monomers to form water, and the two monomers are
joined together.
Breakdown of Polymers
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____________________________—the reverse of dehydration synthesis (condensation)
Water added to the polymer, un-linking the chain and breaking it back down to its original
monomer units
Carbohydrates
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Group of organic molecules that includes ___________________, ________________________
and ___________________________________.
Function:
o ___________________________
o ___________________________
o ___________________________
o Cell Membrane Marker
Draw a carbohydrate
Lipids
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Organic molecule group including _______________________ and ________________________
Function:
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o Part of _________________________________ (phospholipids)
o ______________________________
Monomer:
o _____________________________and ____________________________________
Insoluble in water
Do not form large polymers
Draw a lipid
Proteins
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Group of organic molecules that provides structure and facilitates _______________________.
Function:
o ________________________________ (speed rate of chemical reactions)
o Structural components in cells
o Mechanical functions in muscles and cytoskeleton (internal cell framework)
o Cell signaling
o ___________________________ response
Monomer: _______________________________________________
Amino acids connect via peptide bonds
Very large molecules
Globular or structural
Draw a protein
DNA
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__________________________________________________
is the hereditary material
Monomer - ________________________________________
Draw a nucleic acid
Enzymes
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Most enzymes are _______________________ (tertiary and quaternary structures)
Act as __________________________________ to accelerates a reaction
___________________ permanently ______________________ in the process
Enzymes
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Are ______________________ for what they will catalyze
Are ____________________________
End in –_______________
How do enzymes Work?
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Enzymes work by weakening bonds which ________________________________________
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the _____________________________
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate is the
____________________________
Induced Fit
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A change in the __________________________________ of an enzyme’s active site
Induced by the substrate
A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved).
Induced by the substrate.
What Affects Enzyme Activity?
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Three factors:
o _____________________________________________
o __________________________________ and ______________________________
o _____________________________________________
Environmental Conditions
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Extreme ______________________________________ is the most dangerous
- high temps may denature (__________________________) the enzyme.
____________________ (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral)
Ionic concentration (___________________ ions)
Cofactors and Coenzymes
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Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes needed for
____________________________________________________.
Example:
o Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to
pick up oxygen.
Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors
o
o
Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and
______________________________with it for the active site.
Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to
another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to ___________________________,
which in turn alters the active site.
Cell Structure and History
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Characteristics of organisms?
o Made of _______________________
o ___________________________ (species)
o Maintain ____________________________________
o ____________________ and _________________________________
o ___________________________ materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
o _____________________________ to environment
o _______________________________________
o Require __________________________ (food)
CELL THEORY
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All living things are made of ______________________
Cells are the basic unit of __________________________________________ in an organism
Cells come from the reproduction of ________________________________________
First to View Cells
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In 1665, ______________________________ used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork
(dead plant cell walls)
What he saw looked like small boxes
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
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some organelles within cells were at one time __________________________ cells themselves
organelles with their own DNA
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
Number of Cells
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Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be:
____________________________ – composed of one cell
____________________________- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
Multicellular Organisms
Cells in multicellular organisms often_________________________ (take on different shapes &
functions)
All Cells
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are surrounded by a barrier called a _______________________________________.
contain __________________________________
Prokaryotes
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Simplest type of cell
_______________________________________ contains the DNA
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
_______________________________ in their cytoplasm to make proteins
Includes ______________________________________
Eukaryotes
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More _____________________________ type of cells
HAVE a ___________________________ and _______________________________ organelles
Cytoplasm with organelles
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Includes protists, fungi,plants, and animals
“You are Eukaryotes”
Organelles
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Little organs
Very small (Microscopic)
Perform ______________________________ for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound
Cell or Plasma Membrane
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Composed of double layer of ____________________________ and______________________
Surrounds outside of____________________ cells
Controls what ____________________________________________________ the cell
Living layer
Cell Wall
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________________ and _____________________ the cell
Cytoplasm
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Jelly like substance
Provides a medium for ____________________________________ to take place
Nucleus
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Control center
Contains the _________________________
Has a nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
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____________________ nucleus
Disappears when cell divides
Makes _______________________________ that make proteins
Ribosomes
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“___________________________________” for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins
Process called ___________________________________________
Cytoskeleton
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Helps cell maintain cell ___________________
Also help move organelles around
Made of proteins
Microfilaments are threadlike Microtubules are tubelike
Centrioles
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Found only in animal cells
Paired structures
Made of bundle of microtubules
Appear during ______________________________ forming mitotic spindle
Help to pull chromosome pairs _________________________ to opposite ends of the cell
Mitochondria
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“Powerhouse” of the cell
Generate ______________________________ (____________________)
active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
In both plants & animal cells
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane -CRISTAE
Has its own________________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
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Network of hollow membrane tubules
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Has _______________________ on its surface
o Makes proteins for ______________________ out of cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
o Is attached to the ends of rough ER
o Makes cell products that are ______________________________ the cell
Golgi Bodies
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Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & _______________________________ molecules from ER for storage.
