Environmental Management Bureau
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act / Republic Act 9003
 Clean Air Act / Republic Act 8749
 Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Law / Republic
Act 6969
 Pollution Control Law / Presidential Decree 984
 Environmental Impact Statement System / Presidential Decree 1586
Air Quality
What is Air Pollution?
- any alteration of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of
the atmosphere making air harmful,
detrimental, or injurious to public
health and environment.
What is the Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999?
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known
as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a
comprehensive air quality management
policy and program which aims to
achieve and maintain healthy air for all
Filipinos.
Mobile Sources
• Cars
• Trucks
• Jeepneys
• Buses
• Tricycles
• Motorcycles
• Vans
• other Vehicles
Stationary Sources
• Industrial Firms
• Smokestacks of Power Plants
• Hotels
• other Establishments
Area Sources
• Smoking
• Burning of Garbage
• Dust from Construction
• Unpaved Grounds
• emissions other than the two
Common Air
Pollutants
• Solids and metals
• Sulfur compounds
• Nitrogen
compounds
• Volatile organic
compounds
• Oxygen compounds
• Halogen compounds
• Radioactive
compounds
• Odors
Criteria
Pollutants
• Total suspended
particulates
• Particulate matter
(PM10)
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)
• Carbon monoxide
(CO)
• Ozone (O3)
• Lead (Pb)
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants
Averaging Time
Standard (ug/m3)
TSP
24 hr. average
1 year
230
90
PM10
24 hr. average
1 year
150
60
24 hours
1 year
180
80
Pollutant
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
24 hr. average
150
Photochemical oxidants
(e.g. ozone)
1 hour
8 hours
140
60
Carbon monoxide
1 hour
8 hours
35
10
3 month
1 year
1.5
1.0
Lead
Pollutant
TOG
VOC
CO
NOx
SOx
PMex
PMtw
PM10
Mobile
(2000)
1,358,840
924,426
114,539
11,263
22,862
5,499
19,561
Stationary
(1997)
8
121
1,526
14,993
1,968
1,764
Estimated Air Pollution Load in Metro
Manila (metric tons)
DENR Memorandum Circular 2002-01
(Metro Manila Airshed)
METRO MANILA
Region III
Region IV-A
National Capital Region
Designated Airsheds
Metro Cebu airshed thru MC 2002-11
Geothermal Airshed thru MC 2002-13
Davao Airshed thru MC 2003-02
BLIST Airshed thru MC 2003-03
Agusan del Norte Airshed thru MC 2003-09
Naga City Airshed thru MC 2003-13
Cagayan de Oro Airshed thru MC 2003-17
Zamboanga Airshed thru MC 2003-20
Metro Manila Polluting Firms
As of 2000,
No. of firms that pollute air only
with permit to operate (PTO)
without PTO
620
329
291
No. of firms that pollute both air/water
with PTO for air
without PTO for air
402
222
180
No. of non-air polluting firms
339
Total number of firms monitored
1361
Source: EMB NCR
National Capital Region (NCR) Mobile Source Emission
Inventory 2000
(Gas/Diesel All Vehicles Type)
1400000
1,358,840.41
1200000
924,425.92
Emission Load (tons/year)
1000000
800000
Series1
600000
400000
114,538.51
200000
11,263.3122,862.29
5,499.2219,560.88
0
TOG
CO
NOx
SOx
Parameters
*Pmex
**PMtw
PM10
Number of Registered Vehicles in the Philippines
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
1990
Source: LTO
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Number of Motor Vehicle Registration in Metro Manila,
1971-2000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999
Average annual increase, 1971-2000: 5.43% per year
Source: LTO
Testing of Alternative Fuel for Vehicles
Standards for Fuels and Additives, 2003
• Sulfur content of automotive diesel fuel reduced from 0.20% to 0.05%
• Benzene content of unleaded gasoline reduced from 4% to 2%
350
Pasay
250
150
100
Pasay
Pasay
Pasay
200
Ermita
TSP average
300
Congressional Ave.
400
Congressional Ave.
Metro Manila location with highest TSP historical levels,
1973-2001
Standard: ug/Ncm over 24 hours
50
0
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices
Pasig
Metro Manila location with highest sulfur oxide levels,
1975-2001
Standard: 0.030 ppm
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network
Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila University
Valenzuela
NAMRIA, Fort Bonifacio
Airforce City, CDC
BPI, Los Banos, Laguna
Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite
PUP, Sta. Mesa
Provincial Agrovet, Brgy. Bolboc, Batangas City
Bureau of Correction, Muntinlupa*
Valle Verde, Pasig*
*for installation of equipment
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Developed the Air Quality Framework. Prescribed
•
in the DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-82, it
sets emission reduction goals using acceptable
standards and control strategies within a specified
time.
