Semester 2
th
8 Grade Finals Study Guide
Mr. Wenn
2010
1st Industrial Revolution
• Trade and manufacturing instead of
farming
• Industrial growth leads to rapid growth
of cities
• New England – large labor force, rapid
river for factories, access to Atlantic
ocean
Textile Mills and Factory System
• Workers and machines together under
one roof
• Factories/machines replace hand tools
for production
• Textile Mills create fabrics use young
women and children as labor source
Reasons for Immigration
• Immigration increases population of
NORTH
• Famines, political and religious wars at
home
• Many looking for jobs
• Agricultural changes force many off
their farms
• Europe’s Industrial Revolution cause
many to lose jobs
Henry Clay's American System
• Designed to protect American business
from foreign competition
• -creates protective tariff
• -establishes a National bank
• -improves transportation systems
Roads, canals, and railroads
• built to connect East with growing
West.
• Improves business and communication
• Erie Canal-connects Lake Erie with the
Hudson River makes NY an important
center for trade
Women's suffrage movement &
Leaders
• demanded equal right in politics and
society.
• Many had been abolitionists
• Uphill battle-voting rights
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret
Fuller, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
Seneca Falls Convention
• Meeting in New York (1846) for
women’s rights.
• Declaration of Sentiments –outlines
women, demands equality with men.
• Based upon writings in “D of I”
Horace Mann
• Heads first Board of Education.
• Father of America’s Public Schools
Transcendentalism and its
Leaders
• Spiritual world more important than
physical world
• Nature, Self Examination and
individual’s intuition and feelings
• a. Henry David Thoreau- writes
WALDEN, Civil Disobedience
• Ralph Waldo Emerson – Essayist and
Poet
Agrarian economy in the South
• Fertile land, slow moving rivers, warm
climate
• Profit from slave labor-export cotton to
Europe.
• Economy-agriculture, little industry.
The cotton gin
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Invented by Eli Whitney (1793)
Cleans the seeds from the cotton.
Speeds up production of highly
profitable cash crop.
Increases demand for land and slave
labor.
SLAVE CODES
• Laws created to control slaves and
deny them many basic rights.
• Outlawed teaching slaves to read and
write.
• Permission to travel off plantations.
• Rights under law denied, privileges of
citizens rejected.
Resistance to Slavery
• Many methods of resistance –
• Non-violent: slow work, break tools,
runaway, ignorance,
• Violent: burn property, poisoning
owners, revolt
Jacksonian Democracy
• Andrew Jackson “ Hero of the Common
Man” president from 1829-1837.,
• all white men over 21 could vote.
Dramatic increase in voting rights,
participation in government, common
man increases political power.
The spoils system & Indian
Removal Act
• Jackson replaces government workers
with supporters of his presidency.
• Indian Removal-tribes who slow
progress of the US-give lands to whites
• "Trail of Tears • Cherokees-thousands marched
overland, many suffered from disease
and starvation.
Manifest Destiny
• belief the United States had the right
and duty to expand across the
Continent to the Pacific Ocean
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Sent by Jefferson to explore the
Louisiana Territory.
• Goals: 1. find a route to Pacific Ocean.
2. catalog resources, climates, animals
and plants of territory. 3. establish
contact with Native Americans
Women in West
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Western frontier was harsh
Performed similar jobs as men
Right to own property and control money
Given right to vote in many Western states
Texas
• Republic of Texas fights for Independence
from Mexico. Becomes the Lone Star
Republic from 1836 – 1845.
• a. Battle of the Alamo –
• Mission in Texas, 183 rebels died.
• Become famous battle cry for Texans.
• b. Admission to U.S. • Texas joins the U.S. in 1845. Leads to
controversy over extension of slavery.
Mexican American War
• War fought between U.S. and Mexico
1846 – 1848.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Ends War. U.S. receives Mexican
Cession
• US agrees to pay 15 million to
Americans owed money by Mexico.