Lysosomes
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Contain ___________________________ enzymes
Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS)
Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
Cilia & Flagella
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for cell _________________________________
Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
Vacuoles
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Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
Chloroplasts
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Found in plants
_________________________________ – food making process
Contains its own ________________
Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
Cell Transport and Homeostasis
Semi-permeable
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Allowing ____________________________ substances to pass through
Cell membrane is semi-permeable, it allows certain substances to cross but not others
Homeostasis
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Regulation of an organism’s _____________________________________ in order to maintain
conditions suitable for survival
Happens on the organism and ______________________ level
Passive Transport
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Movement of substances across the cell membrane that ____________________________
require energy from the cell (__________________ concentration to _______________
concentration)
Diffusion
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Movement of particles from an area of_________________ concentration to an area of
________________ concentration
Type of ____________________ transport
Facilitated Diffusion
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Substances cross the cell membrane with the help of special _____________________________
Type of ____________________ transport
Osmosis
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Diffusion of __________________ from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
Hypotonic Solution
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A solution surrounding a cell that has less dissolved solutes and more water than the cell
This type of solution will cause water to move into the cell via osmosis, resulting in
_________________of the cell
Hypertonic Solution
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A solution surrounding a cell that has more dissolved solutes and less water than the cell
This type of solution will cause water to move out of the cell via osmosis, resulting in
__________________of the cell.
Isotonic
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A solution surrounding a cell that has the same amount of dissolved solutes and the same
amount of water as the cell
Active Transport
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Movement of particles across a membrane to an area of higher concentration, which
______________________________________
Ion or Protein Pump
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Proteins that are able to transport ions across the cell membrane from low to high
concentration by changing their shape which requires ATP (energy) from the cell
Example: sodium-potassium pump (important in nerve responses)
Endocytosis
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Cell brings in a ___________________substance from its surroundings by wrapping its
membrane around the substance and forming a vesicle
Ex: White blood cells “eat” bacteria using this process.
Exocytosis
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Cell _______________________________________ by merging a vesicle with the cell
membrane and releasing the substances into the fluid around the cell
Ex: cell releases waste products
Cell Energy
What is ATP?
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ATP = _____________________________________
Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates
Why ATP?

Phosphates have a large amount of chemical energy. Whenever a _________________ holding
a phosphate is ________________, a large amount of usable cellular
____________________________________________________.
ATP CYCLE
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Occurs ___________________________________________ in cells
About 10 million new ATP molecules are made in every cell every second!!!
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Series of complex chemical processes that convert light energy into carbohydrates
Overall Equation: ___________________________________________________
Occurs in___________________________________________
Two types of reactions –
Light _______________________________
Light _______________________________ (aka. _______________________, Dark rxn)
Reactants & Products of Photosynthesis
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Reactants
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
Products
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
Light Dependent Reaction
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Occurs in the ________________________________
Water is absorbed through roots.
Sunlight enters the chloroplast, causing H2O molecules to split.
O2 leaves as a waste product through the stomata.
NADP+ picks up the H+ ions (becoming NADPH) and moves them to the stroma for the light
independent reaction (Calvin cycle).
Light Independent Reaction –Calvin Cycle
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Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters
H+ breaks off from NADPH
NADP+ returns to the Light Dependent Reaction
Carbon dioxide becomes “fixed” with the H+ producing the glucose molecule _______________
Cellular Respiration
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Where does the Glucose (C6H12O6) & O2 from photosynthesis go?