Designated airsheds throughout the Philippines.
To date, 10 airsheds have been officially designated,
including the establishment of respective governing
boards.
• Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Network. A total of 10 electronic stations are being
established to measure both criteria and non-criteria
pollutants.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Conducted emission inventory of stationary,
mobile and area sources of pollution. An ongoing
activity, both in Metro Manila and other parts of the
country through the EMB field offices.
• Set emission standards for motor vehicles.
Emission standards of hydrocarbons for motorcycles
and tricycles have already been set in DENR
Administrative Order No. 2003-25 and emission
standards for in-use motor vehicles have been revised
and contained in DENR Administrative Order No.
2003-51.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Conducted emission testing of motor vehicles
prior to registration. To augment government
•
efforts, private emission testing centers are
established, duly authorized and accredited by the
Department of Transportation and Communication
and Department of Trade and Industry, respectively.
Improved fuel quality. Reduced sulfur content in
automotive diesel oil from .20% to .05% and lowered
benzene and aromatics content in gasoline.
• Expanded promotion of use of alternative cleaner
fuels. Efforts are directed on the availability and use
of biodiesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed
natural gas.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Launched the Smoke-Free EDSA Project.
Supported by government agencies, civil society and
some local government units in Metro Manila, the
project aims to reduce the level of air pollution from
particulate matter by 20% at the end of 2003.
• Established an Air Quality Monitoring Board. An
air quality monitoring display board is put up along
Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City for an intensified
public monitoring of air quality in the area. At least
10 more air quality monitoring boards are set to be
installed initially all over Metro Manila by next year.
2003 CAA Milestone Outputs
• Released the first National Air Quality Status
Report. As provided in the Clean Air Act, the DENR
•
has prepared the 2002 National Air Quality Status
Report which summarizes the extent of air pollution
in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of
source. It includes an analysis of the current situation
and identifies trends in air pollution. It identifies
critical areas, activities or projects which need closer
monitoring or regulation.
Stepped up public information and education.
Next Steps…
• Expand Ambient Air Monitoring Network
nationwide
• Designate additional airsheds nationwide
• Designate attainment and non-attainment
areas in airsheds
• Prepare guidelines for mass emission fees
• Designate guidelines on tax incentives to
reduce air pollution from stationary sources
Next Steps…
• Harmonize emission standards for stationary
sources with ASEAN standards
• Establish guidelines for emissions averaging
and emissions trading
• Operationalize the Air Quality Management
Fund
• Expand Air Quality Monitoring Boards
• Continue public information and education
Water Quality
Inland Waters
Rivers
Lakes
Coastal waters
Household water
supply
The Philippines Major Rivers
•
Cagayan River
•
Pampanga River
•
Agno River
•
Agusan River
•
Rio Grande de Mindanao
The Lakes of the
Philippines
•
Laguna de Bay
•
Lanao Lake
•
Mainit Lake
•
Taal Lake
•
Lake Naujan
•
Buluan Lake
Critical Urban Regions in terms of
water quality and quantity:
• National Capitol Region
(Metro Manila)
• Central Luzon
• Southern Tagalog
• Central Visayas
Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
The most common water pollutants
in the Philippines
• Oil
• Phosphates
• Nitrates
• Heavy metals
• Plastics
• Human and animal wastes
• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
• Suspended solids
Major Sources of Water Pollutants
in the Philippines
• households (domestic sewage)
• commercial establishments
• farms (agricultural run-offs)
• tourism sites
• industries
As of 2000,
No. of water polluting firms
with permit to operate (PTO)
without PTO
No. of firms that pollute both air/water
with PTO for air
without PTO for air
with PTO for water
without PTO for water
No. of water-polluting firms
No. of non-water-polluting firms
No. of firms monitored
146
58
88
402
222
180
192
210
548
813
1361
SOURCES
Actual water pollutant sources in the
country:
COMMERCIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
INDUSTRIES
HOUSEHOLDS
TOURISM SITES
FARMS
Parameters for measuring Water Quality
• Total phosphorus
• PH
• Dissolved oxygen
• Turbidity
• Total dissolved solids
• Fecal coliform
• Biochemical oxygen demand
• Nitrates
• Temperature
Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of
organic pollution are produced
annually by domestic (48 percent),
agricultural (37 percent), and
industrial (15 percent) sectors.
Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health
Inorganic constituents
Constituents
Maximum Level (mg/L)
Antimony
0.005
Arsenic
0.01
Barium
0.7
Cadmium
0.003
Chromium
0.05
Cyanide
0.07
Fluoride
1
Lead
0.01
Mercury
0.001
Nitrate as NO3
50
Nitrate as NO2
6
Selenium
0.01
The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health
Organic constituents (Pesticides)
Constituents
Maximum Level (mg/L)
Aldrin and Dieldrin
0.06
Chlordane
0.5
DDT
2
Endrin
0.2
Heptachlor and
heptachlor epoxide
0.03
Lindane
2
Methoxychlor
20
Petroleum oils and grease
nil
Toxyphane
5
2, 4-D
30
2, 3, 5-T
9
Class
AA
3
0.5%
A
151
22.8%
B
98
14.8%
C
191
28.9%
D
17
2.6%
Classified
460
69.5%
Unclassified
202
30.5%
Total Rivers
Reported
662
100%
National Water Quality Status
• 36 percent of the river sampling points have been
classified as public water supply sources
• about 60 percent of the country’s population live along
coastal areas and contribute to discharge of untreated
domestic and industrial wastewater from inland
• preliminary data indicate that up to 58% of groundwater
intended for drinking water supplies are contaminated
with total Coliform and would need treatment; and
• 31 percent of illnesses for a five-year period was from
water-related diseases.
Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003
Solid Waste
SOURCES
Residential
Household wastes,
generated at home
Farm and
Agricultural Wastes
Includes animal
manure and crop
residues
CommercialIndustrial
Includes wastes generated by restaurants, eateries,
offices, markets, talipapa, plants, mills and factories
Institutional Wastes
Coming from hospitals, schools, churches and prisons
Miscellaneous and Specialized Wastes
Residues of sewage treatment plants, ash from incinerators
and residues from combustion fuels, street sweepings and
debris from disasters, demolition and construction rubble
Mining Wastes
Includes slag heaps, coal
refuse piles and mine
tailings
Hazardous Wastes
Pollutants
• Organic matter
This includes kitchen and garden
wastes
• Paper
• Plastics
• Metals
• Medical Wastes
• Toxic and other hazardous wastes
• other Non-biodegradables (e.g.)
• Disposables
• Non-recycables
Waste Generation Estimates, 2000
Location
Population
Amount
Baguio, Benguet
250,000
0.38
Laoag, Ilocos Norte
94,000
0.5
San Fernando, La Union
102,000
0.35
Santiago, Isabela
110,000
Olongapo, Zambales
194,000
0.41
San Pablo, Laguna
205,000
0.58
Batangas City, Batangas
245,000
0.41
Cavite City, Cavite
111,042
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
160,000
0.39
Roxas, Capiz
126,000
0.29
Iloilo City, Iloilo
366,000
0.34
0.5
0.63
Location
Population
Bacolod, Negros Occidental
429,000
Amount
0.41
La Carlota, Negros Occidental 56,000
0.5
Silay, Negros Occidental
108,000
0.5
Kabankalan, Negros Occ.
150,000
0.5
Passi, Iloilo
67,000
0.5
Sagay, Negros Occidental
130,000
0.37
Talisay, Negros Occidental
130,000
0.5
Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
106,979
0.48
Lapu-lapu, Cebu
200,000
0.44
Tacloban, Leyte
179,000
0.59
A study of the composition of Metro Manila’s
solid waste, 1999
Waste composition in Metro Manila in dry season,
by percentage
High income
4%
Kitchen Waste
12%
Paper
41%
17%
Plastic
Grass and Wood
12%
14%
Metal
Others
Middle income
5%
4%
13%
10%
57%
11%
Low income
Kitchen Waste
17%
Paper
5%
Plastic
Grass and Wood 8%
Metal
16%
Others
Kitchen Waste
Paper
44%
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
10%
Others
Restaurant
5%
6%
7%
12%
57%
13%
Kitchen Waste
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Metal
Others
other Shops
24%
Institution
28%
Paper
Plastic
5%
1%
16%
Kitchen Waste
Kitchen Waste
Grass and Wood
26%
13%
5%
2%
21%
Plastic
Grass and Wood
15%
Metal
Metal
Others
Paper
44%
Others
Market
12%
Kitchen Waste
4%1% 5%
Paper
Plastic
Grass and Wood
15%
63%
Metal
Others
River
1% 12%
8% 1%
Street sweeping
Kitchen Waste
Paper
11%
Kitchen Waste
10%
26%
Plastic
Grass and Wood