Abolition
• Underground Railroad –
• network of abolitionists who helped
run-away slaves reach freedom in the
North and Canada
• Harriet Tubman –leader of the UGRR
• Harriet Beecher Stowe-Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (1852)
• Shows moral and social wrongs of
slavery, and Fugitive Slave Law
Important Abolitionists
• Frederick Douglass-former slave, writes
autobiography, abolitionist newspaper
North Star.
• William Lloyd Garrison-publishes antislavery newspaper “The Liberator”,
supporter of the Women’s suffrage
movement.
John Brown’s Raid
• Abolitionist John Brown leads raid
against Federal Arsenal at Harpers
Ferry Virginia.
• Attempts to start an armed slave
rebellion, hung for his crime
• Northerners- Brown a martyr
• Southerners offended by North’s
reaction
Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Attempt to keep the number of slave
and Free states equal.
• Admits Missouri as a slave state, and
Maine as a free state.
• Forbids slavery in the west north of 36’
30” line
Compromise of 1850
• Agreement over slavery under which
CA joins Union as a free state
• Strict Fugitive Slave law was passed.
• Fuels growing controversy of slavery in
the west.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: each
territory to decides whether to allow
slavery, decided in popular election.
• Proslavery and abolitionists rapidly
move to Kansas
• “BLEEDING KANSAS” – name for
Kansas Territory-violence there over
the issue of slavery in the 1850’s
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Dred Scott, a slave, lives in a free
territory, sues owner for his freedom
• Supreme Court says: Scott not a
citizen, cannot sue in U.S. courts
• Court says slavery cannot be banned in
the territories, against property rights
in Constitution
Doctrine of Nullification
• idea that a state had the right to cancel
a federal law it considered
unconstitutional
• Webster and Calhoun debate rights of
states (state’s rights) to nullify or ignore
law passed by the Federal government.
"House Divided" speech (1858)
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Lincoln says the US cannot endure
half slave and half free.
Speech convinces Southerners
Lincoln wants to end slavery.
Lincoln Speeches
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Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Lincoln’s declaration freeing the slaves in
Confederacy.
Becomes a major reason the Union fights
to win the Civil War.
Gettysburg Address (1863)
Lincoln dedicates the cemetery at
Gettysburg to the soldiers who died in the
battle.
States that the Union (North) fighting for
freedom and democracy
Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee
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Davis-President of the Confederate
States of America (Confederacy)
Lee-Commander of Confederate Army.
Former officer in U.S. Army.
Did not want to fight against home
state of Virginia.
Ulysses S. Grant and Sherman
• Commander of U.S. Army at end of Civil
War.
• Accepts Robert Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox in 1865.
• He and Sherman use “total war”
against civilians and lands of the
South.
Effects of the Civil War
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600,000 dead Americans from both
sides.
Slavery is abolished in the United
States.
Southern society and culture is
completely destroyed
United States is re-united.
Reconstruction
• Period from 1865 – 1877 where the south is
rebuilt and rejoins the Union after the Civil
War.
• Freedmen's Bureau-U.S. tries to help former
slaves adjust to life after the Civil War.
• Gave food, medical care and clothing to
former slaves. This group also set up
schools in the South to educate former
slaves.
Reconstruction Amendments
• 13th-Banned slavery throughout the
United States.
• 14th-Granted citizenship and equal legal
rights to all persons born in the US.
• Intended to give citizenship to former
slaves.
• 15th-no state can deny African
Americans the right to vote because of
their race.
"Jim Crow" laws
• Laws that separated people of different
races in public places in the South.
• Inclues restaurants, theaters, trains,
schools, churches and playgrounds
Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Supreme Court ruling that said
segregation was legal, as long as the
facilities were equal.
This coined the term “separate, but
equal”
Leads to two legal, but unequal
societies
Dawes Act
• tribal lands were given to under the
control of individual land owners
• no longer under the control of tribal
governments
• Much of the land was given or sold
cheaply to white settlers
Industrialists and Labor Unions
• Carnegie, Rockefeller and Stanford made
large fortunes in industries-oil, steel and
railroads
• Workers tried to protect themselves by
joining labor unions to achieve better
conditions and wages.