Used by both plant & animal cells to create ____________________!!!
Releases energy
Makes cell energy
Close to the reverse of photosynthesis !
Cellular Respiration Equation: ______________________________________
Cellular Respiration
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___________step process
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS
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Occurs in the ______________________
Anaerobic process (no ____________ required)
Net production of ______ ATP
Step 2: Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
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Occurs in Mitochondria ____________________
Requires presence of _______________
2 Pyruvate from Glycolysis transformed into Acetyl CoA & enters cycle
Net production of:
o 2 ATP
o 2 FADH
o 6 NADH
Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain
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Remaining energy of glucose in electrons carried by NADH & FADH
NADH & FADH enter electron transport chain in mitochondria cristae
Produce ______________ more ATP
What if there is not enough or no O2 present?
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____________________________________________ (Yeast)
Pyruvate + NADH → Ethanol + NAD + CO2
_______________________________-- Fermentation
Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD
o Strenuous exercise = can’t get all the O2 your cells need so use lactic acid fermentation
= Sore muscles!!!
Chemosynthesis
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Chemosynthesis uses energy released from _________________________________________
to produce ______________________ for organisms.
Organisms that carry out chemosynthesis are microbes (bacteria) that live far from the Sun, such
as deep on the ocean floor.
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA is the molecule of Life
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_________________________________________________________
Contains ______________________________________ for cell functions, growth, and division
Shape – ____________________________________________
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____________________________________________________ – Discovered the shape of DNA
DNA is made up of a long chain of _________________________ (monomers).
Each nucleotide has three parts.
o a ______________________________ group
o a __________________________ sugar
o a nitrogen-containing_________________________
 DNA contains four types of nitrogenous bases
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________
Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models.
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DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the
_____________________- with bases on the ___________________________.
Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
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The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA.
_______ pairs with _________
_______ pairs with _________
Bases are connected with _________________________ bonds
DNA Replication
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________________________________ = DNA making copies of itself
DNA must be copied before a cell can divide
Each new cell will have a complete set of ______________
DNA Replication: Process
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Replication begins when the enzyme ________________________ opens the DNA forming
replication bubbles
Each fork has a ______________________ and ________________________ strand
DNA Replication – DNA Polymerase

The enzyme _________________________ brings new _____________________ to the
replication fork
o it pairs them according to base pairing rules
DNA Replication
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The process continues until ___________________________________ of the DNA are produced
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Each copy of the DNA contains one strand of DNA from the ______________ DNA molecule and
one ______________ strand that was produced by replication.
Known as ____________________________________- replication
Cell Division
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Cell Division is also known as _______________________________
Takes place in regular body cells known as __________________________ cells
Keeps cells ________________________ and _________________________
The basic phases of a Cell’s Life
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__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Draw the cell cycle
Interphase
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The cell spends the _____________________ of its life here, growing and functioning. During
the ________ phase, the DNA _________________________.
Prophase
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Early – _____________________________ form, centrioles move to the poles of the nucleus,
and spindle fibers develop.
Late – nuclear envelope _____________________ and spindle fibers begin to move
chromosomes towards the center of the cell.
Metaphase
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Chromosomes line up across the _________________ of the cell
Anaphase
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Chromosomes separate, and chromatids move ________________ towards opposite ends of
the cell
Telophase

New nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromatids to form a new ________________ and
the cytoplasm starts to divide
Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm ___________________ and two cells with ____________________ genetic material
are formed
Meiosis
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Takes place in the ____________________ (eggs and sperm) of an organism
People have a chromosome count of ______________
When an egg joins a sperm the count must stay at 46
So the egg can only have _____ chromosomes and the sperm can only have ____ chromosomes
At the end of meiosis the individual gamete cell has divided from _____ cell to _______
Males produce _______ viable sperm
Females produce ______ viable egg and 3 nonfunctioning cells called polar bodies.
Cell cycle and Cancer
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Normal cell division
o DNA is replicated _____________________________o Chemical signals ________________ and ______________ the cell cycle
o Cells ____________________________ with each other so they don’t become
overcrowded.
Cancer Cells
o ________________________ occur in the DNA when it is replicated
o Chemical signals that start and stop the cell cycle are _______________________
o Cells ______________________communicate with each other and _____________ form
tumors.