Others
Paper
9% Plastic
Grass and Wood
1%
Metal
Metal
67%
9%
45%
Others
MMDA Expenditures (in million pesos) for solid wastes
actual expenditures
2000
434.30
234.90
1998
296.90
405.90
1996
303.70
136.50
1994
73.40
0
100
200
300
400
500
Average composition of solid wastes in the Philippines,
% by weight
4.1
3.3 1.9 1.8
9.8
33.5
10.2
11
11.5
yard and field waste
wood
paper and cardboard
textiles
glass
12.9
fines and inert
food waste
plastic and petroleum products
metals
leather and rubber
City budgets allocated for Solid Waste Management, 2001
City
Per Capita Allocation
Dagupan
87.17
Antipolo
148.66
Iloilo
12.50
Tagaytay
151.51
Samal Island
85.39
Dipolog
60.69
San Fernando,La Union
162.97
Marikina
192.55
Valenzuela
76.84
Muntinlupa
250.45
Roxas
23.21
% of total (peso 2001 Budget) 9.8 1.4 4.1
11.6
3.9
7
10.8
1.2
7
Dagupan
Iloilo
Samal Island
San Fernando, La Union
Valenzuela
Roxas
Antipolo
Tagaytay
Dipolog
Marikina
Muntinlupa
3.4
2.1
Region
Open
Dumpsite
Controlled
Dumpsite
Proposed
Controlled
Dumpsite
Proposed
Sanitary Landfill
NCR
18
6
-
20
Region 1
28
2
32
1
Region 2
51
2
8
1
Region 3
88
7
8
15
Region 4A
88
27
5
3
Region 4B
23
4
11
10
Region 5
48
3
4
5
Region 6
37
1
6
7
Region 7
109
10
1
10
Region 8
31
1
8
2
Region 9
32
-
-
2
Region 10
25
-
-
Region 11
28
-
2
2
CARAGA
66
-
11
1
38
-
-
1
721
63
111
84
CAR
TOTAL
Waste Disposal Facilities in the Philippines,
as of December 2002
Toxic and
Hazardous
Wastes
Hazardous Waste generation by HW type, tons/ year
Type of waste
Amount generated
Alkali wastes
545,631
Oil
491,623
Inorganic chemical wastes
335,014
Acid wastes
177,127
Plating waste
174,945
Reactive organic wastes
169,721
Organic chemicals
155,201
Putrescible organic wastes
140,489
Miscellaneous wastes
53,869
Organic solvents
49,265
Containers
37,036
Textile
National Total
851
2,410,281 tons/year
Major Sources
Distribution of HW generators by industrial category
Industrial category
Amount generated
Manufacturing
1,356,435
Elect., gas and water supply
684,678
Public admin. and defense
159,765
Wholesale trade
138,653
Agricultural industries
34,028
Mining
26,582
Construction
7,925
Financial services
1,597
Transportation services
618
National Total
2,410,281
tons/year
28.4
56.3
manufacturing
public admin. and defense
agricultural industries
construction
transportation services
6.6
5.8
1.4
1.1
0.3
00.1
elect.,gas and w ater supply
w holesale trade
mining
financial services
Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)
Region
Amount generated
Region
Amount generated
NCR
828,883
Ilocos
50,959
Southern Tagalog
642,985
Northern Mindanao
43,653
Central Visayas
210,789
CAR
38,051
Central Luzon
195,014
Cagayan Valley
31,282
Western Visayas
97,393
Western Mindanao
30,142
Southern Mindanao
71,994
CARAGA
29,405
Bicol
57,656
Eastern Visayas
25,556
Central Mindanao
52,288
ARMM
4,231
National Total
2,410,281 tons/year
Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)
Region
% share
Region
% share
NCR
34.4
Ilocos
2.1
Southern Tagalog
26.7
Northern Mindanao
1.8
Central Visayas
8.7
CAR
1.6
Central Luzon
8.1
Cagayan Valley
1.3
Western Visayas
4.0
Western Mindanao
1.3
Southern Mindanao
3.0
CARAGA
1.2
Bicol
2.4
Eastern Visayas
1.1
Central Mindanao
2.2
ARMM
0.2
National Total
100.0 %
% share
NCR
Western Visayas
Central Luzon
Central Visayas
Southern Tagalog
NCR
Central Luzon
Bicol
Northern Mindanao
Western Mindanao
ARMM
Southern Tagalog
Western Visayas
Central Mindanao
CAR
CARAGA
Central Visayas
Southern Mindanao
Ilocos
Cagayan Valley
Eastern Visayas
Treatment Method
Recycle
Storage
Unclassified treatment
Disposal
Lagoon
Chemical treatment
Off-site treatment
Export
Incineration
Biological treatment
Oil separator
Effluent
TOTAL
Amount
Treated
% share
627,203
373,973
359,914
340,918
275,447
263,258
67,025
38,502
29,321
22,331
12,343
45
26.0
15.5
14.9
14.1
11.4
10.9
2.8
1.6
1.2
0.9
0.5
0.0
100.0
2,410,280
Estimated Hazardous Wastes by Treatment
Method (tons/year)